Terrain

Settlements
Features
(White
(Green Lettered Dots)
Numbered
Dots)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Achero
n
Fossae
Olymp
us
Mons
Alba
Patera
Arsia
Mons

A. Oita

1.

Milankov
itch

B. Liangche
n

2.

Hooke

3.

Bequerel

6.

7.

Pavoni
s Mons
Ascrae
us
Mons
Kasei
Vallis

8.

Elysiu
m
Mons

9.

Hecate
s
Tholus

10. Albor
Tholus
*
11. Tartaru
s
Montes
*
12. Orcus
Patera

24. Fournier*

4.

Semeyki
n

5.

Lyot

6.

Moreux

7.

Renaudot

8.

Liais

31. Arkhange
lsky

G. Dayville

9.

Escalante

32. Kasimov

H. Clarke

10. Mie

33. Darwin

I.

Dao City

11. Henry

34. Galle

J.

Moyoba
mba

12. Cassini

35. Phillips

13. Tikhonra
rov*

36. Schmidt

25. Huygens
26. Rabe

C. Nix
Olympic
a
D. Zeus
Tourist
Resort
E. Heze

5.

Craters
(White Numbered Dots)

F.

As
Sulyami

K. Stygis
Ciudad
L. Ica Nova

27. Schiapare
lli
28. Kaiser
29. South
30. Green

37. Lowell
14. Terby
15. Herschel
16. Moleswo
rth

38. Agassiz*
*
39. Heaviside
40. Ross

17. Arrheniu
s

41. Stoney*

18. Kepler

42. Reynolds

13. Apollin
aris
Patera*

19. Campbell

43. Nansen*

20. Richards
on

44. Pickering
45. Newton

21. Wallace
46. Liu Hsin
22. Barnard*
47. Desnev
23. Holmes

*: This feature is spelt incorrectly on the ITW Map.

**: Agassiz Crater is not shown on the ITW map - I've added it here since it's more obvious than
nearby Heaviside crater.
bold type: These settlements have been moved since they would otherwise be underwater on this
map.

EXPLANATION AND NOTES

The sea level for the Borealis and Hellas Seas was set on this map (and the Marineris Map) at 4.6
km above the lowest point on Mars. This is the lowest sea level at which it is still possible to
flood the Chryse, Amazonis and Adamas Bays all at the same time - note however that the
shorelines on this map (which follow the topographic contours) are significantly different to the
shorelines shown on the ITW map (ITW18-19, shown as a Green Outline here) that are based on
older, incorrect data. This level is assumed to be the level of the Water Table over the whole
planet - the Marineris sea levels are higher than this but are assumed to be contained within
Marineris, presumably by faulting or impermeable rock layers.
There are a number of important differences between this map and the ITW map:
The Borealis Sea is continuous around the planet. It is impossible for the Borealis to have the
gap in it shown in ITW while still being able to flood any of the bays.
The Borealis Sea shorelines extend further south across the planet. The settlement of Dayville
(G) had to be moved to avoid being submerged.
All three bays (Chryse, Amazonis and Adamas) are much larger. The settlements of Clarke
(H) and Moyobamba (J) had to be moved to the shoreline to avoid being submerged.
I've assumed that the water level in Hellas is the same as in the Borealis. This doesn't
necessarily have to be the case, if there is enough faulting, impermeable rocks, etc to prevent the
northern hemisphere water table from reaching as far south as Hellas. However, the Hellas water
level would have to be about 3 km lower than the Borealis level for Hellas Sea to have the shape
shown on the ITW19. The settlement of Dao City (I) was moved to avoid being flooded.

 Isidis Planitia is now flooded, to form the Isidis Sea. This is formed by water rising from the
water table below it. It is very unlikely that this basin could be isolated from the rest of the
nearby Borealis Sea and its water table.
Railways are shown as a thin black line on the map. Since the polar regions are now
surrounded by water several hundred metres deep, I've re-routed the northern spur of the railway
to connect directly to the settlement of Clarke (H), rather than go to the pole. Anyone wishing to
go to the pole can take a ship or plane from there. The southern spur still goes to the South Pole
though.
Several of the craters are in the wrong place in the ITW map - the correct locations are shown
on the map presented here.
Seasonal sea ice is not shown. In addition, the water here is coloured blue to make it

more visible against the martian background terrain. In reality, it is coffee-coloured.

Sea level east/north of Eos Dam was set at 4.6 km above the lowest point on Mars. For the
purposes of this map, this is assumed to be the sea level for the Borealis Sea. This was the lowest
sea level that could flood the Chryse, Amazonis and Adamas Bays all at the same time - the
shorelines on the ITW map are based on older, incorrect data.
The sea level in the Marineris between Eos and the locks (i.e. in Coprates/Melas) is set at 7.0 km
above the lowest point on Mars. The seafloor to the east of the Eos Dam is about 300 metres
deep, and is filled with water from the Borealis Sea. The seafloor to the west of the Eos Dam is
about 3.7 km deep - so the dam is therefore about 3.8 km high from seafloor to top (giving it an
extra 100m of clearance)!! It crosses at the narrowest point of that area of the Valles Marineris,
and as such is about 45 km wide.
The water in Ius (west of the Giant Locks at the western end of Marineris) is at 7.5 km above the
lowest point on Mars. Technically, Noctis Labyrinthis is much higher than this, but I've lowered it
by about 5km so that it's level with eastern Ius. The collapse can be explained by the emptying of
the giant subterranean aquifer that was melted to make the Marineris Sea. There is a height
difference of 500 metres between the waters to the west of the Locks and the waters to the east.
The floor of Marineris is at 4.8 km above the lowest point on Mars at the Locks - the locks are
therefore 2.7 km high from seafloor to top. The lock on the northern side of the axial island is 40
km wide, while the lock on the southern side is 15 km wide.

Differences between this map and the ITW maps (ITW18-19, ITW22)
Capri Chasma Dam doesn't exist on this map. The only connection between Lake Eos and the
Borealis Sea is via the Eos Dam - the water does not reach high enough to connect anywhere else.

 Xanthe River does not exist either on this map. Instead, a complex network of lakes and rivers
stretches between the southernmost point of Chryse Bay (marked approximately by Rockwood
(#25)) and the Eos Dam.
Most of the other rivers on the ITW map don't exist anymore either (or aren't so extensive).
Mutch crater is not filled with water - its base is above the water table, even for
Melas/Coprates. Instead, a feature called Juventae Fons (a diamond-shaped Chasma - basically a
big hole in the ground), to the SW of Mutch is filled with water. Mutch is also actually located
further north than shown on the ITW map.
Galilaei crater is located at 27W, not 33W as shown on the ITW map. Shibetsu (#28) has
been moved correspondingly.
Sharona (#23) is now just south of Sharonov Crater, since the Borealis Sea does not extend
inside the crater.
Ge'gyai (#2) and Urumqi (#5) have been moved slightly so that they are situated near lakes in
the Noctis Labyrinthis.
Nantong (#22) is no longer on the Echus River, since the river does not exist on

this map. It's in roughly the same position as it was on the map though.