Summary of SRRP Technical Reports

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SUMMARY OF SRRP TECHNICAL REPORTS

to 31 January 2002
This report is intended to provide a summary of the salient points arising from various
studies and investigations that have relevance to the Savage River Rehabilitation Project
administered by the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and
Environment.
It is not the Departments intention to pass comment on the validity of the findings of
each of the various reports summarised, though some minor introductory and editorial
comments are included (italicised and bracketed) for information purposes.
Many of the reports summarised herein can be viewed at the Environment Library, 5th
Floor, 134 Macquarie St, Hobart. Documents that are unavailable in the library are
available on departmental files, file reference nos. are provided, where applicable, in the
project headings.
The location of various mine features and SRRP water monitoring sites is shown on the
map appended to this report.
Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SAVAGE RIVER MINE:................................................................................................................................. 3
1995 Biological Survey ......................................................................................................................... 3
Report on OTD seeps ............................................................................................................................ 3
Survey of clay sources at the Savage River Mine .................................................................................. 4
Biological assessment of Main Creek and lower Savage River............................................................. 5
Installation of flow gauging stations and water quality monitoring equipment on streams in the
vicinity of the Savage River Mine .......................................................................................................... 6
Rehabilitation of disused tracks and other disturbances in the vicinity of the Savage River Township 6
Rehabilitation of historical disturbances associated with the Savage River Mine................................ 6
1999 SRRP Water Quality Review......................................................................................................... 7
Toxicity assessment of heavy metals in Savage River waters .............................................................. 10
Review of literature pertaining to engineered soil covers for the control of acid drainage arising from
mine wastes ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Monitoring and reporting of the effectiveness of the proposed soil cover for Hairpin Dump at the
Savage River Mine............................................................................................................................... 14
Design of an oxygen limiting clay cover for Hairpin Dump at the Savage River Mine ...................... 20
Magnesite lined drain adjacent to North Dump .................................................................................. 23
Hydrogeological study and evaluation of acid drainage remediation options.................................... 23
Desktop review of options for treatment of acidic discharges in Main Creek below B Dump ............ 30
Provision of expert geochemical advice to the SRRP File: 071942................................................. 32
Develop engineering specifications for a water shedding cover on the upper levels of B Dump and
verify on-ground compliance during construction .............................................................................. 34
Management of weeds on historical sections of the Savage River Mine site and adjacent to the lease
area in the former township ................................................................................................................ 35
Biological assessment of Main Creek and lower Savage River........................................................... 35
Evaluate use of Bauxsol at Savage River - dosing systems, mixing with magnesite, etc ..................... 35
Listing of dates of mining activity during PMI's operations ............................................................... 36
Trial desulphurisation of ABM tailings using falcon separator in Canada ........................................ 36
South Centre Pit groundwater study (draft) ........................................................................................ 36
Laboratory toxicant series using upper Savage River waters ............................................................. 37
Prepare dam surveillance reports for OTD north and south and South Centre Pit ............................ 38
The capping conundrum ...................................................................................................................... 38
Water Quality on the ABM Lease and in the Savage River - A Review for the SRRP ......................... 38
Magazine Dump final report (draft).................................................................................................... 40
Feasibility study of the capture, diversion and treatment of acid discharges from North Dump ........ 41
PORT LATTA PELLETISING FACILITY: ....................................................................................................... 44
Investigation of possible soil contamination adjacent to the Port Latta pelletising plant File: ......... 44
Rehabilitation of historical disturbances associated with the Port Latta Pelletising Facility ............ 45
Port Latta Dust Remediation............................................................................................................... 45
Removal, bio-remediation and disposal of historically hydrocarbon contaminated soils from the Port
Latta Pelletising Plant......................................................................................................................... 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 48
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Savage River Mine:

1995 Biological Survey
[Invertebrate sampling was undertaken during autumn of 1995 to support the
preparation of an Environmental Management Plan for the Savage River Mine by the
then operator of the mine, Pickands Mather & Co. International.]
Davies (1995) found that riffle abundance and diversity results at the upstream control
Savage River sites were not significantly different from the reference sites on adjacent
streams. By contrast both abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates in riffles
downstream of the Savage River Mine were significantly lower than for the upstream
control sites. The severity of decline increased downstream with a slight recovery at the
farthest downstream site.
The picture was less clear for edge habitats because edge habitats at the downstream sites
showed higher abundance and diversity than the riffle habitats, (which is the reverse of
the trend at the upstream control sites). The farthest downstream site had the most
degraded edge habitat. Possible reasons for the resilience of the downstream edge habitats
were suggested in the report.
Significant environmental impacts were observed throughout the river reach between
Broderick Creek and some 30km downstream, little recovery is occurring downstream
from the ameliorative action of inflowing tributaries.
The overall conclusion of the report was that severe degradation of water and/or habitat
quality has occurred and/or is continuing to occur in the river. The degree of impact is
sufficiently severe to eliminate up to 90% of the major taxa of aquatic macroinvertebrates
and to decrease overall abundance by up to 99% in the reach downstream of the
confluence with Main Creek.
Report on OTD seeps

Thompson & Brett (1996) determined that OTD seepage flow rates varied between 1.25
L/sec to 2.5 L/sec in the western collection drain, and from 0.42 L/sec to 0.83 L/sec in the
eastern seepage collection drain.
Acidity loads were found to be relatively constant at 0.6 kg/min CaCO3 from the west
side and 0.15 kg/min CaCO3 from the east side.
Flow measurement weirs were installed on the outflows of both the eastern and western
ponds into which the seepage collection drains discharge. From these weirs it was
possible to determine the total flux of water and acidity from the OTD to the MCTD.
After subtraction of inputs from rainfall runoff from the surrounding catchment, it was
estimated that, in order to account for the observed total acidity flux, about 0.38 L/sec of
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acidic water must bypass the western seepage collection drain and enter the western
pond. A further 2.1 L/sec must bypass the eastern collection drain and enter the eastern
pond.
The total flow contribution from the OTD to the MCTD was estimated to be 6.5 L/sec, of
which 38% bypasses the collection drains. Total acidity load emitted from the OTD to the
MCTD averages .027 kg/sec at a concentration of about 4000 mg/L.
Piezometers installed at various points along the OTD beach indicated the presence of a
groundwater divide across the dam.
In situ permeability tests on the tailings beach gave results ranging from 10-6 m/sec close
to the dam crest, falling to 10-7 m/sec further north, due the much finer tailings particle
size (slimes) further from the tailings discharge point.
A computer model was then constructed to fit the measured phreatic surface in the OTD.
Infiltration greater than 100m north of the dam crest modelled to effectively zero, while
100% of incident rainfall on the southern dam embankment (which was constructed from
coarse tailings) would be expected to infiltrate into the tailings.
Survey of clay sources at the Savage River Mine

File: 061611
This report (Thompson & Brett, 1998) describes potential sources of clay for remediation
and revegetation purposes within and adjacent to the Savage River Mine.
Some 26 test pits were excavated into various prospective sources of clay. Weathering
depths were also assessed on the exposed walls of the mine pits to enable a determination
of clay volumes likely to arise under the mine plan.
Various engineering parameters of the sampled soils were reported. Soils were
predominantly silts with laboratory permeability results ranging from 1.2 x 10-7 m/s to 3.2
x 10-10 m/s.
The report suggested that over the life of the mine clay arisings would more-or-less
balance with mine clay requirements (with excess in the early to middle years and a
deficit toward the end of mine life). The report commented favourably on the logistics
and economics of extracting clay from borrow pits in proximity to remediation sites.
Substantial reserves of good quality clay adjacent to likely remediation sites were
mapped to the south and west of B Dump, to the north of North West Dump and to the
west of North Dump.
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Biological assessment of Main Creek and lower Savage River

File: 060336
[Biological sampling undertaken in late 1997 and early 1998 coincided with the
recommencement of mining operations at Savage River after approximately 12 months of
inactivity. It may be of note that sediment levels arising from the mine would have been
relatively low during the 12 months preceding the sampling.]
Invertebrates
Davies & Cook (1998) found that the abundance and number of taxa of
macroinvertebrates in riffles at upstream control Savage River sites were not significantly
different from reference sites on other nearby streams. By contrast abundance and
number of taxa of macroinvertebrates in riffles were significantly lower for sites
downstream of the mine than for upstream control sites.
Main Creek, which was sampled for the first time in 1997/98, was found to be extremely
low in both abundance and diversity downstream of the Main Creek Tailings Dam.
Comparing the 1995 and 1998 edge and riffle data showed a decline in the reference sites
and mine precinct sites [possibly due to a general environmental change such as low
rainfall]. However, the riffle habitats at the farthest downstream sites showed evidence of
recovery when compared to 1995 (i.e. a 3 fold increase in diversity). It was suggested that
this recovery requires further confirmation.
The reach downstream of the confluence with Main Creek was the most degraded section
of the Savage River during both 1995 and 1997/98.
Live pick macroinvertebrate data were entered into the AUSRIVAS bioassessment
models for northern Tasmania (a West Coast model was not available). AUSRIVAS
outputs confirmed the extremely poor biological state of Main Creek, as well as the
partial recovery in the condition of the lower Savage River sites.
The authors point out various difficulties surrounding the interpretation of AUSRIVAS
outputs in relation to acid mine drainage and West Coast regional particularities.
Nonetheless the AUSRIVAS outputs suggested that habitat degradation (e.g.
sedimentation) may be substantially responsible for the observed aquatic impacts, with
water quality playing a less important role than at other acid drainage impacted sites.
The report recommended development of a West Coast AUSRIVAS model, as well as
further study of the sediments in the lower Savage River (i.e. their origin and impacts).
Use of field deployed stream mesocosms to compare habitat versus water quality effects
was also suggested.
Fish
Resident native and exotic fish were observed in the upper and lower Savage River,
although fish fauna in the middle Savage River was severely depauperate, extremely low
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in abundance and probably non-resident. Presence of migratory fish species in the upper
Savage implied that fish are able to pass through the mine precinct on occasion.
Similar diversity was observed in the lower Savage River and the lower Whyte River,
with a number of native species and life stages present. Abundance in the lower Savage
was slightly less than in the lower Whyte (marginally statistically significant).
Installation of flow gauging stations and water quality monitoring

equipment on streams in the vicinity of the Savage River Mine
File: 061595(2)
Hydro-Electric Corporation (2000) prepared a summary of flow and water quality data
for the period December 1997 to January 2000.
The report describes the 12 SRRP monitoring stations and presents graphical and tabular
summaries of the continuously recorded data. Time series graphs of water level, flow,
pH, conductivity and rainfall data are provided. Duration curves and flow percentile
statistics are also included.
Rehabilitation of disused tracks and other disturbances in the vicinity of

the Savage River Township
and
Rehabilitation of historical disturbances associated with the Savage

River Mine
File: 062569
A rehabilitation plan relating to the Savage River township (including former house lots,
streets, and gravel pits) and various tracks and other disturbances in the vicinity of the
township was prepared by Land Management and Rehabilitation Services Pty Ltd (1998).
The report includes an assessment of the rehabilitation potential of the project area.
Generally, rehabilitation potential was classed as very low to moderate (lowest in
quartzite areas). The former singlemens quarters was found to be impacted by acid
drainage and was considered to have an extremely low rehabilitation potential.
Rehabilitation potential of disused tracks in moorland areas was generally considered
high due to the availability of stockpiled peat soil beside the tracks.
Measurable performance indicators were proposed for each rehabilitation potential
category. For example:
Targets for high rehabilitation potential areas:
No stability problems, silt captured in drains
2 plants per m2
At least 10 species present
Good coverage and generally healthy appearance
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Targets for very low rehabilitation potential areas:

Possible silt movement in drains, captured in stable vegetated areas or
structures
1 plant per 3m2
60% seedling survival
At least 3 species present
Low coverage and showing signs of stress
An implementation plan detailing proposed drainage works, soil replacement works, seed
application rates, fertiliser application rates and other revegetation treatments for each
area is included in the document.
A final report on projects 010 and 011 was submitted in July 2001 (Land Management &
Rehabilitation Services, 2001). The report summarises the treatments applied to each area
and provides a table of performance indicator measurements two years after the initial
treatment.
Overall the sites exhibited excellent stability. Survival of planted seedlings was in excess
of 90%. Diversity exceeded targets in all areas. Average plant density was somewhat
variable, but on average exceeded the specified targets.
Maintenance treatments requested by DPIWE, including follow up fertiliser application
to approximately 15,000 m2 of slow growing areas, gorse control at gravel pit 1 and
improvement of drainage grips on the Whyte River access road were noted as being
completed by the time the final report was prepared.
During the course of the project some significant impediments to revegetation have been
identified. Former building sites rehabilitated by PMI were found to have been covered
with acid generating material. In many cases this toxic material was underlain at shallow
depth by concrete foundations which had not been correctly removed. Furthermore the
township area has been colonised by numerous weed species and garden escapes. The
exotic grass Holcus lanatus was identified as a potential hindrance to successful reestablishment of native species in some sections of the township, due to its competitive
abilities.
The report includes a selection of before and after colour photographs of the
rehabilitated areas.
1999 SRRP Water Quality Review

