VOLUME 37, NUMBER 9

PHYSICAL REVIEW D

Neutrinoless

MAY 1988

double-beta decay with Majoron emission

M. Doi

Osaka University

Institute

of Physics,

College

of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Matsubara 580, Japan

T. Kotani* and E. Takasugi

of General Education, Osaka University,

Toyonaka 560, Japan

(Received 18 September 1987)

pp decay with Majoron emission is examined in detail for the 0+~0+ and
Especially, the quantitative analysis is made on the correction term which was
not dealt with properly before. We found that the correction term does not change the fundamental
characters of the energy spectra of emitted electrons and the angular correlation obtained from the
main term. The dominant contribution comes from the main term through two light neutrino propThe neutrinoless

0+ ~2+ transitions.

agations, except some special cases which have the large mixings between light and heavy neutrinos.
Also it is shown that the 0+ ~2+ transition occurs only through the correction term, and it is by at
least 10 ' smaller than the 0+ ~0+ transition.

I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the Battelle South Carolina (BS) group reported' the observation of the possible Majoron-emitGe. The reported half-life was
ting PP decay of
yr. This aroused wideTots(0+ ~0+ ) = (621) X 10
spread interest, because the detection of this mode means

the direct observation of the Nambu-Goldstone

boson
and the Majorana neutrinos. Subsequently, the CaltechSIN-Neuchatel
and Santa Barbara-LBL (SBL) groups
gave bounds To lt(0+~0+) & 1.2X10 ' and 1.4X10 ' yr,
respectively, for the half-life of the 6Ge decay, while the
Irvine group gave abound Tott(0+~0+)&4.4X10 yr
for the Se decay. All of them seem to exclude the data

TABLE I. The data of the half-lives of the neutrinoless double-beta decay with Majoron emission for various nuclei and the
bounds on (gs ). The bounds on (gs ) are obtained by using the nuclear matrix elements, Mor"'(1
Xr), in Refs. g, 14, 24, 25, and
26. In order to derive the bounds indicated by r (Ref. 26), we adopted the values of nuclear matrix elements explicitly given in Ref.
27. Concerning the ratio of half-lives of ' Te to ' Te obtained by the Heidelberg group, its central value contradicts the theoretical
estimates of the ratio for the (PP)2mode by Refs. 14, 24, and 26. Therefore, the uncertainty of the two standard deviation is taken
into account, i.e. , (Rr) &3.29X10 . Since the ratio estimated in Ref. 26 is still outside this extended limit, the bound on (gs) is
zero if both results are taken seriously. RT is the ratio of half-lives of '"Te to Te.

"

Experimental

766e

Half-life (yr)

group

&
&

Ir vine'

& 4. 4X

100Mo

Osaka~
Ir vine"

& 7. 5X10'

10

136X

Milano"
Moscow (INR)'

&
&

Moscow (INR)'

& 7.0X 10'

16.
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.

4,

2X10
RT
'=(1.03+1.13) X 10

Missouri'
Heidelberg'

&(0.44, 2. 4", 1.3')

&(0.28, 1.5n)

&(15, 110')

1.6X 10'
1.0X10

9, 42')

&(5.

Reference 24.
"Reference 14.
Reference 25.

IIReference 18.

"Reference
'Reference
'Reference
"Reference
'Reference

37

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

2575

1QQ )

&(7.2, 130')
120')
&(6.

&6X 10"

'"Te/'"Te

'Reference
Reference
'Reference
Reference
'Reference
Reference

&(5.
& (5 0
(2.
&(2.

12X 10
14X 10

82Se

Nd

0, 13", 15, 34, 100')

13 15P 34q
9, 7.4", 8.6, 19, 60')
0, 5. 3", 6. 1, 14, 42')
& 1.9, 4. 8", 5. 6P, 13q, 39')
& (1.5, 3. 7", 3. 8P, 9. 8q, 33')

&2X10
&2X10
(6+1)X 10

Osaka'
Moscow (ITEP)
Batelle-South Carolina'
Caltech-SIN-Neuchatel
Santa Barbara-LBL'

qReference 8.

'Reference 26.
'Reference 29.

