Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Metallic
bonding
Normally, outer electrons inhabit energy level

Chem 1
2nd Sem 2015-2016
Lecture 13
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called valence band, or "ground" state.

Addition
outt
Additi off energy
g can raise
i outer
t electrons
l t
of valence band and into "conduction" band.
In conduction band electrons free to move about
within crystal structure of metal. Application of
electric potential will influence them to move in
one particular direction.
http://education.jlab.org/qa/current_02.html

Electricalconduction
Metallicbonding
Valence band relatively close to conduction

band - very little energy required for e-s to

jump from valence state into conduction
band.
Metal atoms have large population of free
e-s in conduction band all the time.

Conduction band
Band Gap

application of electricity e-s move current

flow

Valence band
http://education.jlab.org/qa/
current_02.html

relatively low (though not zero) resistance.

http://education.jlab.org/qa/current_02.html

Metals

Insulators

Semiconductors

Semiconductors
Electrical conductivity can be increased by

http://nobelprize.org/educational
/physics/semiconductors/6.html

ptype,ntype

doping
Deliberately add impurity or contaminant to pure

substance
n-type
yp and p
p-type
yp

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Ch1_L132nd 20152016

BoylesLaw

Properties of Matter in Bulk

Kinetic molecular theory of gases

Parameters/properties describing gas behavior:
-quantity, volume, pressure, temperature
Gas laws

Charleslaw

PV = c (constant)
P1V1 = P2V2

http://www.grc.nasa.gov

CharlesLaw

At constant pressure, the volume and

absolute temperature of a certain quantity
of a gas are directly proportional.

T = Constant x V
V = Constant x T
V/T = Constant

V1
V
c 2
T1
T2
http://www.grc.nasa.gov

Equationofstate=IdealGaslaw
Ideal gas equation

V varies as 1/P, T and n

PV=nRT where
P= P
P
Pressure
V= volume
T= K
n = mole = mass/MW
R =constant = 0.082 Latm/ Kmol

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Daltonslawofpartialpressures
Total pressure of mixture of gases =

sum of pressures that each would

exert if it were present alone.
Pt = P1 + P2 + . . . Pn
Pt = total pressure of mixture of
gases
P1, P2, P3, etc. = partial pressures
(same units) of gases in mixture

Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Grahamslawofeffusion

Tocontinue

The rates of diffusion of a gas is

inversely proportional to the square
roots of their molecular masses or
densities
Light gases move faster than
heavier ones

rate1
M2

rate 2
M1

2
1

Avogadroslaw
At constant pressure and temperature, there is
a direct relationship between the volume and
number of moles for an ideal gas.
At constant temperature and pressure, volume is
directly proportional to the number of moles of
gas

One mole of a gas at STP (1 atm, 0oC) occupies a

volume of 22.4 L.
One mole of a gas contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules.

Sampleproblem
A volume of gas equal to 25 L was
collected at 250C and 1.00 atm
pressure. What
Wh would
ld be
b the
h
volume of the gas if it were
collected at 1000C and 0.85
atm pressure?

Sampleproblem
A volume of gas equal to 25 L was collected at
250C and 1.00 atm pressure. What would be
the volume of the gas if it were collected at
1000C and 0.85 atm pressure?

A volume of gas equal to 25 L was collected at 250C

and 1.00 atm pressure. What would be the volume
of the gas if it were collected at 1000C and 0.85
atm pressure?

Given:

P1 = 1atm
P2 = 0.85 atm
V1 = 25L

P1 = 1atm
P2 = 0.85
V1 = 25L

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Sampleproblem

25oC

T1=
T2=100oC
n= constant

Given:

T1=25oC = 298o
T2=100oC = 373oK
n = constant

Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Sampleproblem
Given:
P1 = 1 atm
P2 = 0.85 atm
V1 = 25L

PV nRT

T 1=
25oC = 298oK
T2=100oC = 373oK
n = constant

P1 V1
nR
T1

P2V2
nR
T2

P1 V1 P2V2

nR
T1
T2

Sampleproblem
Given:
P1 = 1atm
P2 = 0.85 atm
V1 = 25L

P1 V1 P2V2

T1
T2

V2

T1=25oC = 298oK
T2=100oC = 373oK
n = constant

P1 V1 T2 P2 V2 T1

P1 V1 T2 (1atm)(25L)(373o K)

36.8L
(0.85atm)(298 o K)
P2 T1

Sampleproblem
Given:
P1 = 1atm
P2 = 0.85
V1 = 25L

V2

T 1=
25oC = 298oK
T2=100oC = 373oK
n = constant

P1 V1 T2
(1atm)(25L )(298 o K)
V

2
P2 T2
(0.85atm)( 373 o K)

qu ds
Liquids
Fixed volume, variable shape

Liquids
Gases condense into liquids
Increase- pressure on gas push molecules

together reduce temperature gas

condenses
Molecules experience short range and weak
attractive forces (van der Waals attractive
forces)
Particles far enough from each other allow
translational motion, slide past each other,
but movement more restricted than gas.