This report (Koehnken & Ray, 1999) focused primarily on data for the calendar year
1998, which was a year of close to average rainfall in each month.
The report categorised the various monitoring sites as either receiving sites or source
sites for both Main Creek and the Savage River.
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Median conductivity readings ranged from 60 S/cm in the upper river to 100-400 S/cm
in the Savage River receiving group and 600 S/cm in Main Creek. The source groups
were typically > 1000 S/cm. Sulphate derived from acid drainage was considered to be
the major contributor to conductivity. Sulphate was also found to be naturally elevated
upstream of the mine.
Generally pH in the Savage River varied between 6.2 and 7.5, which is somewhat higher
than for most streams in the Pieman catchment, probably due to the presence of carbonate
rock strata in the Savage River catchment.
The two available upstream water samples indicated that background metal levels are
low, with the exception of iron and aluminium.
Among the receiving sites, Main Creek generally exhibited higher metal concentrations
than the Savage River, except in the case of iron, which is thought to be influenced by the
settling out of iron rich sediments in the MCTD.
Among the source sites, metal concentrations were highest in the OTD seeps and NDD,
with total and dissolved results being similar for these two sources. As may be expected,
higher pH sources had a lower ratio of dissolved to total concentration for most metal
species.
Analytical results for total copper and aluminium were found to consistently exceed
ANZECC (1992) guidelines at all sites except the MCTD, frequently by an order of
magnitude. Nickel, and possibly zinc, may also exceed the ANZECC guidelines,
depending upon the effect of hardness.
A consideration of the draft ANZECC (1999) trigger values suggested that iron
manganese and cobalt effects are also worthy of further investigation. The increase in
ionic strength of waters downstream of the mine also needs to be considered as a
potential downstream impact.
High pollutant fluxes were found to be associated with high flows. Under median to high
flow conditions, MCaSR was found to contribute about 40% of the copper flux exiting
the lease, with the remaining 60% exiting the lease on the Savage River side.
Table 1: Estimate of relative Mine Lease flux contribution by SRbSWRD and MCaSR
Parameter
Total Copper
Total Aluminium
Total Nickel
Total Iron
Total Manganese
Sulphate
SRbSWRD (%)
61
64
66
85
64
71
MCaSR (%)
39
36
34
15
36
29
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The overall flux balances between SRaDC, MCaSR and SRbSWRD were found to be
relatively good considering the potential sources of error. The mine site and upstream
catchment contributes the vast majority of metals, sediment and sulphate present at
SRaDC, despite a doubling of water flux below the mine.
The OTD seeps were the single largest sources of acidity on the site, it was estimated that
the MCTD neutralises an OTD acidity flux of 850 kg/day. Contaminant loads added to
the MCTD by the OTD seeps were found to be substantially retained within the alkaline
tailings pond, with the exception of manganese and sulphate (the seeps accounted for
only 1/3 of the sulphate flux exiting the MCTD). Therefore, acid drainage may be entering
the MCTD by other pathways.
Acidity concentrations in Main Creek underwent a 10 fold increase between MCTD and
MCaSR, as a result of pollutant emissions in the hydrologically complex A Dump/B
Dump/MCTD dam wall area. Alkalinity was seen to rise again in the lower river
indicating that most of the acidity in Main Creek had been neutralised at that point, this
would be consistent with the presence of carbonates downstream of the mine.
The report cited the risk of increased discharge of pollutants if the MCTD pH is not
maintained at or near neutral.
Relatively good surface water balances in the mine area negated the possibility of another
major source of water in this area of the catchment. The key sources CPOF, BCbWRD
and SRaPS were found to contribute about 75% of the measured pollutant fluxes at
SRbWRD during summer and 55-70% during winter. Therefore some 25-45% is
missing, or as yet unquantified. Further monitoring of Bretts drain was recommended.
Upstream of SRaPS, NDD and OTDN were found to be the largest contributors of
pollutants. NDD was estimated to contribute 90% of the dissolved Copper at SRaPS with
OTDN providing the remainder, however, for other parameters it was clear that
unidentified source(s) accounted for about 1/3 of the SRaPS flux.
A one off analysis of previously unmonitored seeps emanating from Horseshoe Dump
and North Dump estimated that together they would account for about half of the
unidentified upstream source. The unidentified upstream component also includes the
natural inputs from upstream of the mine site, which is considered particularly significant
in the case of iron and aluminium.
Broderick Creek was found to contribute 30% of the whole of site sulphate flux. Figure
93 (reproduced below) compares the amount of acid drainage generated at each source
site (% sulphate) to the impact of that drainage (% combined metals released). The two
main groupings on the figure are referred to as neutralised acid drainage (CPOF, MCTD,
BCbWRD) and unneutralised acid drainage (all other sites). Hypothetically it was
estimated that Broderick Creek would contribute an additional 55% of the current whole
of site pollutant loads if neutralisation by carbonate material in the Broderick Creek
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valley were to cease.
Toxicity assessment of heavy metals in Savage River waters

A suite of tests were performed by Davies et al (2001) to assess the likely toxicity of
Savage River water under existing acid drainage conditions, following neutralisation of
all acid drainage to pH 6.5, and following neutralisation of differing proportions of the
acid drainage to pH 6.5.
Raw acid drainage was obtained from North Dump Drain. West Queen River water was
analysed and found to be a reasonable surrogate for the waters of Savage River upstream
of the mine, provided that its alkalinity was adjusted to upper Savage River levels.
Dilution ratios for the tests were selected based on flow data collected downstream of the
mine site. Each test included an unpolluted control. Reference toxicant series were also
conducted using copper sulphate.
Test species included exotic and native fish, mayfly nymphs and algae.
Raw North Dump Drain acid drainage was found to cause high levels of fish mortality at
dilutions ranging from 5.5:1 to 70:1 (these conditions are present in the Savage River
greater than 50% of the time), however, resident fish have been found in the lower
Savage River indicating that toxicity is being ameliorated by another factor.
No mortality occured over the same dilution range as in the above test when the acid
drainage was first neutralised to pH 6.5, though some minor toxicological impacts were
still present.
In a series of tests conducted at varying levels of alkalinity, greater than 11 mg/l of
alkalinity coincided with substantially reduced toxicity to fish. Algae were significantly
impacted only when both alkalinity and pH were low (3 and 5.2 respectively).
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Various ratios of untreated to treated acid drainage ranging from 100:0 to 25:75 (all at the
50:1 dilution) showed negligible toxicological impacts. The principal reason for the
massively reduced toxicity of the 100:0 ratio when compared to its equivalent in the first
test was thought to be the increased pH in the partial neutralisation series (5.35 in test 1
compared to 6.35 in test 3).
Neutralisation using magnesite followed by limestone was compared with neutralisation
using limestone slurry alone. The authors concluded that there was no significant
difference between the two.
Fish avoidance trials were conducted in order to ascertain the potential for acid drainage
effected waters to form a barrier to fish migration. Raw acid drainage was avoided by
trout at dilutions < 5.7:1 (i.e. occurs less than 1 day in two years). Galaxias truttaceus
showed no substantial avoidance of acid drainage whether raw or partially treated, hence
whitebait runs are unlikely to be repelled by Savage River water quality.
A sample of actual lower Savage River water collected in August 2000 was found to
cause a sub-lethal toxic response in algae (growth rate reduced to 47% of controls),
however, the same batch of water did not produce measurable lethal or sublethal toxicity
in fish or invertebrates.
Overall, alkalinity was found to be a significant factor controlling the toxicity of metals
within the Savage River catchment. Significant reductions in environmental risk were
found to occur where the following conditions are met:
pH
>
6
Calcium
>
15 mg/l
Magnesium >
15 mg/l
Alkalinity
>
15 mg/l
Recent toxicological test work conducted at Mt Lyell was cited as the basis for the setting
upper limits for individual pollutants as follows:
Copper
<
35 g/l
Aluminium <
350 g/l
Sulphate
<
100 mg/l
A discussion of Broderick Creek alkalinity was provided as an Appendix to this report.
The available data suggested that there has been an increase in alkalinity concentrations
in Broderick Creek during ABMs operations. The ABM flow-through appears to
contribute a large proportion of the total alkalinity exiting Broderick Creek.
Broderick Creek was found to contribute 25%, on average, of the alkalinity present in the
lower Savage River, however, the Broderick Creek alkalinity contribution was found to
be much more significant at times when alkalinity in the lower Savage River is low (i.e.
at times when additional alkalinity may be of benefit).
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Broderick Creek water itself was found to induce a chronic non-lethal toxicological
impact on the growth of algae during a laboratory trial.
Multivariate analysis of data
[DPIWE scrutinised the available water quality data for the SRaDC and SRbWRD
monitoring sites and found that the combined targets established by Davies et al (2001)
were achieved approximately 1-2% of the time. This was considered inconsistent with the
observed biological health of the middle and lower Savage River. The Contractor,
Freshwater Systems Pty Ltd, was requested to undertake further analysis of the data to
ascertain whether relationships between certain parameters would allow some targets to
be relaxed under defined conditions.]
Multivariate analysis of the previous results (excluding the algal data) was undertaken by
Davies (2001) in order to derive thresholds that are interdependent. This report
acknowledged that the thresholds derived by Davies et al (2001) were too stringent.
Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to derive new variables (factors)
that explain the observed data. These factors were then related back to the original
variables.
PCA Factor 1 was found to clearly separate toxic and non-toxic conditions, with only two
exceptions. Upon investigation the exceptions were found to be a high sulphate case and
a high aluminium case.
Factor 1 was very strongly correlated with pH, total Calcium, and dissolved Copper, each
of which is known to be important in describing toxic conditions in the Savage River.
Regression tree analysis provided essentially the same results, thereby backing up these
findings.
The relationships between Calcium and dissolved Copper were examined in more detail,
after excluding the two above-mentioned exceptions. The boundary between toxic and
non-toxic conditions (i.e. the NOEC line, see figure 3 reproduced below) could then be
defined by a mathematical relationship between total calcium and dissolved copper
concentrations.
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200
180
160
140
120
Cu
D 100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
C aT
30
40
50
Dissolved copper (CuD) vs calcium (CaT) from toxicity tests, indicating nontoxic (O) and
toxic conditions (X). The line indicates the proposed toxicity threshold.
The change in copper toxicity threshold with increasing calcium is consistent with
relevant literature. SRRP environmental copper targets can therefore be relaxed where
calcium (or hardness) is high.
As a result of the two above-mentioned exceptions, targets for dissolved aluminium and
sulphate of 610 g/l and 450 mg/l respectively, are prescribed.
It was recommended that the revised environmental targets be applied irrespective of
discharge or pH and that the focus for managing toxicity should be on hardness (and the
Ca:Mg ratio) rather than on alkalinity.
[DPIWE has since ascertained that the revised targets are currently achieved
approximately 78% of the time in the Savage River downstream of the mine]
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Review of literature pertaining to engineered soil covers for the control

of acid drainage arising from mine wastes
A review of literature pertaining to the effectiveness of covering dumps to reduce the
generation and release of pollutants was undertaken jointly by DPIWE and ABM (Ray &
Ferguson, 2000).
Saturated covers are intended to hold water and thus reduce oxygen ingress to the rate at
which it can diffuse through water. High rainfall and ready availability of clay would be
expected to facilitate the construction and operation of saturated covers at Savage River,
however, very steep slopes and relatively low average oxidation rates may work against
them.
Laboratory analysis and implied sulphate fluxes from dumps at Savage River suggest that
average oxidation rates are generally in the moderate to low range. The report suggested
that reducing a high oxidation rate dump to a low oxidation rate dump would be more
practically achievable than reducing a low oxidation rate dump to lower, because a very
small amount of oxygen can maintain a low oxidation rate.
The report raised questions about the extent to which stored ferric iron compounds in
dumps could drive oxidation of pyrite and maintain low pH conditions even in the
absence of oxygen.
Covers comprised of other materials including; water, desulphurised tailings, organic
matter and alkaline substances were discussed briefly. Further investigation of
desulphurised tailings covers and alkaline covers was recommended.
Applicability of saturated covers to Savage River was discussed. Water covers were
recommended where suitable redundant mine pits are available. Actual performance and
economics of saturated soil covers on very steep slopes was queried. The potential for
cover damage in the long term as a result of root penetration was also mentioned.
Monitoring and reporting of the effectiveness of the proposed soil cover