1988

The American Physical Society

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2576

by the BS group. So far, the Irvine and SBL data gave

the better bound on the Majoron couplings, aside from
the one derived from the geochemical data on the ratio of
half-lives of ' Te to ' Te. Summary of the recent data
and the bounds on the Majoron couplings derived from
them are given in Table I.
In view of the above situation, the observation of the
Majoron-emitting pp decay (pp)o s is an open question.
The important point is that the (pp)o, s mode may be
measured whenever the observation of the 0+ ~0+ transition in the neutrinoless pp decay (pp}o is made. Also,
the (PP)o~ mode becomes a Possible background for the
measurement
of the two neutrino emitting pp decay
(PP)2. To identify the (PP)o s mode, the electron
kinetic-energy spectra and the angular correlation between two electrons become important. In particular the
experiments on Se and ' Xe by the visible method give

both informations.
As for theoretical progress, Georgi, Glashow, and Nussinov made the first analysis of the (pp)o s mode in the
Gelmini-Roncadelli model and gave the half-life formula
+0+ transition. Subsequently, Vergados
for the 0+
made an investigation on the decay-rate formula. However, in these investigations, the electron wave function
was treated as a plane wave multiplied by a nonrelativistic Fermi factor. The relativistic Coulomb correction
was taken into account by Doi, Kotani, and Takasugi,
who gave the half-life formula. They also derived correction terms which were not discussed before, and gave a
qualitative argument on them.
In this paper we give a detailed analysis on the
0+~0+ and 0+~2+ transitions of the (PP)o s mode.
We use a general Majoron 7 interaction with massive
Majorana neutrino N; with the mass m;:

37

0+~0+ transition

is carefully reexamined. We carelessthe d(p, p2) factor in the definition of the

phase-space integration in Eq. (5.2.4) of Ref. 8, which
result for the integrated
caused a factor-2-smaller
kinematical factor Gz and as a result for the decay rate. '
Let us compare the (pp)os mode with the (pp}o mode
which consists of two parts, the neutrino mass (m) and
the right-handed ( V+ A ) parts, corresponding to the m
and three-momentum
(q) terms of a virtual neutrino
propagator, respectively. These two parts in the (pp)&&
mode have a possibility to contribute as the same order of
magnitude, because we have no definite theoretical predictions for the mand V+A parameters. The main
contribution in the V+ A comes from the nucleon-recoil
term, because the leading terms are canceled each other.
However, in the (pp)os mode, the leading terms contribute additively, which come from the products of the
four-momentum
parts of virtual neutrino propagations.
On the other hand, the V+ A interaction is expected to
be small, because it is given as a product of m, and q, as
will be shown in Appendix C explicitly.
Thus, the
nucleon-recoil term appears as a minor correction term.
In Sec. II we give a brief derivation of the decay-rate
formula for the contribution from two light-neutrino
propagations. In Sec. III the contributions from virtual
heavy neutrinos are discussed by evaluating neutrino potentials which are necessary for investigating the sizes of
nuclear matrix elements. In Sec. IV the 0+~2+ transition is discussed. Concluding remarks are given in Sec.
ly missed

V.

II.

FORMALISM

In the framework of the Majoron couplings in Eq. (1.1)

we shall give a brief derivation of the half-life formulas of
the 0+
and 0+
transitions.

~0+

'

It has been discussed that the scalar term f,j is absent if

Since we
the flavor-conserving terms are considered.
would like to examine the flavor-changing terms also, we
adopt the expression in Eq. (1.1). The concrete expressions for f) and g," in a general gauge theory are given in
Eq. (A18) of Appendix A, where general properties of
them are also discussed.
Our aims in this paper are as follows. (i) We make a
quantitative investigation of the correction term which
has not been examined in detail before. (ii) We focus our
special attention on the angular correlation between two
electrons. Our interest was motivated by the Se data
obtained by the Irvine group, who observed some excess
events near the maximum kinetic-energy release, but in
these events, two electrons tend to be emitted in the same
direction.
Since the main term shows the (1
cos0)type angular correlation, it is necessary to know whether
there are any sources for the (I+cos8)-type behavior.
For this purpose, the correction term and also the contribution from the right-handed interaction are investigated. (iii) Normalization of the half-life formula for the

"

~2+

We start from the R matrix of the 0+ J+ transition

in the (PP)os mode which is shown in Fig. 1. Under the
closure approximation, it is given by

N.