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Interlude
IntermolecularForces
(Interparticle forces)
vander Waals

24

Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Terminologies

IMF= InterMolecular Forces

Warning! (Jim Clark, 2012)

There's a bit of a problem here with modern syllabuses.
The majority of the syllabuses talk as if dipole-dipole
interactions were quite distinct from van der Waals
forces. Such a syllabus will talk about van der Waals
forces (meaning dispersion forces) and, separately,
dipole-dipole interactions.
All intermolecular attractions are known collectively as
van der Waals forces. The various different types
were first explained by different people at different
times. Dispersion forces, for example, were described
by London in 1930; dipole-dipole interactions by
Keesom in 1912.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html

Intermolecularforces(ofattraction)
1. London

dispersion
forces or
induced dipole -

2.

p
for non-polar
molecules (CH4, H2,
CO2)

Dipole-dipole
Between polar
molecules (I-Cl,
NH3)

Londondispersionforces

Londondispersionforces
weakest intermolecular force.
Electrons in constant motion atom or

molecule can develop temporary

(instantaneous and transient) dipole when
electrons distributed asymmetrically about
the nucleus.
sometimes called an induced dipoleinduced dipole attraction.

Londondispersionforces

temporary attractive force that results when

electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy

positions that make atoms form temporary
dipoles.
attractive forces that cause nonpolar
substances to condense to liquids and to
freeze into solids when temperature is
lowered sufficiently.

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Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Dipoledipole
attractive forces between positive end of one polar
molecule and negative end of another polar
molecule.

Intermolecularforcesofattraction
3. H-bonding - H attached to a highly
electronegative atom like F, N, O, Cl, S (H2O, NH3),
in immediate vicinity of another electronegative
atom
- special kind of dipole-dipole interaction

much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds and

have significant effect only when the molecules
involved are close together (touching or almost
touching).

Intermolecularforcesofattraction
4. Ion-dipole- ion attracts polar molecule

Interlude ends

with opposite partial charge

IntermolecularForces
(Interparticle forces)
vander Waals

5. Ionic or Electrostatic: Cations and

anions or electrostatic (NaCl, CaO)

34

Liquids
Virtually incompressible
Essentially maintain their volumes
Indefinite shape (take shape of

Liquids
qu ds
Fixed volume, variable shape

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containers)
D
Denser
than
th gases
Diffuse slowly
Evaporate from open containers
Exhibit surface tension, vapor pressure,
viscosity, boiling, freezing

Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Surfacetension

Surfacetension
Attractive forces pull surface

Energy or work required to

molecules towards interior and

compress molecules closer to each
other shrinking surface area.

increase surface area of liquids by

unit amount
Occurs because of intermolecular
forces of attraction

spherical droplets with tight skin

stronger intermolecular forces of

attraction more energy required to

increase surface area higher surface
tension

Surfacetension

Picturesfrom:A.fotolia.com;B.rduauto.com;C.
connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au;D.discovermagazine.com; E.
apparatusboschus.deviantart.com;F.www.123rf.com
E

F
B

39

water

Vaporpressure,evaporation
Evaporation surface phenomenon;

molecules of liquid enter vapor phase

Occurs because attractive forces at
surface are weaker than those in bulk of
li id some molecules
liquid
l
l escape into
i t gas
phase
Pressure exerted by molecules that
escape into gas phase = vapor pressure
Volatile high vapor pressure

mercury

Boilingpoint
Temperature at which vapor pressure =

atmospheric pressure

Normal boiling point defined as boiling

temperature of liquid at 1 atm (101 kPa)

lower atmospheric pressures: boiling point

decreases because less energy required to

counter atmospheric pressure

Cooking at high elevations take much longer

because water boils at lower temperature

Non-volatile low vapor pressure

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Ch1_L132nd 20152016

Imagesfrom:unit5.org;library.thinkquest.org

T at which vp =
atm pressure
boiling point

Effects of nonvolatile solute on

vapor pressure

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