for Hairpin Dump at the Savage River Mine
Preconstruction Report
Thompson & Brett (2000a) point out that Hairpin Dump received waste rock from the
eastern and western walls of North Pit between 1993 and 1994, making it a relatively
young dump. The western edge of Hairpin Dump sits above approximately 60m depth of
waste rock that was dumped during earlier operations and is contiguous with the entire
Broderick Dump complex.
Thompson & Brett ascertained from historical records that Hairpin Dump was built upon
an earlier haul road, including the bend from which the name of the dump derives. It was
considered likely that the haul road would collect internal drainage within the dump and
direct it towards the south western corner of the dump, whereas pre-mine contours would
Page 15 of 50
have drained to the west. Excavations at the south western corner encountered seepage
along the former haul road and a sample was collected. Installation of a collection pit and
monitoring weir at this point was recommended.
Four temperature and oxygen probe holes were drilled 20 51m into Hairpin Dump
using reverse circulation percussion drilling. A fifth hole was drilled 55m into the preHairpin Dump waste rock immediately west of Hairpin Dump. It was hoped that this hole
would intercept water in a pre-mine gully, however, free water was not encountered.
Geological logging of the drill chips was recorded and composite samples were collected
for analysis. The drill hole logging indicated that Hairpin Dump is comprised
predominantly of serpentinised chloritic ultramafic and mafic rocks with abundant
magnetite.
The dump contents are described as large lumps of hard competent rock in a ductile
matrix of clay and fine rock fragments. Chemically the system was said to be swamped
with iron, and alkali-generating carbonates were found to be at least as abundant as
sulphides.
Collection of free water from the base of the dump was not possible, therefore, a wide
range assays were performed on a water extract from each drill chip sample (composite
sample of each mineralogically similar section in the boreholes) to estimate the
composition of pore water in the dump.
An attempt was made to develop a weak acid leach procedure to determine the amount of
iron oxy-hydroxides in the dump, on the assumption that this would give a good
indication of the amount of oxidation that had taken place.
The authors acknowledge that the methods employed did dissolve a substantial amount of
material not present in the dump pore water (confirmed by the high saturation indices
calculated for iron, aluminium and calcium).
The overall particle size distribution within the dump was estimated from two test pits.
On average 50% of the dump material was found to be between 25mm and 1mm in
diameter, and about 14% of the material was less than 1mm in size.
Bulk density, pore size distribution, specific heat, and specific gravity were also
determined. Thermal conductivity was considered a very important property for thermal
modelling of dump behaviour, however, various difficulties were encountered in
determining the parameters required to calculate it, hence an estimate from relevant
literature was used.
Analysis of the single water sample that may represent Hairpin Dump outlfows along the
former Haul Road, together with an estimate of average annual flow through the dump,
suggested that current rates of contaminant release could continue for 1,000 years
regardless of the oxidation rate of the dump. It was not considered appropriate to
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determine an oxidation rate from the estimated sulphate flux since 13% of the sulphur in
the dump is present in sulphate form.
Dump temperature was considered the best guide to the level of immediately past and
present oxidation activity in the dump. The average oxidation rate of Hairpin Dump
waste rock to a depth of 20 metres was estimated from thermal modelling (ANSTO one
dimensional model) to be 8.1 x 10-8 kg (O2) m-3 s-1. If this rate were to continue, the
remaining sulphide would be exhausted in about 20 years, however, it was noted that in
practice the oxidation rate would be expected to decline over time.
Oxidation rates were found to be substantially higher in the uppermost 4 metres of each
probe hole, despite the presence of ample oxygen and sulphides at lower depths. The
authors were unable to present a conclusive rationale for this observation.
In many cases it was not possible to estimate oxidation rates from the rate of decline in
oxygen levels immediately after completion of drilling because there was no measurable
decline. Oxygen appears to be freely available within much of the dump interior.
The report suggested that the evidence in respect of Hairpin Dump points strongly to
advective air movement (i.e. driven by wind and/or heat) as the primary means of oxygen
transport in the dump. It was suggested that a cover that did no more than limit the means
of oxygen ingress to diffusion would reduce the oxidation rate substantially.
The time to completion of oxidation of all sulphide in the dump was estimated by
comparing sulphide content in oxidised and poorly oxidised sections of the dump (i.e. >
20 m from any dump surface). The data indicated that 4.6% of the sulphide content has
been consumed per year since dump construction. At that rate oxidation would be
complete in 22 years.
Even if oxidation were to cease now it was estimated that it would take far greater than
30 years to flush out the contaminants in the dump.
Estimation of the oxidation rate from sulphate plus sulphides currently in the upper 20
metres of the dump suggested that oxidation would be complete in about 40 years. This
method is likely to underestimate the oxidation rate as some sulphate will have already
exited the dump.
Water extracts from within the dump and the single sample of dump outflow showed
approximately neutral pH. Metal contamination was present, but was minor compared to
some other sources at the mine site.
The theoretical Net Acid Producing Potential across the upper 20 metres of Hairpin
Dump was calculated to be 14 kg H2SO4/t (i.e. net acid consuming). The real
neutralising capacity may be even higher than assumed in the NAPP calculation as the
NAG tests suggested that not all of sulphide present is reactive. It was therefore
considered likely that the dump effluent will become more alkaline with time.
Page 17 of 50
Five surface infilitration trials and three pit permeability trials were conducted on the
dump surface. Surface permeability was estimated to vary from 1.3 x 10-7 m/s to 1.2 x 105
m/s depending on particle size of material. These values concur with site observations
of local runoff during moderately intense showers and penetration into coarser zones.
Sub-surface infiltration surveys were undertaken by excavating three test pits, filling with
water and recording the time taken for the water to infiltrate. Permeabilities were
estimated at 1.3 x 10-3 m/s (similar to medium sand)
Surface infiltration rates are much lower than sub-surface permeabilities, probably
because of compaction of the dump surface during its use an equipment storage site,
hence it is unlikely that significant areas of the dump would be able to reach saturation.
Four different types of cover were modelled using the SoilCover model for wet, average
and dry years. The time delay between inflow and outflow is predicted to be 6 months on
average.
A poor quality clay cap (porosity = 0.38, permeability = 10-6 m/s) was predicted to cause
a slight increase in leachate volume (due to reduced evaporation) though the degree of
saturation of the cover itself remained above 85% throughout the year. A good quality
clay (porosity = 0.35, permeability = 10-8 m/s) cap was estimated to reduce infiltration by
around 90% and the cover would be expected to remain close to saturation year round.
A target minimum permeability for the cover of 10-8 m/sec was recommended.
Overall the report found that while retardation of the oxidation rate of the dump may be
possible via construction of a clay cover, in the case of Hairpin Dump this is not likely to
result in major environmental benefits. The results do suggest that regardless of oxidation
rates, the potential for a major reduction in water flux does exist, with consequent
potential for improvements in the economics of treatment of acid drainage.
The proposed Hairpin Dump clay capping trial provides an opportunity to confirm this
behaviour through the installation of lysimeters and a leachate collection site. Assessment
of the oxygen limiting effects of the cover was also recommended on the basis of its
relevance to other dumps at Savage River.
Peer Review
[Given the innovative nature of the methods employed during Thompson & Bretts
assessment of Hairpin Dump it was decided to subject the report to peer review]
Bennett et al (2001) strongly questioned Thompson & Bretts recommendation to
proceed with the capping of Hairpin Dump. The reviewers were of the opinion that
pollutant generation rates from the dump had not been sufficiently quantified.
The reviewers noted that Thompson & Brett failed to determine a global oxidation rate
Page 18 of 50
for Hairpin Dump as required by the project brief.

The reviewers proceeded to estimate an internal oxidation rate of the dump material of
9.3 x 10-9 kg (O2) m-3 s-1 based on the sulphate release rate that had been estimated by
Thompson & Brett (2000a).
The reviewers commented that Thompson & Brett erroneously attempted to correct for
seasonal variation in temperature readings in the uppermost 10m of the dump. Bennett et
al are of the view that at least 12 months of temperature data would be required to
confidently estimate oxidation rates from temperature data alone.
The reviewers provided a table of those estimates of internal oxidation rate from the
Thompson & Brett report which were considered reliable. The reviewers found no
convincing evidence to support Thompson & Bretts suggestion that oxidation rates are
consistently higher in the uppermost 4-6m of the dump.
Bennett et al independently estimated the average oxidation rate of Hairpin Dump to be 1
x 10-8 kg (O2) m-3 s-1, which is almost one order of magnitude lower than Thompson &
Bretts estimate, but is very close to the result based on estimated sulphate flux.
The reviewers rejected Thompson & Bretts shrinking core model of Hairpin Dump on
the basis that hole BH4 appears to show oxygen diffusing into a pod from both above
and below.
The reviewers stated that any conclusions based on the one-dimensional model must be
re-examined, as gas transport in Hairpin Dump can only be described using a two or
three-dimensional model.
The reviewers challenged Thompson & Bretts suggestion that advection is the
predominant means of oxygen supply into Hairpin Dump, as they felt that diffusion alone
would be capable of explaining the observed field data.
The reviewers also queried the results of modelling using the SoilCover software
program because the predicted degrees of saturation appear to be much higher than the
field measurements.
In conclusion the reviewers stated that the Thompson & Brett report does not present a
model of Hairpin Dump that can be used to quantify processes in the dump, to predict
future behaviour of the dump or to quantify the effectiveness of a cover on present or
future pollutant release rates
[Dr Stephen K Dobos was requested by DPIWE to peer review the geochemical aspects
of the Thompson & Brett report.]
Dobos (2001a) considered Thompson & Bretts drilling, sampling and associated
geochemical work to be of a generally high standard, though specific deficiencies were
Page 19 of 50
noted. Mineral paragenesis of the samples from the drilling is said to be barely adequate
and rock texture or microstructure was not assessed. The nature and thicknesses of rinds
of oxidation as functions of grainsize, rock type and position within the dump also
received inadequate attention.
Dobos made the general observation that there are various potential sources of
uncertainty involved in the interpretation of temperature and oxygen data from probe
holes, and therefore commented favourably that Thompson & Bretts conclusions were
not based solely on these measurements.
Dobos (2001a) points out that while Thompson & Brett identified that the Net Acid
Producing Potential of the upper 20m of Hairpin Dump is on average 14
kgH2SO4/tonne, the deeper sections of the dump, with an average NAPP of +29.7
kgH2SO4/tonne are in fact likely to be acid forming. Dobos therefore questions
Thompson & Bretts assertion that alkalinity in the dump outflow will slowly increase
with time. The dump is ultimately likely be a net acid producer.
Thompson & Bretts use of leachable iron as an indicator of degree of oxidation is
questioned on the basis that several minerals present at Savage River are likely to contain
leachable ferric iron, some minerals may even contain iron oxyhydroxides which do not
result from oxidation of pyrite. Furthermore Thompson & Brett did not adequately take
account of the net downward migration of oxidation products over the life of the dump.
The results of leaching with de-ionised water are also questioned since they represent
neither pure pore water nor pore waters plus all secondary reaction products. Chemical
methods for estimation of oxidation rate are therefore said to be approximate at best, but
are certainly considered worthy of further refinement.
Response to Peer Review
Thompson & Brett acknowledged the error in the estimation of oxidation rate via thermal
modelling, and consequently recalculated the average oxidation rate of the upper 20m of
Hairpin Dump to be 5 x 10-8 kg (O2) m-3 s-1. [This result lies approximately halfway
between Thompson & Bretts initial estimate and that of Bennett et al]. This figure was
then converted to a sulphide consumption rate for comparison with the chemical methods
used to estimate oxidation rate:
1. One Dimensional thermal modelling using ANSTO spreadsheet
0.49 kg S t-1 y-1
2. Oxidation rate derived from acid leached iron versus sulphide
0.42 kg S t-1 y-1
content in poorly oxidised regions
3. Oxidation rate derived from current dump sulphide content versus 0.40 kg S t-1 y-1
sulphide content plus sulphate content
Despite the potential sources of error identified by the reviewers, the results are in
surprisingly good agreement.
Thompson & Brett reiterated that estimation of oxidation rate using the modelled
Page 20 of 50
sulphate flux based on a single water sample would be meaningless as it is considered

unlikely that the sulphate release rate is in equilibrium with the sulphate generation rate.
The differing interpretations of the NAPP data result from differing definitions of Hairpin
Dump. Thompson & Bretts initial advice that effluent from the dump would become
more alkaline with time was based on modelling of the upper 20m of the dump. When the
very small number of deeper NAPP results (which are taken from waste rock which predates the commencement of construction of Hairpin Dump in 1993) are taken into
account, it is possible that the total dump will be a net acid producer in the long term.
Thompson & Brett went on to identify several risks to the achievement of project
objectives at Hairpin Dump. Overall it was felt that the existing and proposed
instrumentation of the dump before and after cover construction would be sufficient to
detect and quantify any changes in oxygen flux and water flux into the dump resulting
from cover construction. If necessary, complex three-dimensional modelling could be
undertaken at a later date using data that is currently being collected.
Thermal modelling (draft)
[Sulphide Solutions was asked to undertake more detailed thermal modelling of Hairpin
Dump]
Sulphide Solutions, (2002), undertook quasi-3D thermal modelling using a full year of
temperature data from Hairpin Dump. A 2D heat conduction equation, with a term
introduced to account for heat loss in the third dimension, was applied to a cross section
through probe holes BH1, BH3 and BH4.
The numerical modelling produced similar results to those observed in probe holes BH1,
BH3 and BH4. A pod of higher oxidation rate material in the vicinity of BH4 was
assumed to be either 5 or 10 metres in diameter. The diameter chosen did not alter the
estimated average internal oxidation rate.
Using a thermal conductivity of 1.76 Wm-1K-1. Sulphide Solutions estimated an average
internal oxidation rate of 2.1 kgO2m-3s-1. Using a thermal conductivity of 2.5 Wm-1K-1
(as determined by Thompson & Brett 2000a), the average internal oxidation rate was
estimated to be 3.0 kgO2m-3s-1. [These figures are still 50% and 58% respectively lower
than Thompson and Bretts revised estimate via 1D modelling.]
Design of an oxygen limiting clay cover for Hairpin Dump at the Savage
River Mine
Thompson & Brett (2001a) prepared a design for the proposed soil cover over Hairpin
Dump. The design assumed that permeabilities of 10-7 to 10-8 m/s could readily be
achieved on flatter accessible surfaces of the dump and that 10-6 to 10-7 m/s should be
achievable on batter slopes with moderate compaction of the types clay expected to
arise during mining operations.
Page 21 of 50
Modelling of infiltration was found to be heavily affected by rainfall intensity. Infiltration