3.

FIG. 1. Diagram for neutrinoless PP decay with Majoron

emission. The symbols e, vM, N;(0,+), Nand Nf(Jf ) indicate electron, electron-neutrino, Majoron, the initial, intermediate, and final nuclei, respectively.

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY WITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

RI,
f&

g UU,
ei

e3

f dxdydz f

e '

2(21T } co;coj.

&k

IX(z) IO&e

'

2577

&JI+

Jg (x)JI (y) I0+&

Xg(x, e, )yF(T,'"+T~J ')y (I +ys}W (y e2}

(2. 1)

where U is the mixing matrix element for the left-handed neutrino v, L defined by v, L
g; UN, L,
ergies of electrons and Majoron, and JI (x) is the hadronic current. The lepton parts T,'"' ar.e.

'"=(f +g); [co;("E ++L

+L, +)],
K' ++L;+

'r,"= Im,'
j;, + 2(f+-g};,M142]I

'f
;, + ,'(f +-g);, M1 42]IL; ~L,

I m,

q1

( o3;, q, ),

m,

+m2)1/2 an

=(q1+m; )'

q2

and

m'f
i/+

(o1, , q2),

J,J = '[f;J(m;+mj ) +g;J(m; m, ) ]/m,

K;~ [a);+pm
, + '(e, e2)k 'k]

e2)k 'k]
m, '(e1
L;+ [o1;+p
HereP m, = E,
(M, + M/) /2, E, being
,

,'(f +g-}J(4'1

(2.3)

T"

'"

&gB &(1

&J+-

(2.2)

"

~0'}] '=(

~I

and 0+~2+ transitions, we use the following

approximations.
(i) We use the nonrelativistic
impulse approximation
for the hadronic current with nucleon recoil terms
defined in Eq. (B4) of Appendix B. If the mass of intermediate neutrino is heavy, the nucleon form factor is taken into account.
(ii) We take the S and P waves for electrons and keep
only up to the first-order terms with respect to the Pwave and the nucleon recoil terms.
ik g R+ ) = 1, where k g = ( q2
(iii) We take exp(
q1)

see
and R+ (x+y)/2,
Eq. (B9) of Appendix B. This is
because k 1 MeV and thus k R+
Then, only
the S wave of the Majoron contributes.
(iv) We assume that all nuclear matrix elements are
real.
The detailed derivation of the transition formula
within these approximations will be given in Appendix B.
The 0+ ~2+ transition will be summarized in Sec. IV.
Below, we present the 0+~0+ transition formula by
assuming that the light intermediate neutrinos give the
dominant contribution. In the next section we shall discuss the contribution
from heavy neutrinos.
The
0+~0+ transition formula due to light-neutrino propagations is given by

=(q2

some aver&
&
&
&
age of energies of the intermediate nuclear states, and M;
and Mj being masses of initial and final nuclei. The
decomposition into two terms
and T j ' has been
.
done so that the first term T, gives the main result
which behaves like the (PP)o mode, see Eq. (B2) of Appendix B. Therefore, the second term T. ' will be referred to as the correction term. The first term T is the
one which was considered in previous works, '
while
the second term Tj is investigated quantitatively in this
paper. It is worthwhile to note that the leading contribution to the 0+~2+ transition occurs only through the
[g;, gj ] part of T ', because of the conservation of the angular momentum and parity, as discussed in the (PP)o
mode. '
In order to obtain the decay-rate formulas for the

[TovB(0

&2]]&

E; +Lj

0+~0+

and

coj

+ ,'(f+-g}g [&1&2]I

Im,'ji,

(o11,q1),
q1

with
q2 ( co~, q2)

k are en-

)+o3/(K,

T,

~he~e

ee2, and

1.

~F1} &f &(~GT2 ~F2} GBo(1)

I

Re[[&gB &(1 XF1) f &(~GT2 ~F2)]&gB ~R3IGBO(2)

Re[[&gB &(1 &F1) &(XGT2 XF2}]&gB&'X3]GBo(3)
&

&

+
+

&gB &&R31 GBO(4

&g, &x,

&=+'(f+g);, UU,

}+{&gB &&R3&gB &*&3}GBO(&}

~.";" ',

'G(6}}

where the nuclear matrix elements Mz& ' and

defined later and
&g

&

7's

(2.4)

will be

&

I& = ,' g' UU j[f; (m;+m

+g, (m,

. m. )

]/m,

".

