1.

2.

A centrifugal compressor has a pressure

ratio of 4:1 with an isentropic efficiency
of 80% when running at 15000 rpm and
inducing air at 293 K. Curved vanes at
the inlet give the air a pre-whirl of 25

An aeroplane is to move at Mach number

of 1.5 at altitudes of 1000m AND
10,000m. The atmospheric pressure and
densities at these elevation are:

to the axial direction at all radii.

The tip diameter of the eye of the

impeller is 250 mm. The absolute
velocity at inlet is 150 m/s and the
impeller diameter is 600 mm. Calculate
the slip factor.
Solution:

Exit stagnation temperature,

4. A centrifugal
compressor with
T 01=T 01 ( C )(1)/ =293(4 )(1.41)/1.4 =435.56
K

backward leaning blades develops

a pressure ratio of 5:1 with an
isentropic efficiency of 83 percent.
The compressor runs at 15000 rpm.
Inducers are provided at the inlet of
the compressor so that air enters at
an absolute velocity of 120 m/s.
The inlet stagnation temperature is
250 K and the inlet air is given a

Therefore the isentropic temperature

rise,

T 0 s=435.56293=142.56 K
The actual temperature rise,

T 0=

T0
=178.2 K
C

1.

Work done per unit mass is

pre-whirl 22
to the axial
Air at 1.0 bar and 288 K enters an axial flow
at all velocity
radii. The
compressordirection
with an axial
of mean
150 m/s.
diameter
of the
eye of
the
impeller
There are no
inlet guide
vanes.
The
rotor
stage
is 250 mm
and
impeller
tip
has a tip diameter
of 60
cmthe
and
a hub diameter
of
600rps.
mm.
Determine
50 cm and diameter
rotates atis100
The
air entersthe
the
slip factor.
rotor and leaves
the stator in the axial direction

w=C p T 0=1.005 x 178=179 kJ /kg

3.

An aircraft flies at a speed of 400

m/s. What is this aircrafts Mach
number when flying at standard at
standard sea-level conditions (T = 2

9 K) and at standard 15,200

m (T=217 K) atmosphere
conditions?

with no change in velocity or radius. The air is

turned through 30.2 degree as it passes through
the rotor. Assume a stage pressure ratio of 1.2 and
overall pressure ratio of 6. Find the mass flow rate
of air.
Solution:

Solution:
Velocity Diagram

T 01=300 K

At standard sea-level conditions,

a= kRT =(1..4 )(287)(289)=341 m/ s

T 02 S =T 01 ( C )

and at 15,200 m,

a= kRT = (1..4 )(287)(217)=295 m/s

0.4

=250 (5 ) 1.4 =395.95 K

T 0 s=395.95300=95.95 K

. The aircrafts Mach numbers are

then
5.

Actual temperature rise,

Sea-level :
From problem 4. Determine the
relative Mach number at the
impeller tip.
From impeller exit velocity triangle,

T 0=

V 400
Ma= =
=1.17
a 341

T 0 95.95
=
=115.6 K
C
0.83

d t +specific
dh
The
work required,
0.6+0.5
m
U=
N = m
100=172.6
3. An axial-flow compressor is designed with a
2
2
2 ) =222.9 2
s
V = C + ( U 2C w 2 ) = (C 1 cos 1) + ( U 2C
fixed guide vane, or stator blade, located
w2
s
V 400
upstream of the impeller. The stator imparts
Ma= =
=1.36
an angle = 75 to the air as it enters the
a 295
impeller region. The impeller has a rotational
V2
speed of 500 rpm with a blade exit angle of
1 U
o
M rel =
1=tan
=49.2
= 70 . The control volume has an outer
Ca
R T 2
diameter of D =300 mm and an inner

15,200 m:
2

2
a

) (

( )

T 2 =T 02

C 22
2C p

2=49.230.2=19o

diameter of Di=150 mm. Determine the

normal velocity component and the peripheral
speed of the impeller.
Solution:

V n=

T T 01
T 02=T 01+ 02 s
=365.61 K
c
UC a tan 2
tan =
=80.75
Ca
2

Q
Q
0.1
=
=
A

(Do2D i2 )
(0.32
4
4

U=

()

()

Do + Di
2 0.3+0.15
=500
=5
4
60
4

4.