during an average year modelled to 10% of incident rainfall where cover permeability
was 10-7 m/s, increasing to 56% where a low permeability overlay was provided for
revegetation purposes. For a cover permeability of 10-6 m/s without an overlay, 50% of
incident rainfall would be expected to infiltrate into the dump.
All modelled covers exhibited a high degree of saturation year round, suggesting that
oxygen transmission may be reduced even with higher permeability covers.
Stability analyses suggested that batter slopes of 1:2 would achieve a factor of safety
against slip failure of 1.117, which is considered acceptable.
Detailed design plans were also provided in the report.
Permeability is the important quality control parameter and will need to be tested in situ
following placement and compaction of the clay.
Assessment of Soil Covers
Thompson & Brett (2002a) undertook a general assessment of soil covers in Tasmania as
an extension to the Hairpin Dump contract.
In situ permeability and moisture content of existing soil covers and waste rock was
assessed at several locations at both Savage River and Mt Lyell.
Generally the cover materials were classed as low to moderate plasticity silts, several
exhibited a relatively high gravel content.
During construction of the Magazine Dump clay cap, laboratory compaction of samples
yielded permeability results ranging 1 x 10-7 m/sec to 6 x 10-9 m/sec. 10 field
permeameter tests conducted at Magazine Dump on 23 November 2002 gave
permeability results much higher than suggested by the earlier laboratory analysis:
Location
Unripped flat areas
Batters
Permeability
2.5 x 10-7 m/sec to 5.0 x 10-7 m/sec
2.6 x 10-4 m/sec to 8 x 10-6 m/sec
MC%
28.5
41.1
Clearly the reduced compaction on the track rolled batters has a significant effect on
permeability. Moisture content was on average, slightly higher than optimum moisture
content for the material, suggesting a high degree of saturation.
Combined data retrieved from the 6 lysimeters installed in Magazine Dump by ANSTO
suggested an infiltration rate through the cover of 11.2% of incident rainfall.
The OTD at Savage River was capped during 1996 with a moderately plastic silty clay.
Once again permeability results were less than expected for the given material and
compaction methods:
Page 22 of 50
Location
Bench
Batters
Permeability
1.2 x 10 m/sec to 1.4 x 10-6 m/sec
5.5 x 10-6 m/sec
-7
MC%
39 48.1
South West Dump was capped by ABM, using a tamping plate fitted to a hydraulic
excavator, to within 97% - 106% of maximum dry density. The material was classed as a
low plasticity gravelly silty clay.
Location
Batters
Permeability
1.0 x 10-7 m/sec to 2.2 x 10-6 m/sec
The South West Dump results appear quite reasonable in comparison to other dumps,
especially in view of the poorer quality material used.
Waste rock at Hairpin Dump yielded the following permeability results:
Material
Surface gravels
Surface clays
Subsurface rockfill
Permeability
1.2 x 10-5 m/sec to 8.0 x 10-5 m/sec
1.3 x 10-7 m/sec
1.2 x 10-3 m/sec to 1.5 x 10-3 m/sec
Thompson & Brett (2002b) undertook a water balance comparison before and after
capping of Magazine Dump for the period December to April each year commencing
1995.
After taking into account rainfall, evaporation and outflows from the dump, it appears
that 2-3 times more water exits the dump over the summer period than would be expected
to enter it.
This could be explained by groundwater inflows to the dump of about 8,200m3 during the
period December to April. Changes in outflow over time suggest that the dump is slowly
drying out.
The results suggest that the Magazine Dump cover excludes about 60% of incident
rainfall. Given that the lysimeters indicate only about 10% infiltration through the dump
plateaus, infiltration through the batters would need to be about 75% to give 60% overall
(this means the batters leak about as much as they could, given likely evaporation losses
of around 25%).
This work confirms that where compaction is adequate, water shedding objectives (10
15% infiltration) are achievable. All covers also showed a high degree of saturation
which may assist their oxygen barrier function.
Previous design work for clay covers at Savage River had specified permeability targets
of 10-8 m/sec for flat areas, and 10-7 m/sec for slopes. Based on the above work 10-7 m/sec
is considered acceptable provided that drainage is good. It was therefore suggested that
covers be designed to ensure at least 10% gradient on the upper surface of the clay cover.
Page 23 of 50
The erosion protection layer would need to be constructed from coarse rock rather than
revegetation medium.
Magnesite lined drain adjacent to North Dump

[No report on the performance of this drain has been prepared. A brief assessment is
provided in Coffey Geosciences (2000)]
Hydrogeological study and evaluation of acid drainage remediation

options
Surface Water Hydrology
Coffey Geosciences (2000) provides tables of estimated annual runoff pre- and postmining for each section of the catchment. Monthly runoff coefficients determined using
1998 stream flow data varied from 25% in March to 95% in August (average 63%), with
relatively good agreement between the 4 catchment areas considered. A preliminary
Surface Water Management Plan that focused on drainage works to separate clean and
contaminated waters across the site was provided.
Hydrogeology
The hydrogeology section of Coffey Geosciences (2000) provides a brief description of
the regional geology followed by a short summary of the findings of previous
hydrogeological investigations by Piteau & Associates, Australian Groundwater
Consultants and John Miedecke & Partners.
12 regional groundwater bores were drilled across the site. Groundwater levels were
measured and permeability estimated via a falling head test. A further 12 piezometers
were installed in the OTD.
Generally the site was characterised by low permeability rock types. Groundwater flow is
expected to be largely restricted to the edges of fault bounded blocks, with the majority of
flow through the secondary fractures. Transmissivity was considered likely to be higher
along the north-south regional foliation/structural trend.
The main recharge areas were thought to be the weathered, near level ground on ridges
(some of which are now covered by waste rock dumps). The main sinks were local creeks
and rivers, with some flow to deeper fractures in unweathered rocks.
A conceptual hydrogeological model was presented.
Four groundwater aquifers were identified:
weathered chloritic schist (measured permeabilities ranged from 1 x 10-8 to 9 x 106

m/sec),
weathered tertiary basalt (permeabilities from 4 x 10-6 to 9 x 10-6 m/sec),
metabasalt xenolith (4 x 10-6 m/sec), and
Page 24 of 50
waste rock (characterised by high permeability and perched aquifers).
Order of magnitude groundwater flow volumes were presented. Estimated groundwater

flow volumes from potential groundwater contamination sources were small in
comparison to surface flows, however, contaminant flux may be locally significant where
contaminant concentrations are large.
Groundwater samples were submitted for chemical analysis. Total metal concentrations
in groundwater exceeded ANZECC (1992) guidelines for 3 or more metals at all bores.
Background copper, iron and aluminium concentrations in groundwater appear to be
naturally elevated. GW4 results may indicate groundwater impact from oxidation of
sulphides in undisturbed weathered schist (the unit of widest distribution). Bores adjacent
to rock dumps produced results consistent with the impact of acid drainage.
Past and present analyses of South Centre Pit seepages were presented and discussed. The
study also reviewed past and present OTD data. It was suggested that virtually all seepage
emanating from the OTD seeps enters the OTD within about 100m of the dam crest.
The report recommended a further year of regional groundwater monitoring to confirm
the above findings.
Acid Drainage Assessment
This report provides a brief summary of earlier work. Coffeys estimated, based on reports
by Environmental Geochemistry International, that 55% of the waste rock at the Savage
River Mine is likely to produce acid drainage, though it was noted that the Sulphides
tended to react slowly and sometimes not all. A summary of the acid forming
characteristics of each of the major geological units is included.
OTD tailings and pore water geochemistry were assessed in some detail:
A general decline in water quality from north to south is apparent. Water quality appears
to be influenced by tailings grain size, with the highest acidity levels found in very coarse
tailings. Sulphate levels where much higher than acidity levels, suggesting that acidity
has been consumed by dissolution of carbonate minerals. Various exceedances of the
ANZECC (1992) water quality guidelines were reported from the southern piezometers.
The waters of SRRP9, SRRP10, SRRP11 and SRRP12 (southern bores) are at gypsum
saturation. SRRP1, SRRP2, SRRP3 and SRRP7 (northern bores) are characterised by
near neutral pH and relatively low pollutant concentrations.
Groundwater recharge through the tailings was thought to be highest in the south west
corner of the OTD, based on pore water chloride concentrations.
The water quality data indicate that the tailings are being preferentially oxidised in the
south west corner and southern end of the OTD. This is consistent with the observed
Page 25 of 50
particle size distribution (finer to the north), which is a result of the upstream methods by
which the dam was constructed. The sandy materials at the southern end of the OTD are
more deeply oxidised. Oxidation depths varied from 16 35 cm. Depth profiles indicated
that oxidation tends to be associated with coarse tailings layers, while silt/clay sized
tailings are generally more moist and consequently less weathered.
A brief summary of historical OTD reports is provided. Evidence of acid seepage from
the OTD is said to have been documented as early as 1979, then in 1996 the rate of
acidity flux from the OTD to the MCTD was estimated at 1070 kg/day.
The potential for seepage of acid drainage through the remnant soil profile under the
eastern OTD embankment (south) [which is not captured by DPIWEs monitoring weir]
is said to be significant.
MCTD tailings were found by EGi to be potentially acid forming with NAPP values
ranging from 120 266 kg H2SO4/t. ABM commenced adding hard alkaline rock to the
mill feed for improved grinding performance during the Coffey study, but this is likely to
cease when hard ore becomes available again.
Leachate emanating from dewatering bores on the RL 180 bench of the eastern wall of
South Centre Pit was assessed and discussed. It is of interest that the pH of the pit waters
is generally lower than the pH of the leachate from the dewatering bores.
Alkalinity and flow are generally higher in the south while metals (except copper) are
lower. Conductivity varied from 1700 2400 S/cm and pH ranged from 6.3 7.4.
Formation of ferric hydroxide precipitates at the outlet of some dewatering bores is
indicative of generation of additional acidity through oxidation of iron on contact with the
atmosphere.
Seepage from B Dump (which lies to the south east) was not thought to be a major
influence on the observed water quality in the dewatering bores, however, groundwater
seepage may also occur below the water level in South Centre Pit.
A comparison of concentrations between bedrock seepage and surface seeps in the
vicinity of North West Dump suggested that a lesser proportion of leachate from NW
Dump discharges to groundwater, compared to surface waters (this is consistent with the
presence of a low permeability tertiary basalt cap under NW dump).
Pit void water profiles were discussed. The profiles showed no dramatic decline in pH
(SCP ~5, CP ~6) with depth, though the deeper oxygen depleted layers exhibited
substantially higher conductivity and pollutant concentrations.
The report includes a discussion of the alkaline flow-through drain that is being
constructed by ABM. Conductivity, alkalinity, sulphate, manganese and nickel were
found to significantly increase in the flow-through drain, while dissolved oxygen, total
suspended solids and iron all decreased during transit.
Page 26 of 50
No assessment of the longevity of alkaline additions arising from the flow-through was
able to be made, though the drain does appear to be accumulating suspended sediment
and iron hydroxides.
The PMI flow-through did not appear to have any significant impact on water quality in
Broderick Creek.
The trial magnesite drain adjacent to North Dump was not found to contribute significant
amounts of alkalinity to the waters of the drain, however, the concentrations of
aluminium, cobalt, nickel, manganese and zinc did fall along the drain.
The performance of this trial was thought to be influenced by the relatively high influent
pH (~6.3), large size of the magnesite particles, sedimentation, and the short length of the
drain.
Previous NSR and DPIWE reports on water quality are summarised. Coffey Geosciences
then modelled the annual pollutant fluxes by combining various sources of data. Sulphate
was taken to be a conservative and medium to long term indicator of acid generation and
copper was chosen to represent short-term pollutant source rankings. A number of
limitations to the methods used were acknowledged.
The Coffey source rankings shown below are generally similar to the DPIWE rankings
except for the inclusion of SW Dump. Coffeys suggest that SW Dump may be a larger
pollutant source than was previously thought.
Sulphate Rankings:
Main Creek > SW Dump > Broderick Creek > Centre Pit > Crusher Gully > South Lens >
North Dump Drain
Copper
Main Creek >> North Dump Drain >> Crusher Gully > SW Dump > OTD > Centre Pit >
Broderick Creek
Remediation Options:
The fourth section of Coffey geosciences (2000) focussed on remediation options at
Savage River. The following set of key principles was applied to the development of
remediation options:
Focus on passive minimisation and control, with active treatment a last resort
Sub-aqueous disposal is the most beneficial option
Remediation techniques must aim to work 100% of the time
Treatment sludges should be isolated from the Savage River
Long term dump slope stability should be improved where practical and cost effective
B Dump
Page 27 of 50
1. Construct dams in Main Creek for the collection and pumping of waters to a central
treatment facility (no changes to the dump itself)
2. Reshape and cap the top of B Dump with a low permeability cover plus erosion
protection layer. Leachates to be collected in a magnesite lined drain for partial
treatment followed by collection in a holding pond and treatment or pumping to
central treatment facility
3. Construct a carbonate flow-through drain in Main Creek, then fill in the valley to
improve geotechnical stability of dump batters and MCTD/ETD dam walls.
A Dump
1. Collect and treat acid drainage with no change to dump (could be combined with
similar option for B Dump)
2. Reshape and cap the top of A Dump and treat leachate. Magnesite lined permiter
drain may provide some pre-treatment
3. Option 2 plus carbonate lined perimeter drain directing leachate to MCTD for
treatment.
4. Push A Dump into South Centre pit after cessation of mining (water cover)
South West Dump
Options are considered limited due to steep slopes and proximity of the river to the toe of
the dump. It is recommended that the impact of acid drainage from this dump be further
evaluated before remediation options are considered in detail.
Crusher Gully
Waste rock in this area will be substantially removed in the course of mining operations,
nonetheless, the following options are suggested:
1. Reshape and cap the dump, construct leachate collection drain near the base of the
dump with gravity drainage to South Lens Pit
2. Push waste rock from Crusher Gully into Centre Pit following cessation of operations
3. Collect drainage in a cut off drain and pump it for treatment in a mine pit.
North Dump
1. Collect leachate and transfer under gravity to a mine pit for treatment and sludge
retention (requires a suspended pipeline across the Savage River). Clean water east of
the dump to be diverted via a directional bore hole.
2. Flatten the eastern slopes of the dump and extend the dump approximately 150 metres
to the east and cap to divert clean water that currently enters the dump from the east.
Install a magnesite lined collection drain along the western margin of the dump,
possibly continue magnesite drain to South Lens Pit.
3. Reshape dump using existing material.
Old Tailings Dam
1. Construct a low permeability wedge embankment over the southern dam wall to
move the phreatic surface to the south. Construct embankments at ~150 metre
intervals on the low permeability tailings beach to retain a water cover over most of
the beach.
Page 28 of 50
2. Install a water powered treatment plant at the southern end of the OTD (requires a
pipeline from northern pondage)
3. Cap the south west corner of the OTD.
Central treatment Plant
Four options for a centralised acid drainage treatment plant are presented:
1. Dosing system, aerators, mixers, clarifiers and final polishing structure. Requires
ongoing maintenance, pumping, electricity and sludge management.
2. Series of settlement dams with dosing structures at the inlets.
3. Use of hydropower to operate treatment plant. Would probably not be sufficient to
pump all acid drainage on the site, or to crush local carbonate rock.
4. Central slurry-producing facility located to permit slurry delivery under gravity to
various areas of the mine.
Smaller Treatment Plants
Some potential benefits of operating several distributed treatment plants are discussed.
Costs associated with treatment plants were estimated as follows:
Capital Cost
Operating Cost p.a. Reagent Cost p.a.
Central
treatment $2.5 million
$300,000
$250,000
plant
$400,000
Small
hydro $150,000
- $10,000 - $15,000 $23,500 - $47,000
powered carbonate $250,000 each
each
plants*
Small scale CaO $150,000
- $10,000 - $15,000 $235,000
dosing plants*
$250,000 each
each
$353,000
Small
scale $180,000
- $10,000 - $30,000 $235,000
Ca(OH)2 plants*
$350,000 each
each
$353,000
* Costs dont include the cost of sludge storage facilities [the cost of which may exceed
the cost of the plant by a considerable margin. For the central treatment plant it can be
assumed that a mine pit would be available for low cost sludge disposal].
The potential effects of scaling and corrosion on pumping systems are raised, as is the
issue of sludge management.
Several remediation options that were not considered viable are listed:
Soil covers as oxygen barriers were excluded on the basis that they are rarely
successful, particularly in the very long term
In situ dosing of leachates without reshaping of dumps (due to slope instability)
Caps without protection against erosion and root penetration
A range of imported neutralising materials
Monitoring Data Assessment 2000 2001
Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd (2001) prepared a brief summary of groundwater monitoring
data collected over the previous 12 months.
Page 29 of 50
Water level in the various groundwater bores was plotted against rainfall trend for the
period of observations.
The rainfall trend peaks in mid July 2000 and troughs at the beginning of March 2001.
Water level in the OTD piezometers was highest 1-2 months after the rainfall peak. The
water level trough was reached 0.5 to 1 months after the rainfall trough. The lag time was
greatest in the southwestern corner of the OTD, which is the area with the coarsest grain
size.
Water level contours were seen to shift southwards during peak water levels, which in
turn steepens the hydraulic gradient toward the MCTD. The report acknowledged the
possibility that a gradient of water moving north may exist in some parts of the OTD
during high rainfall months.
Dataloggers installed in two of the OTD piezometers indicated that water levels vary
through about 2 metres and rise rapidly within 2-3 days of rainfall events.
Regional groundwater monitoring bores showed similar results, though water levels
generally responded more slowly than in the OTD. Groundwater levels were seen to peak
between 1 3 months after rainfall and bottom out 1 2 months after the rainfall trough.
Bores GW8, GW9 and GW10 exhibited greater water level rises in July 2000 than nearby
bores, probably because these three bores are located on flat, elevated areas that retain
rainfall.
The continuously logged water level at GW8 varied through 10 metres over the
monitoring period, indicating limited storage capacity. GW9 varied through 2 metres over
the same period.
It was suggested that contaminated groundwater under B Dump and A Dump is more
likely to follow the steep east-west gradient toward Savage River and South Centre Pit
than to move north or south.
The authors concluded that the analytical data supplied by the DPIWE laboratory were
not sufficiently accurate for detailed analysis of water quality. Therefore the only
assessment carried out was a comparison to the ANZECC 1992 water quality guidelines.
The majority of samples exceeded the ANZECC guidelines for pH, ferrous iron, total iron
and copper. Aluminium and TDS also exceeded the guidelines for a significant number of
samples.
The sites exhibiting the largest number of exceedances were ranked as follows:
GW11 & SRRP11 > SRRP9 & SRRP12 > GW2 > GW5 > GW3 > SRRP10. Bores GW8,
GW9 and GW10 appear to represent background water quality (i.e. not affected by
mining). Groundwater from the background bores generally exceeds the ANZECC
guidelines for copper, zinc, iron and pH. All other bores are significantly impacted by
Page 30 of 50
sulphide oxidation.
Cobalt, though not included in the 1992 ANZECC guidelines, is significantly elevated in
groundwater and may also be of significance to aquatic ecosystems
Desktop review of options for treatment of acidic discharges in Main