(2.5b)

(2.5a)
The sum

g'

extends

over only

light

neutrinos,

i.e.,

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2578

(mm, being the electron mass. In the previous

only the (ga &(1
papers,
X,) part of the first line in
Eq. (2.4} was considered. This part comes from the main
term Tfi" in Eq. (2. 1) and all others from the correction
term T.lJ'2'.
The integrated kinematical factor Gao(k) is defined by
m;, m-

Giio(k)

=,

4 (m, R) ln2

f do(k)dQO, ~,

m,eiezP, Pzk5(ci+ez+k+Mf

dQOa

do(4)=(kR

M; }

do(6)= ,'(kR ) [g boi

2(m, R )a
],

4$(m, R )a

h3(r)=

2+

dqe qr

dr

+4(mes

dq e'q'

dQ 1
4~ c0;aii

K, =(co, +Pm,

XT3

(Of lib 3(r)(r~/R

~3 ~T3
where

I~F3

6~GT3

r=

Ya=i

4ir

N;col

(2. 10)

(a=1, 2, 3),

'

'

(a

=2, 3),

&/MGT" '

(2. 11)

)T~ llo,+ /MGT

&

= rr l, r=r /r,
l

(cr C

and

r )
Cc

(oXD +DXo

'2

(DD

a+],

T=(r.o )(ro

'(o cr ) .

(2. 12)

Here the term Yacomes from the nucleon recoil term,

and the factors Cand Dare defined in Eq. (3. 1.17) of
Ref. 8. In the above expression we use the abbreviation
for the reduced nuclear matrix elements which are
defined in Eq. (B.l. 6) of Ref. 8. Three neutrino potentials
h
h 2 and h 3 are defined by
&

(2. 13)

co;+coj

(~. +ai. )

denominator

co;=[(q ,'kQ) +m; ]'

=[(q+ 'kQ) +m ]'

". }llo-

(E;+E )(c0;+aij)
+K;E
k
(c0,. +co& )

dQ K;+KJ

and virtual-neutrino
energies and energy
due to the second-order perturbation are

co,

(of llh. . )(o. cr~ )llo,+ &/MGT

(2.8)

2H

(r, ~)llo,+&/MGT

llh

gv

a,

m, R

~GTa

). o~ }llo+ &,

(Of Ilhi(r.

)bo, ,

with (=3aZ+(ei+ez)R, a and Z being the finestructure constant and the atomic number of the
daughter nucleus, respectively. The factors bo&,
and
a+ are due to the Coulomb wave functions of two electrons and are given in Eqs. (3.5. 18) and (C.3. 12) of Ref. 8.
As a good approximation in the practical momentum region, say p, 0. 5mwe have

hz(r)=

defined in Eq. (3.1.25) of Ref. 8.

In the expression (2.4) there are various nuclear matrix
elements which are defined by

~Fo=(/g~) (Of
(2.7)

Od (O5)=(kR)do(3),

) b

(2.9)
a+ [(eiez+m, )/(2eiez)]F00,
F

(Z, ei)Fk(Z, ez), the Coulomb factor

Fk

where

[(e, +ez}m, /(2e, ez)]F00,

Fk, (Z, e) being

MGT

where R is the nuclear radius, p&, p2, and k are the momenta of electrons and Majoron, and (p, .pz) is the cosine
of opening angle between two electrons. The normalization ao in Eq. (2.6} is the constant factor for the (PP)0
mode defined in Eq. (3.5. 17b) of Ref. 8. Note the normalization difference between our new formula Gao(1) in Eq.
(2.6} and the old one Gs in Eq. (5.2.4) of Ref. 8. The new
formula in Eq. (2.7) contains the d(pi pz) factor which
gives rise to the factor-2 larger result for Gso(1) than Gs
in Ref. 8. The integrand do(k}'s in Gso(k)'s are defined
by

do(3) = ,'(kR )[gboi

Fcl, a

bo,

(2.6)

Xdeidezdk d(p, pz),

do(1)=bodo(2)=2(kR

37

(2. 14)

In the above expression of potentials, the nucleon form

factor is neglected, because we are considering only light
neutrinos. In the next section we shall take into account
the contribution due to virtual heavy neutrinos and thereby include the form factor into the integrand of potentials
in Eq. (2. 13).
In the N
rnechanisrn,
the 0+ ~0+ transition is
suppressed from the similar reason to the (/3P)0 mode.

