KAUNO KOLEGIJA

TACHNOLOGIJ IR KRATOTVARKOS FAKULTETAS

ELDINI IR AGROTECHNOLOGIJ KATEDRA

HORTICULTURE AND GARDENING TECHNOLOGIES

Darb atliko:
Darb tikrino: lektorius : Donatas Klimaviius

Kaunas
2015

CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction. 3
Apple-tree...
Pears .
Stone fruit plants breeds
characteristic..
5. Berry plant breeds characteristic..
6. Nutty trees
7. Citrus
8. Stocks and their features..
9. Garden plants growing technology..
10. Garden plants protection from diseases and vermin.
11. Vegetable-garden plant breeds...

1. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture was until the 1960s the mainstay of the Spanish economy, but currently employs
only about 5% of the workforce, so we can say that Spain is no longer an agrarian
country..

Factors that influence agriculture in Spain

Physical
Altitude: Spain is a country with a high average altitude (600 m), and considering that the
optimum altitude for the development of agriculture is about 200 m, we can see that only 11.4
of our territory has the optimum altitude for their development.
ClimateErosion:
Historical
Flock of sheep pastos.La way of their livestock protection: During the Middle Ages the
Christian kings were more concerned that livestock agriculture.
Expansion of irrigated area: Since the reservoirs constructed were derived in different river
water through canals. .
Land consolidation: The various acquisitions of rural property had left the land largely
fragmented. .
Current problems and contrasts:
Population and farm land: The agricultural workforce has decreased in recent decades,
becoming in 2006 of 5% percent of the working population.
Techniques: In the irrigated areas is a widespread practice of forced crops. A veritable sea of
plastic shields now extends irrigation of different areas bordering the Mediterranean..
Economic performance: The widening of the area irrigated, the crop under plastic shields,
mechanization, seed selection and in general, the improvements have increased crop yields.
Significance of the agricultural sector in the Spanish economy
Below is a table which reflects the participation of the agricultural sector in gross domestic
product GDP of Spain throughout the twentieth century and the share of employment in this
sector occupied during the same period. It should be noted that the agriculture sector includes
both the agriculture, livestock and forestry. The information displayed shows the loss of
relative importance of this sector within the economy.
Year
1901
1950
1960
1970
1980

%GDP
46,6
23,45
30,90
30,89
30,21
3

%EMPLOYMENT
66,7
19,77
22,27
27,14
26,37

1990
2000
2006
2007

26,55
23,14
16,00
16,50

22,92
19,91
14,03
14,50

The Spanish agricultural production has great diversity, a consequence of the varied climatic
and soil conditions prevailing in the different areas of the country.
Been cultivated species native to the temperate climate to tropical species, through typical
Mediterranean crops: vineyards, olive, citrus, vegetables, etc.. Fruit and vegetable production
accounts for approximately half of the Spanish agricultural production, with a wide range of
products (vegetables, citrus, stone fruit and pome, tropical fruits, etc..), Many of which are
exported.
PRODUCTCS
Wheat
Peper
Barley
Strawberry
Garlic
Corn
Rice
Potato
Orange
Sugar beet
Cotton
Limon
Apple
Lettuce
Tomato
Wine and grape
Olive oil

VOLUME
3815
8.971
2.661.449
7.251
26.247
449.497
110.785
55.788
152.183
484
343.000
36.980
33.175
2.761
12.124
26.022
2.446.133

2. APPLE-TREE
ORIGIN
It is unknown the exact origin of the apple, but is believed to be crossing and selection of
several species of European and Asian wild apple trees
TAXONOMY AND MORPHOLOGY
Family:
Rosaceae
Species:.

Malus domestica

Plant:

Plant native to Europe and western Asia that was cultivated in

Egyptian times. Short trunk and rounded crown, can reach up to
15 meters high. Its bark is rough and cracked into small irregular
patches.
rootstock

Root system:
Leaves:
Flowers:

Fruit:

Apple leaves are deciduous, dark green on the upper side and
on its underside verdeclaro, stout, oval, stalked, with stipules
and jagged edges.
Malus; Its flowers are white with pink hues on the edges, you
penduculadas, young branches grouped in clusters of three to
six units. They are hermaphrodites with a cup of five sepals,
five petals crown and numerous yellow stamens. The apple
blossoms in spring before the annual appearance of its
leaves.
Apple; Its fruit is the apple. Yellow-green or red skin is
smooth and shiny. Its flesh is juicy and sweet and contains
seeds. The apple is ripened to the fall.

REQUIREMENTS PEDOLOGICAL
It is more resistant to cold than the pear and not need that much heat and light for ripening.
.
VARIETY
The breeds and varieties of apple are innumerable (pass the thousand), as it has accompanied
man since ancient times.

Golden
Delicious
(Golden
Delicious)

This variety is known since

early last century. It was in
the United States at the end
of s. XIX from a seed. He is
also known as Golden,
Golden Smoothe, 972
Golden and Golden B.
The skin is evenly colored,
greenish yellow; at the
point where the fruit has
been exposed to sun
becomes reddish. Lenticels
usually marked and
sometimes can be rough.
The shape is rounded and
regular. The flesh is crisp,
moderately juicy, sweet,
slightly acidic and aromatic.
It is used fresh or juice and
is also used in pastry for its
acidity point, however, it is
less than the Granny Smith.
It is not an apple puree, but
works well for filling pies.
In Spain, the season when
there are Golden Delicious
market sourced locally
extends between September
and August in the Northern
Hemisphere.

Bella de
Boskoop

The skin color of this apple

can vary from yellow-green
to red. This is a big apple
with firm flesh, acidic, juicy
and yellow. It is suitable for
fresh consumption and for
processing all types. It is a
variety of Dutch origin and
is available from October to
April in the Northern
Hemisphere markets.

Bramleys
Seedling

Coxs
Orange
Pippin

Early Red
One

It is a large apple, slightly

flattened, sometimes
slightly asymmetric. It is
green but turns yellow and
sometimes has a reddish
shade in the face that gets
the sun. The flesh is firm
and white. The skin is quite
thin. It has sour taste and is
excellent for cooking. The
name comes from the
producer who developed
this variety in the
nineteenth century.
Availability is from October
to April in the Northern
Hemisphere.
It is one of the most popular
varieties in the UK, Holland
and Belgium. It was
obtained in 1830 and is of
English origin. The fruits
are ribbed red on yellow
and green background. Its
rounded shape is very
regular and size is medium.
It is very aromatic and it
tastes delicious.

Your skin is shiny and

bright red, without streaks,
in all the fruit, so it is a very
attractive variety. Its meat is
tender and consistent;
although slightly aromatic,
it has a sweet taste. Besides
eaten fresh, it is widely
used for cooking, grilled or
stewed. It is in the market
from September to June in
the Northern Hemisphere.

Elstar

Golden
Smoothee

It is a new variety obtained

from crossing Golden
Delicious with other
varieties. It's a big apple, on
a regular basis. The
background color is golden
yellow with a reddish plate.
The flesh is juicy and crisp
with a pleasant
characteristic aroma. It is
not very appropriate range
for processing. In the
Northern Hemisphere
markets it is available
between November and
mid-April.
The 'Golden Smoothee'
have very thin and shiny
skin. According to the
ripeness, color varies from
green to yellow. Its flesh is
crisp, juicy, sweet and
aromatic. It is suitable for
fresh consumption in juice,
fruit salads and cakes. It is
on the market almost all
year, from September to
August in the Northern
Hemisphere.