Creek below B Dump
[Chemical treatment of Main Creek was considered a potentially viable option given that
its alkali demand is less than 2 tonnes/day and dramatic reductions in volumetric flow
were anticipated following ABMs planned diversion of the tailings dam decant to
Townsends Creek.]
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd (2000b) assessed the feasibility, at desktop level, of providing
treatment facilities at various locations.
Thompson and Bretts prior hydrological knowledge of the Savage River site was applied
to the Main Creek catchment to predict a mean flow in Main Creek above Townsends
Creek of 46 l/s after the Townsends Creek decant becomes operational (or a peak
monthly flow of 93 l/s based on a 1:100 year event of 72 hours duration). The report
identified the potential for further large reductions in peak flow through capping of
disturbed areas and diversion of runoff from the undisturbed eastern slopes of the Main
Creek valley.
The pros and cons of constructing treatment plants at each major source of acid drainage
versus a centralised treatment facility to which acid drainage is pumped were discussed.
The expense of installing a clarifier, flocculant mixing plant and other equipment at each
distributed acid source must be weighed against the cost pumping non-thickened sludge
to a stable disposal receptacle. Both of these options need to be compared with the
alternative of pumping acid drainage to a central treatment facility.
The report identified the potential to utilise ABMs existing tailings thickener, along with
the latent alkalinity content of the tailings, to neutralise acid drainage. It was suggested
that following cessation of operations locally available magnesite or limestone could
replace tailings as the source of alkalinity, with the thickener continuing to be used to
produce sludge. Options to employ the Green Precipitate process or to operate a partial
sludge recycle loop to gain the benefits of a High Density Sludge were also raised.
Co-disposal of neutralisation sludges with tailings was considered the best sludge
disposal option during the mine life (subject to test work and long term pH control of the
waters of the MCTD). If available a disused mine pit could provide a suitable postmining receptacle for non-thickened sludge (subject to resource sterilisation issues).
Being naturally alkaline, North Pit is the preferred pit for sludge disposal.
Static treatment at North Pit was also considered. Under this option partial neutralisation
of acid drainage would be achieved by passing acid drainage over the carbonate rich east
Page 31 of 50
wall of north pit. Further neutralisation with local or imported reagents would still be
required in North Pit pond.
Cost comparisons between three identified treatment packages were provided. The key
assumptions upon which the costings are based are summarised below:
Flood storage in Main Creek requires a 10-15 metre high dam and a 1.0 km access
road.
Cost of electricity is 17 c/kwh.
Reagent cost is $200/tonne (slaked lime).
Allowance for a full time locally based operator with vehicle and equipment is
included.
Equipment maintenance costs are set at 2.5% of capital.
A sinking fund for capital replacement after 25 years is included.
An approximate capital cost of a treatment plant with clarifier was estimated to be
$2.5 million. This figure was nominally halved where ABM mill facilities were to be
utilised in construction of the plant.
The discount rate is 4%
The operating period is 50 years
The options are summarised in the table below1

Option
Neutralisation method
1. Treatment in Main Conventional lime
Creek
treatment.
2. Treatment at ABM mill/ By mixing with alkaline
North Pit
tailings
Batch treatment with lime
in North Pit
3. Treatment
plant
at Conventional lime reagent.
North Pit
Possible benefit of natural
alkalinity not costed.
Sludge disposal
Sludge pumped to ABM
tailings thickener
Sludge pumped to North Pit
To ABM tailings dam
Sludge permitted to settle
North Pit pond
Pump sludge to ABM mill/
tailings dam.
Sludge permitted to settle
North Pit pond
Each of the above options was costed under five peak monthly flow scenarios:
a) the current situation (93 l/s),
b) Capping of B Dump with diversion of surface waters (63 l/s)
c) Includes scenario b) plus in-filling and capping of the Main Creek valley
adjacent to B Dump(36 l/s)
d) Includes scenario c) plus diversion of runoff from the eastern slopes of the
Main Creek valley (10 l/s)
e) Includes capping and diversion as per d) but also assumes a 50% reduction in
acid loading resulting from reduced oxygen ingress (10 l/s)
1
Shaded cells indicate altered procedures post-mine life
Page 32 of 50
The up-front capital cost and net present value of each option over a 50-year operating
period is summarised below:
Scenario a)2
Scenario c)3
Option
NPV
Capital alone
NPV
Capital alone
1
$13,155,682
$3,830,000
$10,111,612
$2,330,000
2
$15,021,087
$2,657,750
$7,310,034
$1,630,421
3
$16,008,926
$4,340,000
$11,340,5920 $2,580,000
Clearly operating costs account for a large proportion of the overall project cost. The
potential benefits of ABMs contribution may have a value of several millions of dollars
[e.g. 1a minus 2c]. These benefits accrue both during mine life (e.g. provision of
operators, alkaline tailings and infrastructure) and may also continue post-mine life (e.g.
construction of diversion drains and clay caps).
A considerable body of further test work was recommended in the report. Particularly as
relates to the potential use of tailings or locally available carbonate rocks for treatment of
acid drainage.
The potential for hydropower generation was discussed briefly. From the final MCTD
outfall height of 335 metres, it was estimated that 666 kW could be generated adjacent to
the Savage River. This is about three times the likely power consumption rate of the
environmental works.
Approximate costs of the power-generating infrastructure are estimated. When compared
to the electricity price currently paid by ABM, the hydropower generation scheme would
run at a loss. Post-ABM, the Crown may be faced with higher commercial electricity
rates making the scheme considerably more attractive. The potential value of any excess
power generated and sold to other consumers may be boosted by greenhouse credits,
however, such sales are subject to long term maintenance of the 40km transmission line
to Waratah.
Notwithstanding the potential for future generation of electricity, current MCTD outflows
would be sufficient to drive a turbine pump to lift Main Creek above Townsends Creek to
a treatment plant.
Provision of expert geochemical advice to the SRRP
File: 071942
[An independent expert geochemist was appointed to provide specific geochemical

support to the SRRP. The expert geochemists advice regarding the ABM flow-through
2
Costings for scenario a) exclude any ABM contribution.
Costs for scenario c) include anticipated savings arising from ABMs contribution over a 15
year period. Scenario c) has been selected to denote the lower end of the scale on the basis that
the very low flow rates assumed for scenarios d) and e) may not be practically achievable in the
long term due to seepage from the Main Creek Tailings Dam.
Page 33 of 50
was then sought]