'

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY WITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

III.

NUMERICAL ESTIMATIONS OF VARIOUS

TERMS IN THE 0+ 0+ TRANSITION

OOOOOO
I

The decay formula in Eq. (2.4) has been derived by assuming that the light intermediate neutrinos give the
dominant contribution. Here we shall include the contribution from the heavy virtual neutrinos, and also evaluate the correction terms.
At first we focus our attention to the hierarchical
structure of the kinematical factors dp(k)'s in Eq. (2.8).
Since energies of electrons and Majoron e&, e2, and k are
quantities of order of a few MeV, eR or kR is a small
quantity of order of (I MeV) (5 fm) Therefore, for
example, in the case of Se with k =1 MeV, dp(2) and
dp(3) are about 2(kR)- ,' and 2aZ(kR)- ,', smaller
than dp(1), respectively, and dp(4), dp(5), and dp(6) have
the suppression factor (kR) -(~~) in comparison with
dp(1). These hierarchical structures are also confirmed
from the numerically integrated values of Gyp(k } for various nuclei given in Table II. By combining these considerations with the fact that X&2 and X3 in Eq. (2.4} are
expected to be less than 1 which will be confirmed later,
Gap(4) Gap(5) and Gyp(6) terms give only very small
Although
contributions
and will not be considered.
terms with Gsp(2) and Gsp(3) are expected to give small
correction we shall confirm it at the end of this section.
First we shall discuss the term accompanied by Gzp(1)
in Eq. (2.4):

~F2))MGT

O~ool

'a
I

O O O
X X X

OO

~(q'+M~ }'

05

XXX

OO

oo

O O O O O O
X X X X X X
OO
O t
vl O
Ch O
Ch

OO

+ O X

Ck

OOOOOO
I

CJ

F4

XXXXXX

O
O

ch~&WWW

OO

OO

O
X

cj
C4

O
V

CV

OOOO
I

t+f

O O

XXXX X

~ t+I

o +A
Q

OO

Ch OO

OO

cO

&

X X X X X X
Ch rt Ch Ch

RS

X
O

O O O O O O
X X X X X X

OO

OO
OO

cV

V
05
~

CP
&

8~
g$

gg
tQ

a.

e5

&
I

O O

O O O
X X X X X X

ce
4P

c05
o
Cl
og

0 0 0

X
O

g
tv'

M,

&

yg

c5

with M=0.9 GeV. That is, the integrand of the neutrino potential in Eqs. (2. 13) is multiplied by F(q2} for each
heavy neutrino. This modification is not needed for the
light neutrino. Now, three following typical cases will be
examined: (a) m;, m~ &&pm, -20 MeV, (b) m; &&Pm,
and (c) m~ & m; &&M. Namely, one and
and m.
two form factors are taken into account for cases (b) and
(c), respectively.
the potential h
Explicitly, in the limit of k
behaves as

O O O O O O

C}

(3.2)

~0

Wt

eg

4P

F(q')

OOO

(3. 1)

In order to estimate the contribution from heavy intermediate neutrinos appearing in the neutrino potentials h
and h2, the sum of species of neutrinos in (gs ) and ( )
of Eq. (2.5) should extend over the nuclear matrix elements MGz ', X,, XG&2, and Xz. The potentials h, and
h2 are made out of the propagations of two neutrinos
with the masses m, and m as seen in Fig. 1 and thus they
depend on m; and m . In the case where the heavy neutrinos contribute, say m M (= nucleon mass), the nucleon vertex should be modified, because of the large nucleon recoil effect. It may be necessary to replace the
nonrelativistic treatment of nucleon by the quark model.
In this paper in order to get some rough idea on the contribution of heavy neutrinos, according to Vergados' and
Haxton and Stephenson, '" we introduce the dipole-type
form factor

WmWOnlO
m M e4 m M W

Ch

(f ~(~GT2

XXXXXX

0
8

'.