A single-stage transonic compressor operates

with axial flow at inlet. The inlet absolute
stagnation temperature is 288 K and the inlet
absolute stagnation pressure is 101 kPa. The
relative flow angle at inlet to the rotor is 45 o
and the inlet relative Mach number is 0.9.
Calculate the rotor blade speed.
Solution:
M1 = M1,relcos 45o = 0.9/1.4142 = 0.6364
T1 = T01 = (1+(-1)M12/2)-1 = 266.4 K

U=M 1 R T 1=0.634 ( 1.4 x 287.15 x 266.4 )=208.3m/ s

ANS.

5.

An axial flow compressor is to be

designed to generate a total
pressure ratio of 4.0 with an overall
isentropic efficiency of 0.85. The
inlet and outlet blade angles of the
rotor blades are 45 degree and 10
degree respectively and the
compressor stage has a degree of
reaction of 50 percent. If the blade
speed is 220 m/s and the work
done factor is 0.86 find the number
of stages required.

2.

The conditions of air at the entry of an axial

Solution:
compressor stage are P1=1bar and T1=314K.
The air angles are 1 = 51o,2 = 9o, 1 = 3 =
a
7o. The mean diameter and peripheral speed
1
2
are 50 cm and 100 m/s respectively. Given
that the work done factor is 0.95, stage
efficiency is a0.88, mechanical efficiency is
0.92 1and the mass flow rate is 25 kg/s.
1 air angle at stator entry.
Determine the

C=

U
m
=187
tan +tan
s

C =

C
m
=190
cos
s

xUx C a x ( tan 1tan 2 )

100
o
o K
UT=tan
=29
0 s=
=tan7
+ tan51
C
+ tan
p
Ca
Ca

Solution:

C 12
C
T 02a=73.65
=T 2 + m/s
=331.8 K
2Cp
U
tan + tan = 1
C
T 03 s =T 02 x c a =493.9 K
2

T 03=T 02 +

T 03 sT 02
=522.5 K
c

number of stages required=

T 03T 02 190.74
=
=6.67 stages ANS .
29
29

2.)
5.)

An axial flow compressor designed

with 50% degree of reaction has
blade inlet and outlet angles of 55
and 16 respectively when
measured from axial direction. The
mean diameter at certain stage is
0.9m and the speed is 5000 rpm.
Calculate the isentropic stage
efficiency if pressure ratio of
compression is 1.5. The air enters
the compressor stage at 300K.

Solution: Given data,

R = 0.5 ; 2 = 1 = 55; 1 = 2 = 16 ;
Dm = 0.9m; N = 5000 rpm;

P2
=1.5
P1

(Stage Pressure Ratio)

T1=300K(Stage Inlet Temperature)

Mean blade speed at the given stage

U=

Dm N
60

An axial flow compressor, with

compression ratio of 4, draws air at
20C and delivers it at 97C. The
blade velocity and flow velocity are
constant throughout the
compressor. The blade velocity is
300 m/s. Take air angle as 12. Find
the work done per kg of air and the
1.) The incoming air to an axial
degree of reaction. Take the inlet
compressortemperature
has a total pressure
stagnation
as 305 K.of
2.2 bar
and a total
temperature
of
Also
calculate
the angles.
Addition
340 K. The air
parameters
areenters
given the
based from
the
Velocity triangle:
compressor
with a velocity of 150
V
Vw1=AD=32.3
m/s;
1=155.31
m/s
in axialm/s;
direction.
The speed
of
V
CD = 152
m/s; V
= 290.25
f = impeller
the
blades
isw2250
m/s and
m/s;
Vr1 = efficiency
307.8m/s; is 88%.The
Vr2 =
the stage
152.4
m/s
axial velocity is constant through
the stage and the impeller blades
are designed to turn the relative
velocity 12.How much will
the pressure ratio be over the
stage. Assume a C2u value of 89
m/s.