Dr Stephen Dobos (2001b) noted that a substantial portion of the alkaline flow-through
drain being constructed by ABM in the Broderick Creek valley is made of calcitechlorite-quartz schist which is generally 10% or more calcite and approximately 1%
sulphide.
The limited available water quality data indicated a substantial increase in alkalinity in
the flow-through drain (both Ca and Mg rise significantly), but only a minor increase in
pH was observed. Aluminium and iron concentrations decrease significantly, though
copper and sulphate increase. The overall environmental outcome is considered
favourable.
The central issue was considered to be the longevity of the alkalinity additions if blinding
and passivation of carbonates occurs within the flow-through. The increase in magnesium
during transit was considered noteworthy on the basis that magnesium carbonates are less
likely to be blinded by epsomite than calcite is by gypsum. The source of magnesium is
not known but it could come from magnesite, dolomite or the breakdown of chlorite.
Performance of both oxic and anoxic limestone drains is said to rapidly diminish due to
both blinding and physical blockage. The relatively high quality of influent to the flowthrough is said to improve the prospects for ABMs flow-through. Dobos guessed that the
ABM flow-through should perform for at least 20 years.
Some potential measures to prolong and possibly increase alkalinity additions, such as
placement of magnesite at the inflow end, were mentioned. Bench testing of a magnesite
flow-through was suggested, as was drilling into the PMI dumps to determine water
quality and the nature of dumped materials.
Dobos (2001c) examined the performance of the flow-through from a quasi-theoretical
geochemical perspective.
Increasing values of the ionic ratio (Ca+Mg)/Cu are considered favourable to biota, and
hardness is said to provide a better measure of Ca+Mg than alkalinity. Maintaining Ca
and Mg at a similar ratio to background waters was considered preferable to adding Ca or
Mg alone.
Considerable sulphate is added to Broderick Creek by the flow-through, presumably
through oxidation of sulphides. Iron liberated by pyrite oxidation is being trapped by the
flow-through. Dobos suggested that oxidation of pyrite within the flow-through may be
oxygen limited. It was recommended that inflow and outflow waters be monitored for
dissolved oxygen in the field, and chloride in the laboratory.
Idealised thermodynamic modelling indicated that inflow waters are already close to
equilibrium with respect to dissolution of Ca and Mg carbonates. Modelling of the
current outflow suggested that southern extension of the flow-through may not generate
Page 34 of 50
appreciable rises in Ca or Mg, but would be beneficial if older sections of the flowthrough become clagged. The outflow waters are not saturated with respect to gypsum.
Measurement of gypsum retention in horizontal columns of calcite-chlorite-quartz schist,
magnesite, calcite and dolomite gravels during leaching with sulphuric acid was
recommended, as was determination of the amount of copper released from pulverised
calcite-chlorite-quartz schist after oxidation by hydrogen peroxide.
There are no obvious geochemical signs that the flow-through is about to clag.
Develop engineering specifications for a water shedding cover on the

upper levels of B Dump and verify on-ground compliance during
construction
Thompson & Brett (2001b) prepared a specification for a water shedding cover on the
upper levels of B Dump.
Clay samples taken from ABMs proposed southern deposit pit, which lies adjacent to B
Dump, were classified as clayey silts with relatively high clay content (24-30%)
suggesting that low permeabilities may be achievable. However, the highly variable
nature of, and lack of control over, clay arising from an active mine combined with the
variable extent of compaction likely to be achieved in practice will reduce the actual
permeabilities achieved in the field. Permeabilities of 10-8 m/s on flatter surfaces and 10-7
m/s on dump batters were considered readily achievable.
Modelling of rainfall and infiltration rates suggested the following:
-7
On dump batters cover permeability of 10 m/s could reduce infiltration to 10-15% of
incident rainfall providing that any rehabilitation overlays were of high
permeability and negligible fines content
-8
On flatter dump surfaces cover permeability of 10 m/s would be expected to reduce
infiltration to 10-15% of incident rainfall regardless of soil or rock rehabilitation
overlays.
Thickness of the water shedding layer should be 0.5m where materials are uniformly fine
grained or no less than 2.5 times the largest particle diameter where rocks are present.
Specifications for clay content and absolute density are also provided.
Stability analysis indicated a factor of safety against slip failure of 1.117 for batter slopes
of 1 verticle:2 horizontal. This was considered acceptable in the circumstances, though
flatter slopes would be preferable wherever possible.
Benches at nominally 10m vertical intervals were recommended, as was covering of
steeper slopes with a 0.5m thick layer of clean non-acid forming rock which is visibly
free of clay.
Page 35 of 50
Drains steeper than 2% are to be rock lined to a depth of 2.5 times the maximum particle
diameter. A table of recommended drain lining details is provided in the report.
The key quality control parameter is said to be permeability. One in situ permeability test
per 500 m2 of cover is recommended. A simple standpipe permeameter using 100mm
diamater hole that is deep enough to provide a representative result in the cover is
considered satisfactory.
A limited number of laboratory tests is also recommended. Daily completion of quality
assurance documentation by field operators is recommended.
Management of weeds on historical sections of the Savage River Mine

site and adjacent to the lease area in the former township
[A contract for this work has recently been signed. The results of weed mapping and a
weed control plan are anticipated in the near future]
Biological assessment of Main Creek and lower Savage River

[Autumn and Spring sampling of the Savage River and other streams has been completed
during 2001, no report has been received to date]
Evaluate use of Bauxsol at Savage River - dosing systems, mixing with

magnesite, etc
McConchie (2001) reported the results of tests involving treatment of acid drainage from
the Savage River Mine using BauxsolTM.
Acid drainage from North Dump Drain was treated using the following methods:
TM
Passing through a permeable reactive barrier containing Bauxsol
TM
Direct addition of Bauxsol followed by settling and passing through a sand filter
Excellent water quality results were achieved following treatment, with copper levels
being reduced to 2-4 g/l. The report claims that similar results were achieved using
water from Old Tailings Dam seepage (west) though the results are not presented.
[The report does not indicate the quantity of BauxsolTM consumed during the tests or the
residence time of the acid drainage in the permeable reactive barrier. Sludge settling
times and sludge volumes are also absent.]
The report notes that a source of red mud for conversion to BauxsolTM is available at the
Comalco, Bell Bay site in Tasmania. The report also states that creation of effective
BauxsolTM blends using magnesite is likely to be feasible, though further test work is
required.
Page 36 of 50
Addition of BauxsolTM to standing water bodies is said to be both economic and proven
as a treatment methodolgy, however, the report acknowledges that the use of permeable
reactive barrier technology for the treatment of flowing acid drainage is at a very early
stage of development.
Listing of dates of mining activity during PMI's operations

[John Miedecke and Partners Pty Ltd were commissioned to prepare a chronology of
important mine development dates during PMIs operations at the site to assist with
interpretation of historical environmental data.]
See Miedecke (2000)
Trial desulphurisation of ABM tailings using falcon separator in

Canada
[Final report not yet available. The preliminary testing yielded a recovery of 78.4% of
the sulphur into 48.7% of the tailings mass]
South Centre Pit groundwater study (draft)

Thompson (2002) undertook a study to determine whether groundwater emanating from
A Dump and B Dump reaches South Centre Pit and to what extent the observed water
quality in dewatering drainholes is responsible for water quality in South Centre Pit.
The report includes a useful summary of earlier descriptions of geology and
hydrogeology in the South Centre Pit area by various consultants. Thompson (2002) also
completed a detailed hydrogeological assessment of the area, including fracture mapping.
Various known and assumed data points were used to construct a three-dimensional
model of the phreatic surface in the vicinity of South Centre Pit. Approximate flow paths
were then presented. These flow paths provide strong evidence that groundwater under A
Dump and the western side of B Dump (including B Dump pond) travels to South Centre
Pit. It was assumed that the Haul Road Fault, which represents a potential barrier to eastwest flow of groundwater, is breached by the horizontal dewatering drainholes in the wall
of South Centre Pit.
Tracer tests with the fluorescent dye Rhodamine B suggested that some water from
borehole GW6 (to the south of South Centre Pit) enters South Centre Pit.
Examination of the hydrochemistry of surface and groundwater around the mine site
provided further evidence of connections between A Dump/ B Dump and South Centre
Pit. Major ion data suggested that contaminated water from the dumps flows towards
South Centre Pit and is intercepted by drainholes, though it is modified by redox and
neutralisation processes in transit.
Page 37 of 50
Trace element composition of waters in B Dump Pond was consistently close to that of
borehole GW6 suggesting that GW6 is influenced by water from B Dump, though local
mineralogy appears to significantly effect trace element composition of water exiting
drainholes.
Trace element composition of water from drainholes differed considerably from the
waters of South Centre Pit. Redox processes (i.e. oxidation of drainhole water on
exposure to atmosphere), or sulphide oxidation in the pit walls or unidentified
groundwater influxes could explain the differing composition.
The study concluded that while the quality of water from drainholes has some effects
upon water quality within the pit, dissolution of iron and sulphur rich minerals in the pit
walls would probably have a more significant effect.
Laboratory toxicant series using upper Savage River waters

Eriksen (2002) conducted a series of 4 toxicity tests using the Ceriodaphnia dubia
survival and reproduction bioassay to investigate the relative effects of hardness and
alkalinity on copper toxicity in Savage River water. Hardness, alkalinity and copper
concentrations used in the testing program were determined from historical data sets from
the sites Savage River above Old Tailings Dam (SRaOTD), Savage River below SouthWest Rock Dump (SRbSWRD), and Savage River at Doodies Creek (SRaDC).
[C. dubia are considered representative of planktonic crustacea, a grouping which was
not included in the previous toxicity tests and which may or may not occur naturally in
the Savage River]
These test results, in conjunction with the range-finding results previously reported, are
discussed in light of the proposed threshold values for copper developed using fish and
invertebrate toxicity data generated during the Savage River Rehabilitation Toxicity
Testing Program.
Both hardness and alkalinity were found to provide separate toxicological benefits in
upper Savage River water:
Test Hardness Alkalinity
Copper limit at which no toxic effect is observed
(mg/l)
NOEC
LOEC
1
66
4
8 g/l
23 g/l
2
66
14
24 g/l
46 g/l
3
198
4
14 g/l
22 g/l
4
198
31
20 g/l
40 g/l
5
198
14
40 g/l
80 g/l
When compared to the findings of Davies (2001) the above results indicate that
planktonic crustacea are more sensitive to dissolved copper than fish and benthic
invertebrates. The toxicity thresholds established by Davies (2001) are not appropriate for
small aquatic invertebrates. The toxicity thresholds need to take account of the
Page 38 of 50
ameliorative effects of both alkalinity and hardness.
Prepare dam surveillance reports for OTD north and south and South
Centre Pit
Old Tailings Dam
The northern embankment of the Old Tailings Dam was found by Thompson & Brett
(2001c) to be stable, with no excessive seepage, and no active erosion of the spillway.
The southern embankment was considered stable, with the clay capping and rock lined
drains performing satisfactorily.
It was recommended that the potential for tailings liquefaction during (rare) earthquake
events be assessed through cone penetrometer or standard penetrometer testing.
Centre Pit Environmental Dam
This coffer dam was originally installed by PMI, with the intention of flooding acid
producing sulphides in the lower faces of South Centre Pit.
Thompson & Brett (2001d) described the original dam and the recent modifications to it
as being appropriate for their purposes. The current configuration is not considered a
permanent structure due to the absence of a properly constructed spillway. Additional
armouring of the downstream face would also be required for a walk away scenario.
Annual monitoring of this dam was recommended, or more frequently while mining
operations are occurring below the dam
The capping conundrum

[This paper, while not officially an SRRP report, presents data relating to performance of
some clay covers in Tasmania, and is available upon request]
See Brett et al (2001)
Water Quality on the ABM Lease and in the Savage River - A Review
for the SRRP
Koehnken & Ray (2001) presented a whole-of-site summary of acid drainage sources,
based upon a review of all available data. The tables included in the companion volume
to the report text serve as a ready reference for the SRRP, allowing the easy comparison
of sources, flows and their relative importance.
Some sources that had not been quantified at the time of writing of the 1999 Water Audit
(Koehnken & Ray 1999) were able to be quantified from the complete, updated data set.
Comparison of data from the fixed monitoring point SRbSWRD, which effectively
Page 39 of 50
captures the vast majority of acid drainage exiting the site via the Savage River, with ad
hoc monitoring upstream of South West Rock Dump enabled estimation of the increase in
pollutant load in the vicinity of South West Rock Dump. The data suggest that some 17%
of whole of site copper emissions enter the river in this area. This figure is likely to
include emissions from both South West Rock Dump and the western side of B Dump.
Emissions from B Dump pond were found to account for 2% of the whole of site copper
load. The outflow from B Dump pond seeps into the ground a short distance downstream,
hence it is unknown whether this source enters the Savage River directly downslope (in
which case it would add significantly to the load measured in the South West Dump
area), or whether it seeps into the mine pits, where treatment is already occurring.
The former monitoring station at MCaSR was relocated to a point on Main Creek
immediately downstream of B Dump for easier access (MCbDD). Assessment of the data
suggests that pollution loads are some 20% lower at the new site compared to the old,
indicating that significant pollution sources enter Main Creek farther downstream than
MCbDD.
A discussion of the recently established SRRP toxicity thresholds suggested that in higher
flow situations only a modest reduction in copper concentrations is required for
achievement of the thresholds. This has beneficial implications because it enables a
reduction in the peak design flow capacity of any treatment systems. It was however
suggested that acidity loads still need to be reduced during high flows, in order to reduce
the risk of low pH in the river.
Analysis of the available historical data suggested that sulphate concentrations in the
vicinity of the pump station are currently less than a third of what they were 12 years ago.
This decrease can best be explained by a dramatic decline in sulphate output (and
therefore in oxidation rate) of North Dump. [The report was unable to demonstrate that
sulphate release from North Dump has continued to decline at any appreciable rate
during the past three years of detailed monitoring of North Dump emissions].
Sulphate release via Broderick Creek was found to have increased over the past 8 years to
approximately 17% of the whole of site sulphate flux, indicating that production of
acidity in the Broderick valley dumps is still on the increase. Copper emissions in
Broderick Creek contribute only 7% of whole of site copper emissions due to ongoing
neutralisation of acid by alkalinity within the dumps and the alkaline flow-through drain.
The potential for exhaustion of alkalinity in the Broderick valley dumps is of
considerable concern, however, the report noted that the formation of Bretts Drain may
have assisted in isolating some of the water most likely to show increases in acidity.
It was suggested that a statistically verifiable improvement in total copper loads in the
Savage River between 1998 and 1999 may be a result of ABMs efforts to improve
stormwater management at the mine site.
Page 40 of 50
The overall situation is that, for most metals, acid drainage sources on the Savage River
side contribute about 65% of the whole of site flux, with Main Creek contributing the
remainder. 20% of the site aluminium flux and almost half of the iron flux is attributable
to natural sources.
The report includes extensive discussion of remediation options that may be applicable to
each identified source of acid drainage. Many of the options discussed are either
hypothetical or require further test work.
It was noted during discussion of the potential to neutralise acid drainage with tailings
that the latent alkalinity contained in ABMs annual tailings discharge is over 20 times
the annual alkali demand required to treat acid drainage sources around the site.
Neutralisation of the seeps emanating from the southern embankment of the Old Tailings
Dam was described as a long-term priority.
The report recommends further investigation of alkali covers, and also of neutralisation
using tailings, BauxsolTM, magnesite and autogenous grinding mills. Weekly monitoring
of two key monitoring sites using an autosampler was also recommended.
Magazine Dump final report (draft)