[(gs ~(1 ~F1}

2579

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2580

h,

(R /r )P(x ) for case (a),

for case (b),

= . (R/2r)P(x)

(MR/96)[(M~ /m,
where

37

(3.3)

+(Mlmj ) )J(Mr)

for case

(c),

x =pm, r and

2
P(x)=
[sin(x) ci(x) cos(x) si(x)], J(x)=(x +3x+3)e

The other potential

h 2 in

the limit of k

~0 is

(m, R /2IT)[P'(x)+(2/n )Ko(m, r )] for case

h2- (Rlr)(m, /mj) P(x)

(MzR /48)(m, /Mz

for case
) (M~z

(a),

(b),

/m;m

(3.5)

J(M& r ) for case

where P'(x)=dP(x}/dx. For the nonzero k, the analytical expressions for them are complicated. However, the
numerical integration shows that they are essentially independent of k. That is, for the variation of k from 0 to
2. 5mh, is almost constant and h2 varies about 5%. In
Figs. 2(a} and 2(b), these analytic expressions at k =0 (the
dashed lines) are compared with the numerically integrated ones at k=1. 5m, (the solid lines). For h, with
m; = mj 10 m there are no visible distinctions, so
that only the solid lines are shown. Note that for case (c),
the approximation k =0 is good, because m;, m~ &&k.
Although the case of ' Mo is shown, the approximation
is equally valid for other nuclei.
Now let us examine the main term ( gz ) M G T ', the
first term of Eq. (3. 1), which consists of three types of
contributions. corresponding to cases (a), (b), and (c). We
find from Eqs. (2.5), (2. 10), and (3.3) that these three types

are
gLL U L ((R Ir)P

) for case

(a),

(3.6a)

(b),
gHHU, H(MlmH) (MR /48)(J) for

,'gLH U,L U,H((Rlr)P)

(3.6b)

for case

case

(c),
(3.6c)

where L and H stand for the light and heavy left-handed

as
neutrinos, respectively,
+g)LL~H~ is abbreviated
element
nuclear
and
the
reduced
matrix
(X
)
gLL ~H&
means (Of+~)X(o
)~[0~+ ).
In order to compare these three types of contributions
we need to know the coupling strength of Majoron to
neutrinos, gLL, gLH, and gHH. From Eqs. (2.5.a) and
(A18), we find

(f

gLH

where ULL

mH ULH IU,

UHH 1 is

M'"'='

mL

gHH

assumed.

U2L((R

mH UzH(M/mH

mH

Iv,

(3.7)

Here the parameter

Ir)p)

(3.4)

(c),

violation
means the energy scale of the lepton-number
defined below Eq. (Al 1). By combining Eq. (3.6) with the
above estimates, we find that

case (b)/case (a)-mHUeH/mL

(3.8)

This means that if the mixing is not very small, say

U, H & (mL /mH ), case (b) could give a sizable contribution. This is due to the potential h, whose values for
case (b) is ,' of case (a). In connection with this, we shall
examine the correction term ( )XGTzMGT ' in Eq. (3.1).
For case (b} it behaves as
~

( )XGT2MGT

= ggLH UeL UeH((R

(3.9)

/r)4 )

It is amazing to see that the correction term in Eq. (3.9)

exactly cancels with Eq. (3.6b). For the Fermi term, X,
and Xz in Eq. (3.1), this cancellation also occurs. This
means that the contribution from one light and one heavy
intermediate neutrinos is suppressed. The contribution
from case (c) is generally suppressed by the factor
0. 1(M/mLmH )U,H in comparison with case (a), if it is
assumed that UeL 1 and ( (R /r )P ) 10(M z R / 48 ) ( )
(Ref. 14). In this case (c), the contribution from the
correction term ( )XGTzMGT" ' does not cancel the main
term in Eq. (3.6c) in contrast with case (b), though both
of them are the same order. Therefore, if U,2H
&10(mLmHIM), the contribution of case (c) can be
neglected. Finally, let us consider case (a) in the correction term of Eq. (3. 1). Since it is accompanied by a factor
~(mL/m, ) &&1, its contribution is negligible. In
summary, as far as terms involving G~o(1) in Eq. (3.1) are
concerned, the contribution from two light intermediate
neutrinos
for
[case (a)] is dominant
U, H
& 10(mi mH /M) which is satisfied for most models.

