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  • Tutorial Presentation 1

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    hisuin
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    This document discusses the history and development of computer architectures and the C programming language from the 1940s to present day. It begins with early computers like the Harvard Mark 1 and ENIAC that used vacuum tubes. The von Neumann architecture from 1952 established the concept of the central processing unit and memory being connected via a bus. The development of transistors in the 1950s-60s made computers cheaper and faster. Integrated circuits were invented in the 1960s, leading to the development of instruction set architectures like IBM 360's CISC. Microprocessors emerged in the 1970s, driving rapid growth due to Moore's law. Personal computers became popular in the 1980s along with RISC architectures. Superscalar and multicore processors

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    This document discusses the history and development of computer architectures and the C programming language from the 1940s to present day. It begins with early computers like the Harvard Mark 1 and ENIAC that used vacuum tubes. The von Neumann architecture from 1952 established the concept of the central processing unit and memory being connected via a bus. The development of transistors in the 1950s-60s made computers cheaper and faster. Integrated circuits were invented in the 1960s, leading to the development of instruction set architectures like IBM 360's CISC. Microprocessors emerged in the 1970s, driving rapid growth due to Moore's law. Personal computers became popular in the 1980s along with RISC architectures. Superscalar and multicore processors

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    15 vizualizări17 pagini

    Tutorial Presentation 1

    Încărcat de

    hisuin
    This document discusses the history and development of computer architectures and the C programming language from the 1940s to present day. It begins with early computers like the Harvard Mark 1 and ENIAC that used vacuum tubes. The von Neumann architecture from 1952 established the concept of the central processing unit and memory being connected via a bus. The development of transistors in the 1950s-60s made computers cheaper and faster. Integrated circuits were invented in the 1960s, leading to the development of instruction set architectures like IBM 360's CISC. Microprocessors emerged in the 1970s, driving rapid growth due to Moore's law. Personal computers became popular in the 1980s along with RISC architectures. Superscalar and multicore processors

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    din 17

    Computer architectures

    & the C programming


    language

    Abstraction Layers
    Application
    Algorithm
    Programming Language
    Assembly Language
    Operating System / Virtual Machine
    Instruction Set Architecture
    Microarchitecture
    Digital Logic

    Early Developments - 1940s

    Harvard Mark 1 - 1944


    Mechanical with electro-magnetically controlled relays and gears
    ENIAC - 1946
    Vacuum tubes

    ENIAC. Source: http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/eckertmauchly/ENIAC_Image_2.jpg

    Von Neumann Architecture 1952

    General purpose machine


    Bus interconnection
    Flexible

    Von Neumann Architecture. Source: http://last3.in/2010-11/CSE101/lectures/10-von-neumann-fig.png

    Transistors - 1950s / 1960s

    Cheaper
    $120.000 (PDP1) vs $2M (IBM 7090)
    Faster
    Clock: 100ns (CDC 6600) vs 2usec (IBM 7090)
    Vacuum tubes obsolete

    Replica of first Transistor. Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/revolweb/3984348493/

    Integrated Circuits - 1960s

    Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce


    Germanium based
    Silicon based

    First integrated circuit. Source: http://0.tqn.com/d/inventors/1/0/t/C/1/intergratedcircuit.jpg

    Instruction Set Architecture

    IBM 360 - 1965


    Clear distinction architecture/implementation
    Same architecture with different hardware
    Compatibility
    CISC architecture

    IBM 360. Source: http://dl.maximumpc.com/galleries/25oldpcs/ibm360_closeup1_full.jpg

    Microprocessors - 1970s

    Rapid progress in size and speed


    Moore's law
    Twice the amount of chips on the same area
    Intel i432
    First 32 bit processor

    Moore's law. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2011.svg&page=1

    Personal Computer - 1980s

    Drop in price
    Apple, Commodore
    RISC architecture
    Minicomputers replaced workstations
    Distributed network and computing

    Commodore 64. Source: http://reprog.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/800px-commodore64.jpg

    Superscalar - 1990s

    IBM Power 1990: first superscalar advanced microprocessor


    DEC Alpha 1992: first 64 -bit (RISC)
    Need larger memory addresses space

    DEC Alpha. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_AXP_21064_diephoto1.jpg

    Multicore - 2000s

    Clock frequency cannot be further increased


    Multicore processors

    First Dual Core Processor: IBM Power 4. Source: http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/eckertmauchly/ENIAC_Image_2.jpg

    Dennis Ritchie, Bell Labs 1969 - 1973


    Developed as substitution of ASM (Assembly) for Unix
    Based on B programming language

    Assembly: Hello World


    section
    .text
    global _start
    linker (ld)

    C: Hello World
    #include<stdio.h>
    ;must be declared for

    _start:
    entry point

    ;tell linker

    main()
    {
    printf("Hello World");
    }

    mov
    mov
    mov
    mov
    int

    edx,len
    ;message length
    ecx,msg
    ;message to write
    ebx,1 ;file descriptor (stdout)
    eax,4 ;system call number (sys_write)
    0x80 ;call kernel

    mov
    int

    eax,1 ;system call number (sys_exit)


    0x80 ;call kernel

    section

    .data

    msg
    len

    'Hello, world!',0xa
    $ - msg

    db
    equ

    ;our dear string


    ;length of str

    C Features

    High-Level Language with low-level tools


    Pointers Arithmetics
    Structures
    Functions
    I\O Library
    Math Library
    Macros System

    C Missing Features

    Automatic Memory Management


    Object-Oriented Programming
    Functions and Operators Polymorphism
    Nested Functions
    Multitasking and Network (Third Party Libraries)

    C System Types

    short int, long int (signed/unsigned)


    float, double
    struct, enum, union
    pointers to all data types

    Thank you for your


    attention
    Questions are welcome

    Computing Power Evolution

    Evolution of SuperComputers
    Sum: total computing power available in the whole world
    Top: most powerful computer
    #500: 500th entry of the TOP500 list (http://www.top500.org/)

    Computing Power Evolution. Source:http://i.top500.org/overtime

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