[Magazine Dump is a small dump at Mt Lyell, Queenstown. DPIWE constructed a clay
cover on this dump during 1995/96 under the Mount Lyell Remediation Research &
Demonstration Program. Previous information from ANSTO had indicated that oxygen
was continuing to enter Magazine Dump through the compacted clay cover. This cast
considerable doubt over the viability of clay covers as oxygen barriers under west coast
conditions.]
Timms (2001) estimated that the internal oxidation rate of material within pods in
Magazine Dump lies between 2 and 9 x 10-8 kg (O2) m-3 s-1. The oxidation rate of the
remainder of the material in the dump was estimated to be below 10-10 kg (O2) m-3 s-1.
The pods are said to occupy some 21% of the total installed length of probe holes.
Estimates of oxidation rate from oxygen concentrations, temperature data and sulphate
release rates are all said to be in good agreement.
Higher oxygen concentrations were observed during the winter months compared to
summer.
The observed seasonal variations in oxygen concentration are not consistent with the
assumption that diffusion through the cover is the main source of oxygen (diffusion
through a cover is expected to be higher during the drier summer months). Furthermore,
modelling of the oxygen flux through the cover using a worst-case diffusion coefficient
suggested that the oxygen flux would be almost an order of magnitude too low to supply
the requisite amount of oxygen to the interior of the dump.
Page 41 of 50
Timms (2001) concludes that the hole in the in the clay cover on the south batter may be
the main source of oxygen supply, with convection during winter (when temperature
differential between the dump and the atmosphere is greatest) replenishing oxygen levels
throughout the dump.
The lack of a clear horizontal gradient in oxygen concentration is the only evidence that
does not clearly support the hypothesis of oxygen replenishment through the hole in the
cover.
It is stated that the incomplete cover has had little effect in reducing the overall oxidation
rate of the dump, though a three to seven-fold reduction in water infiltration rate is
apparent.
The water infiltration rate through the cover was measured to be 7.1% of rainfall or
250mm/year.
The author suggests that slight decreases in observed oxygen concentration from winter
1997 to winter 1999 to winter 2000 indicate that oxygen is not being replaced at the rate
at which it is being consumed. The change is very small being of the order of 1 volume
percent.
Direct measurement of oxygen flux through the cover is recommended in order to rule
out the possibility that oxygen flux through the cover is a significant means of oxygen
ingress.
Feasibility study of the capture, diversion and treatment of acid

discharges from North Dump
[DPIWE provided the following critical design parameters for this study: design flow for
treatment system = 100 l/s and pH following neutralisation must be 6.5 or higher]
Thompson and Brett (2002b) suggested that a gravity diversion drain could collect and
divert 65% of the clean runoff arising from the eastern catchment of North Dump,
which currently contributes to the flow in North Dump Drain. A 5ML storage pond on
North Dump Drain would further even out the flows required to be collected and treated.
Collection and treatment of up to 50 l/s for was therefore considered equivalent to 100 l/s
in the absence of the above earthworks. The report acknowledges that spillage to the river
will occur during rain events which cause NDD flows to remain above 50 l/s for more
than one day.
Testing indicated that the technically feasible options for neutralising materials are ABM
tailings, crushed magnesite and imported lime.
The benefits of using tailings appear to include enhanced tailings settling characteristics
and retention of hydroxide sludge particles within the tailings deposits.
Page 42 of 50
Neutralisation using magnesite requires 6 mm size material and a contact time of ~9

minutes with intermittent pulsing to fluidise the magnesite bed.
Neutralisation using lime or magnesite will result in a low-density sludge (~1.5% solids)
which needs to be retained in a stable receptacle in order to prevent re-dissolution of the
precipitated metals in the downstream environment. North Pit, if mined to planned
completion, would probably hold all sludge ever likely to be produced. North Pit also has
the important attribute of being naturally alkaline.
Neutralisation using tailings could be achieved relatively simply by pumping acid
drainage into a hopper ahead of ABMs existing tailings pumps. ABMs tailings pipeline
currently has sufficient capacity to accept the average acid drainage flow of 19 l/s most of
the time. Acid drainage would need to be stored during significant rainfall events and
during periods of peak tailings solids production. The report recommends construction of
an intermediate storage basin of 20ML capacity (minimum) adjacent to the ABM mill
site, with a gravity flow pipe and control mechanism feeding into the tailings pump inlet
hopper.
If and when long term in-pit sludge disposal is available, North Dump Drain could be fed
via a 180mm diameter gravity pipeline to the pit area for neutralisation and settling in a
mine pit.
Lime treatment appears to have relatively low capital costs compared to magnesite,
though constraints imposed by the requirement for complex and potentially unreliable pH
control of the dosing rate, combined with the ongoing costs of imported reagents make
lime treatment similar in cost to magnesite treatment over a 50 year period.
A preliminary design for a full scale magnesite reactor is provided, based on the results of
test work undertaken by Dr Nick Clarke. The proposed reactor consists of 6 cells each
containing a bed of 40 tonnes of 6mm magnesite. Acid drainage would be forced under
20m head into the cells intermittently to fluidise the magnesite bed and flush out the
sludge particles. The bed then settles and reactions and reactions proceed while
neutralised water is drained off the top. One cell at a time is pulsed, with each cell sized
to give 18 minutes total residence time at a peak acid drainage flow of 50 l/s.
Each pulse agitates the magnesite particles causing mechanical abrasion so as to ensure
that the particle surfaces do not become blinded. It is estimated that the reactor would be
recharged with magnesite (and any non-reactive solids removed) approximately every 6
months. Control systems are relatively simple, and electricity requirements can be
provided by solar panels.
The design minimises corrosion and electricity requirements, and are expected to perform
with minimal maintenance, thereby providing significant advantages over other options.
An option to pump North Dump Drain to the Old Tailings Dam where it would be mixed
Page 43 of 50
with dredged tailings and pumped into the MCTD was also assessed, but is not
considered feasible, due to high man-power and infrastructure requirements.
The report includes feasibility level costings of each option over a 50-year period. Use of
ABM tailings is particularly attractive if the mine continues to operate for 25 years or
more. However, the advantage is lost if the mine closes in say, less than 10 years, thereby
forcing the construction of new infrastructure for magnesite or lime treatment. Using
tailings for 5 10 years followed by conversion to lime or magnesite treatment costs
about $1 million more over 50 years than commencing lime or magnesite treatment now.
The report recommends detailed discussions with ABM to evaluate the potential
availability of pit(s) for sludge storage during mine life. If pit(s) cannot be guaranteed to
be available and operations can be reliably predicted to continue for at least 5 years, the
tailings option is preferred and a decision to commit some risk capital to this option is
recommended.
Detailed design of each of the above mentioned options is required prior to construction.
2001 Biological survey

A survey of macroinvertebrates and fish was conducted in the Savage River and adjacent
catchments in 2001 in order to evaluate the current status of the river fauna, and to assess
any changes since the last survey conducted in 1998. Sampling was conducted in April
(autumn) and November (spring) 2001. Five sites were sampled in the Savage River
adjacent to and downstream of the Savage River Mine (SRM), and one site was sampled
in Main Rivulet. Two control site were also sampled in the upper Savage River, and
four reference sites were sampled in the adjacent Whyte and Heazlewood Rivers.
Sampling for macroinvertebrates was conducted using both rapid assessment protocol
(RAP) sampling techniques, to ensure consistency with previous surveys in 1995 and
1998, as well as using quantitative (Surber) sampling. Most analyses were conducted at
family level. Fish were sampled in the same manner as in 1995, using timed
electrofishing runs, with all species caught identified and measured. Replicate sampling
runs were conducted on each occasion for the majority of sites.
The overall conclusions from the analysis of the biological data were consistent with the
findings of the 1995 survey:
the Savage River downstream of the SRM is in an impacted condition with low
diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates and fish;
all of the Savage River sites downstream of the SRM supported a
macroinvertebrate fauna, dominated by freshwater worms, elmid beetles,
stoneflies and chironomids, and the majority support low abundances of fish;
Control and reference sites had consistently high abundances of trichoptera,
mayflies, beetles and diptera;
Fish diversity and abundance varied with distance from river mouths, with greater
diversity and abundance in both the Whyte and Savage Rivers at the downstream
Page 44 of 50
sites;
Overall, four species of fish were observed in the Savage River, and six in the
adjacent Whyte River;
Sites downstream of SW Dump had:
- total macroinvertebrate abundances between 34 and 240/m2 compared to
control and reference sites which range between 1280 and 4800/m2;
- macroinvertebrate taxon richness ranging from 16 to 22 taxa, compared to 33
to 45 for control and reference sites.
Site D3 (SW Rock Dump) was the most impacted Savage River site, with no fish,
and a macroinvertebrate community with very low diversity and abundance;
Main Rivulet also continues to be in very poor condition with no fish and low
macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance.
Comparison of data from 1998 and 2001 showed that macroinvertebrate communities in
Savage River had not changed substantially. Overall, changes in community composition
across all sites were not statistically significant. However, significant changes were
observed at individual sites within the river. Most noteably, a significant increase in
macroinvertebrate community compositional similarity to control and reference sites was
observed at sites D2 and D4 (downstream of the Savage River Mine bridge, and
downstream of Main Rivulet), while site D5 (at the Western Explorer Bridge) was not
significantly different in macroinvertebrate community composition, and site D3 (SW
Rock Dump) had slightly deteriorated since 1998.
Fish data indicated that the number and type of fish species occurring in Savage River has
not changed since 1995. Minor variations in species occurrence and abundance were
observed, but are interpreted as being related to variation in timing of sampling and fish
migration.
The data do not suggest any substantial change in the aquatic ecological condition of
Savage River since 1998.
Port Latta Pelletising Facility:

Investigation of possible soil contamination adjacent to the Port Latta
pelletising plant File: 061599
Pitt & Sherry (1998) collected 23 soil samples from 11 test pits and submitted them for
analysis. Two samples reported slightly elevated concentrations of chromium and arsenic
respectively, however, these were not considered significant given that the proposed
future land use was revegetation.
Elevated iron was found across the site at both surface and depth, at levels which can
occur naturally. No significant public health risks were apparent. It was suggested that a
layer of topsoil be introduced and that iron tolerant plants be used for revegetation.
Page 45 of 50
Rehabilitation of historical disturbances associated with the Port Latta

Pelletising Facility
File 061599
Cordery et al (2001) described the successful rehabilitation of two quarries adjacent to
the Port Latta Pelletising Plant.
The report describes the initial earthworks that were undertaken in order to reduce
erosion potential, return stockpiled topsoil and generally provide a stable, friable medium
for revegetation.
Cut off drains were constructed upslope of disturbed areas. Erosion gullies were filled
and track rolled. Small terraces were cut into the steeper slopes and logs and seed bearing
slash were placed to impede surface flows.
Part of the access track was deep ripped and cross drains were installed on the remainder.
All drainage leaving the site was channelled through sumps and straw bale barriers.
Sterile annual Ryegrass was sown in order to promote rapid stabilisation of soils. A
diverse mix of locally collected native seed was broadcast across the sites at the rate of 14
kg/ha. Approximately 1000 local provenance seedlings were planted during May 1999.
Chemical fertiliser was initially applied at the rate of 250 kg/ha. A follow up application
of blood & bone and dynamic lifter was applied in May 2001 at the request of DPIWE.
Minor weed infestations were manually removed as soon as they became apparent.
A considerable body of monitoring data documenting the success of the rehabilitation
was accumulated during the course of the project. A selection of before and after
photographs is provided in the report.
Port Latta Dust Remediation

File: 070454
GHD Report
Gutteridge Haskins and Davey Pty Ltd (1998) were commissioned by ABM to quantify
the extent of contamination by magnetite and haematite fines at the Port Latta Pelletising
Plant. An earlier study had suggested that dust emissions from roadways and stockpiles
contribute 37% of all fugitive dust emissions from the plant. Historical (i.e. pre-ABM)
deposits of iron dust on roadways were considered likely to be a significant factor
affecting ongoing dust emissions from roadways.
30 soil samples were collected from around the site following the drilling of test holes.
Magnetite and haematite deposits varying from nil to 600mm in depth were widespread,
being present up to 1km distant from the plant but mainly concentrated within 150m of
the plant. The depth of iron dust was generally around 200mm in the vicinity of traffic
routes.
Page 46 of 50
Construction of a durable, washable pavement on major traffic routes was recommended.