=stage pressure ratio

Solution:
Assuming calorically perfect gas [cpg]
we get the following expression for the
total enthalpy rise in the compressor.

h0=h 02h01=h03 h01=C p ( T 03T

Isentropic efficiency is defined as

The turning of the relative velocity is

given 12. That is

x 0.9 x 5000
60

Given: rp=4; T1 = 20+273 = 293K; T2 =

1 2 ==12
(1)u = 300 m/s; =12;
97+273
370K,
1
T01 = 305K
= 235.6 m/s

Work done per kg of air in stage (Eulers

work) = U x (Vw2-Vw1) = U x Vf x (tan 1
tan 2)

But

3.)

U
=tan 1 + tan 1
Vf

It is also known that C1 = Cax1 = 150 m/s

Work
per
Kg Thus
of air = Cp = (T2 T1)
and Udone
= 250
m/s.
= 1.005(370 293) = 77.385 KJ/Kg

nis =

Combining equations 1 and 2 gives:

U
=59
C

h0=

2 =

T
P
=( )
T
P

(3)

h0=

The change in total enthalpy can also be

expressed as

C p T 01 k1
h0=
( k 1)
nis

(4)

C p T 01 k1
( k 1)
nis

[5]

Applying Eulers equation to the rotor

we get the following expression for
total enthalpy rise

h0=U x C 2 uU x C 1 u ; [ C 1u =0 ] ;=U

Combining eq. 3 and 4,

[6]

23; T2=1.123 x 300 = 336.84K

U C2un
+1
C p T 01

Actual work
36.92
=
=99.69
Isentropic work
37
Dm N x 0.35 x 15000
U=
=
=274.89 m/s
60
60
250 x 89 x .88
+1
1000 x 340
Work done per kg of air is found to be =

u(V - V ) = 274.89(198.46 76.43) =

33.54 KJ/kg
=

Equations 5 and 6 gives

C 2 u=

Solution: Mean Blade speed,

w2

[4]

Thus,

=( 1.5) =

Isentropic work per Kg of air per stage =

Cp x (T2 T1) = 1.005 x (336.84 300) =
37 KJ/kg
Given: Vf = 150 m/s ; Rd = 50%; D =
0.35m ; N =15,000 rpm; 1 = 2 = 27;
Hence, Isentropic Stage efficiency =
2 = 1 = 53

[3]

k1
T 03 P03 k1
k
=(
) = k
T 01 P01

5912=47

234.6
235.6
=
=137.3 m/s h0=h 03h01=U x C 2 u
tan 16 + tan 55 1.715

An axial flow compressor is to have

a constant axial velocity of 150 m/s
and 50% reaction. The mean
diameter of blade ring is 35 cm and
Actual
workisdone
perrpm.
kg ofCalculate
air = 235.6
speed
15,000
thex
137.3
x (tan
55tan16)
= 36922
J/kg
work
done
per
kg of air
if the exit
= 36.92
KJ/kg
angles
of the blade are 27 and the
blade angle at inlet is known to be
53.
From the diagram,
Stage
Temperature
ratio:
Vw1=AD=76.43m/s and
k1
Vw2=AF=198.46 m/s 0.4
2
2 k
1.4
1.1
1
1

C p T 01 T 03 s
(
1)
nis
T 01

(2)

Vf =

4.)

h03 sh01
T T 01
=cpg= 03 s
h03h01
T 03T 01

[2]

Degree of reaction (Rd) =

1
1
1ax

tan ( )=

The stage pressure ratio of an

axial compressor is 1.2. The
incoming air has a temperature of
340 K and an absolute velocity of
130 m/s (no swirl component).
The rotor blade velocity is 270
m/s and the stage efficiency is 87
%. The axial velocity component
is constant through the stage.
Calculate the change in relative
tangential velocity in the rotor
blades. Also, how much turning of
the absolute velocity is needed in
the following guide vanes.
Note:

C p T 01 k1
1000 x 340
k 1 =
270 x 0.87
U ( nis )

[7]
The guide vane turning of the flow is
given by

tan ( ec )=tan ( 2 )=

w1

C 2u
ec =31
C2 ax

And the turning of the relative velocity

is given by

Pressure ratio over the stage,

tan ( 1 )=

=1.216

tan ( 2 )=

U
1=64
C1
U C2 u

2=56