Removal of iron dust from roadways was recommended on the basis that the spherical
nature of the pellets renders the material unsuitable for use in pavement construction.
Removal of 2,400m3 of iron dust using a vacuum lift vehicle was proposed, with
mechanical disturbance of harder deposits where required. The dust would need to be
disposed of at an on-site landfill or at the nearby Port Latta Landfill.
The quality of the sub-grade underlying the dust was generally considered reasonable,
though some local areas may require excavation of softer material. The report
recommended placement of a granular road base (300mm depth) followed by sealing
with a two coat seal, hot mix or a 100mm concrete layer depending on traffic levels.
Concrete, while a more expensive sealing option, was considered necessary where
slewing and bucket sliding operations are common.
Site drainage would need to be re-established following the raising of road pavements as
above. Construction of at least one 1500ML [sic.] settling pond adjacent to the conveyor
was recommended.
Non-trafficked areas were considered to be of secondary priority. The laying of groynes
(timber or concrete sleepers) in a herringbone or brickwork pattern was recommended in
order to reduce wind velocity at ground level. The size of the magnetite and haematite
fines (large portion > 20 microns) suggests that dust generation by wind action alone
would be much reduced with groynes in place.
The authors estimated the approximate cost of the proposed dust remediation works at
$609,000.
[During 1999 DPIWE called tenders for the engineering design of the dust remediation
project. The project brief explicitly required the contractor to investigate in situ dust
stabilisation as an alternative to removal and disposal]
Interim Report
SEMFs interim report (SEMF Holdings Pty Ltd, 1999) indicated that laboratory testing
of cement/ iron dust mixtures had yielded positive results to date and went on to
recommend the establishment of onsite pavement stabilisation trials following completion
of the testing. A review of BPEM dust control measures employed at other Australian
industrial sites was also provided.
This report was followed by a letter dated 24/1/2000 providing detailed results of the
laboratory tests. Standard Maximum Dry Density and Standard Optimum Moisture
Content were determined for the cement/ iron dust mixtures. Samples were then
compacted to target, cured and analysed for california bearing ratio, unconfined
compressive strength and Texas triaxial classification.
Page 47 of 50
Overall findings included that cement modification is necessary, and that modified
materials could be expected to exhibit strength characteristics, even when moist, suitable
for use in pavements. Following mixing with 4% cement by dry mass, the iron dust
should be able to be treated as granular material similar to base/ sub-base providing that
the modified layer is at least 150mm thick.
Placement and compaction a 100mm thick layer of imported base material on top of the
modified layer was recommended to permit sealing of the surface. Use of unsealed
surfaces would be expected to only partially reduce dust generation.
As use of this type of cement modified material in pavements is uncommon,
establishment of trial pavements was recommended.
Stabilisation Trials Report
SEMF Holdings Pty Ltd (2000) proposed a design and costing for pavement trials at Port
Latta. Four 20m x 2.4m sections were proposed with the following pavement
configurations:
1. 200mm stabilised sub-base/100mm imported base/ Seal
2. 150mm stabilised sub-base/150mm imported base/ Seal
3. 150mm stabilised sub-base/150mm imported base/ No Seal
4. 300mm stabilised sub-base/No base/ No Seal
Investigation of a rumble strip to dislodge dust prior to movement of vehicles onto any
new pavements was recommended, as was initiation of a simple qualitative community
based monitoring system for dust.
Pavement Trials Outcomes Report
SEMF Holdings Pty Ltd (2001) contained the results of regular visual inspections, traffic
counter information, and Benkleman Beam testing in relation to the trial pavement
sections.
Wet weather during the trial construction was thought to have contributed to pavement
deformation and seal failure in some areas. Trial pavement 1 best met the performance
assessment criteria in all respects. Trial pavements 2-3 were generally similar in
characteristics. The seal on pavement 2 reduced the breakdown and loss of pellets from
the stabilised mix, suggesting that long term maintenance requirements for pavements 3
and 4 may be high.
Recommendations included trial installation of a rumble strip, development of loading
procedures to minimise concentrate spillage, resealing of the trials in January 2002, and a
preliminary engineering assessment of the conveying of concentrate as compared to
trucking.
Integration of the dust stabilisation works with ABMs proposed Capacity Expansion
Plan works was also recommended. Any alteration to traffic regimes as a result of the
Page 48 of 50
CEP needs to be taken into account in the design of the stabilisation project.
Drainage works
[Concurrent with on-site works to increase the size of the stockpile area, ABM completed
the north eastern perimeter drainage works during 2001 in accordance with a detailed
design prepared by SEMF Holding Pty Ltd]
Removal, bio-remediation and disposal of historically hydrocarbon

contaminated soils from the Port Latta Pelletising Plant
File: 062791
[ABM excavated and stockpiled significant quantities of historically contaminated soil
during re-construction of bunds around bulk storage tanks PL1 and PL2. Small amounts
of hydrocarbon contaminated soil were also discovered during revegetation works at the
former Savage River township.]
Oil Spill Cleanup Co. (1999) describes the successful removal and disposal of
hydrocarbon contaminated soil from the Port Latta Pelletising Plant and the Savage River
township.
Investigation of contaminant levels indicated that the majority of the stockpiled material
did not exceed the maximum contaminant concentrations for Hazardous Waste and could
therefore be disposed of directly at the nearby secure landfill operated by the Circular
Head Council.
That component of the material which did exceed the maximum contaminant
concentrations for Hazardous Waste was segregated for bio-remediation in order to
reduce the contaminant concentrations to a level that was suitable for disposal to a secure
landfill.
Volumes of material dealt with under SRRP Project No. 019
Disposed
Bio-remediated
Source:
Amount
Port Latta
Port Latta
Savage River
520 tonnes
179 tonnes
111 tonnes
The report concluded that historical hydrocarbon contamination in the vicinity of tanks
PL1 and PL2 had been fully removed and disposed of in accordance with the appropriate
regulatory requirements.
Bibliography
Bennett, J.W., Garvie A.M., Noel, M.M., 2001, Peer review of the Pre-construction
Report prepared by Thompson and Brett Pty Ltd on SRRP Project No. 021 Monitoring
of Hairpin Dump at Savage River.
Brett, D., Clarke, N., Ray, D., 2001, The capping conundrum
Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd, 2000, Hydrogeology Study and Evaluation of Acid mine
Page 49 of 50
Drainage Remediation Options

Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd, 2001, Monitoring Data Assessment 2000-2001
Cordery, G., Grey, A., Morse, J., Taylor, G., 1999, Port Latta Quarry Site Final
Rehabilitation Report
Davies P.E. 1995. Bio-assessment of the Savage River, western Tasmania, in relation to
the Savage River Mine, contained in Savage River Mines : final environmental
management plan, March 1996/ John Miedecke and Partners Pty Ltd, Hobart, March
1996.
Davies P.E. and Cook L.S.J 1998. Aquatic bio-assessment of the Savage River catchment
in relation to historical mine operations : final report/ Freshwater Systems, Hobart,
August 1998
Davies, P.E. and Cook, L.S.J, 2002, Savage River 2001 aquatic biological survey
Davies, P.E., 2001, Savage River Rehabilitation Program Toxicological Studies Water
Quality Target Evaluation.
Davies, P.E., Eriksen, R., Cook L.S.J., Risdon M.L., Toxicological evaluation of acid
drainage waters and treatment options at Savage River, western Tasmania, Freshwater
Systems, Hobart, January 2001
Dobos, 2001a, Peer review of the Hairpin Dump report.
Dobos, 2001b, Assessment and advice Geochemcial perspective on Broderick Creek
alkaline flow through drain.
Dobos, 2001c, Geochemical mass balance and modelling perspectives on the Broderick
Creek alkaline flow through drain.
Eriksen, R., 2002, The effect of hardness and alkalinity on copper toxicity using
invertebrate toxicity tests.
Gutteridge Haskins & Davey Pty Ltd, 1998, Port Latta roadway build-up remediation
survey
Hydro Electric Corporation, 2000, Summary of streamflow and water quality data
Koehnken L., Ray D., 1999, Water Quality on the ABM lease and in the Savage River
A Review for the SRRP
Land Management & Rehabilitation Services Pty Ltd, 1998, Project Plan Savage River
Rehabilitation Projects 010 and 011
Land Management & Rehabilitation Services Pty Ltd, 2001, Savage River Rehabilitation
Projects 010 and 011 Rehabilitation Summary Report
McConchie, D., 2001, Preliminary review of the potential use of BauxsolTM in
environmental management at the Savage River Mine site, Tasmania.
Miedecke and Partners Pty Ltd, 2000, Savage River Mine : history of mine development
Oil Spill Cleanup Co, 1999, Report on Savage River Rehabilitation Project No. 019
Page 50 of 50
Pitt & Sherry Holdings Pty Ltd, 1998, Preliminary environmental Site Assessment, Port
Latta
Ray D., Ferguson T., 2000, Literature Search: Waste Rock Cover Effectiveness for the
Savage River Rehabilitation Project
SEMF Holdings Pty Ltd, 1999, Savage River Rehabilitation Project Port Latta Plant Interim Report
SEMF Holdings Pty Ltd, 2000, Savage River Rehabilitation Project Port Latta Plant
Stabilisation Trials Report
SEMF Holdings Pty Ltd, 2001, Savage River Rehabilitation Project Port Latta Plant
Pavement Trials Outcomes Report
Sulphide Solutions, 2002, Thermal modelling of Hairpin Dump
Thompson, A., 2002, A hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigation of acid mine
drainage in the South Centre Pit and B-Dump areas of the Savage River Mine/ University
of Tasmania, Hobart, January 2002
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 1996, Main No. 1 Tailings Dam Report on Seepage
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 1998, Report on a survey of clay sources at the Savage river
Mine
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2000a, Design & implementation of a clay cap monitoring
system Pre-construction Report
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2000b, Desktop review of options for treatment of acidic
discharges in Main Creek below B Dump
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2001a, Design of an oxygen limiting clay cover for Hairpin
Dump at the Savage River Mine
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2001b, Specification for a water shedding cover for B Dump
at the Savage River Mine
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2001c, Old Tailings Dam Dam Surveillance Report
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2001d, Dam Surveillance Report Centre Pit Environmental
Dam
Thompson & Brett, 2002a, Review of the performance of soil covers to Tasamnias waste
rock dumps.
Thompson & Brett Pty Ltd, 2002b, Feasibility study of the capture, diversion and
treatment of acid discharges from North Dump Strategy report
Timms, G.P., 2001, Assessment of oxidation and water infiltration into Magazine Creek
Waste Rock Dump, Mt Lyell

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Page 1 of 50

SUMMARY OF SRRP TECHNICAL REPORTS

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Mine:

Report on OTD seeps

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Survey of clay sources at the Savage River Mine

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Biological assessment of Main Creek and lower Savage River

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Installation of flow gauging stations and water quality monitoring

Rehabilitation of disused tracks and other disturbances in the vicinity of

Rehabilitation of historical disturbances associated with the Savage

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Targets for very low rehabilitation potential areas:

1999 SRRP Water Quality Review

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

valley were to cease.

Toxicity assessment of heavy metals in Savage River waters

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Review of literature pertaining to engineered soil covers for the control

Monitoring and reporting of the effectiveness of the proposed soil cover

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

for Hairpin Dump as required by the project brief.

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

sulphate flux based on a single water sample would be meaningless as it is considered

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Modelling of infiltration was found to be heavily affected by rainfall intensity. Infiltration

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Magnesite lined drain adjacent to North Dump

Hydrogeological study and evaluation of acid drainage remediation

weathered chloritic schist (measured permeabilities ranged from 1 x 10-8 to 9 x 106

weathered tertiary basalt (permeabilities from 4 x 10-6 to 9 x 10-6 m/sec),

metabasalt xenolith (4 x 10-6 m/sec), and

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

waste rock (characterised by high permeability and perched aquifers).

Order of magnitude groundwater flow volumes were presented. Estimated groundwater

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Desktop review of options for treatment of acidic discharges in Main

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

The options are summarised in the table below1

Shaded cells indicate altered procedures post-mine life

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

Provision of expert geochemical advice to the SRRP

[An independent expert geochemist was appointed to provide specific geochemical

Costings for scenario a) exclude any ABM contribution.

Savage River Rehabilitation Project - Strategic Plan - December 2001

was then sought]