(f)

It is worthwhile to compare Eq. (3.6) with the mass

part of the (PP)0 mode given in Eqs. (3.5. 1) and (3.5. 10}
of Ref. 8, namely,

for light neutrino,

(3. 10a)

)2(MR /48}( J ) for heavy neutrino .

(3. 10b}

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY WITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

12

2581

100 0

l
l

(a)

10

= m.

m.

1.

m-

3.

um
= m.

e case
=

10

4
l
I
I

-5
ill

0. 4

0. 8

20

k =

1.5m e

1.2

0. 4

1.6

1.2

0. 8

1.6

FIG. 2. The r de p enddence of neutrino potentials

h &, h2, and h3 for cases (a) and (b). The dashe
=1.
i k=
. 5m
or case
cas (a), there are
represent the numerically integrated ones with
m, . For
'
'
i 1'ines for h&
and thee so 1'd
h and h3, so that onl y the solid lines are
r shown. The dashed
no visible differences between the dashed liness an
er in
This shows that p otentials have very
Th
ver weak dependence on k and thus
i a goo d accuracy. . Th'
lines and solid lines agree with each other
=0
k
can
b
e
use
the analytic expressions at
d as t h e approximate formulas for 6nite k.
1

k=0
=, an d th e so 1'dl'
i ines

By comparing Eq. (3.6a) with Eq. (3.10a), we find

(OvB)
~GT

(Ov)
GT

(3.11)

Xg 3 or X3 in Eq. (2. 1 1 }. The nuclear parameter Xz 3 includes the nucleon recoil term Yz in Eq. (2. 12) which
gives one more neutrino momentum q effectively. Thus,
as it will be shown later, X&3 is sinaller than X3 in
general, though Gso(2} is a little larger than Gso(3).
Therefore, let us start to compare Eq. (3.1) w1'th
(OvB)
Now we have a new potential h 3 which
( gg &X3MQ'i
limit as
behaves in the k

1,
(

if all neutrino masses are small as case (a}. Similarly in

this case (a), Xi in the (pp)o z mode is equal to XF in the
pp)omode defined in Eq. (3.5.2) of Ref. 8. Also note
that the effective Majoron coupling (gz in the (pp)o z
&

mode is related
(PP)o, mode as

to the effective neutrino

(g~ &-(m&/U,

where Eqs. (3.6a), (3.7), and (3.10a) have been used.

Next, we shall examine the terms associating with
G~o(2) and Gzo(3) in the second and third lines of Eq.
&2..4&',, which give the different electron energy spectra and
angular correlation. At first we notice that these terms
are the interference of the factor in Eq. (3.1) with either
&

~0

mass in the

(3.12)

2x

, (pm,

xP'(x
P(x ) 1
/m . )

2
x
)+
m'

1
x P'(x ) ]
[P(x
)

for case (a)

for case

(b),
(3.13)

, (M/m;m. )[(Mr)+(Mr)]e
',

for case

(c),

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2582

where x =Pm, r and (() is defined in Eq. (3.4). In case (a),

as seen from Fig. 2(a), h3 is almost independent of r, so
that 73 is an order of or less than 0. 1. By taking
G&0(3)/GR0(1) ,', into consideration, we can safely
neglect the correction term of G&0(3) for this case (a).
Within this correction term of (gz )X3MoT ', let us compare the other two cases (b) and (c) with case (a). Concerning case (b), the potential h3 takes the value about
as seen from Fig. 2(b). Then the ratio
(M /mH ) X
of case (b) to case (a) becomes roughly

10,

[gL~U, ~{Mg /m~) X 10

]/(0. 2gLL

H(Mg/mLm~),

Yzr

2M(YR~ r~ )=i(a n~ }[fR(q r~ )

', (P
P

r],

P,

E' E'

)fw ', ,'(gp/gg }(E+E

with the strength of the weak magnetism

z the induced
pseudoscalar form factor gp, energies of initial and final
Further. nucleons (E,E ) and (E',E' ), respectively
more, we keep only the q. r term because it has a large
coefficient fR ", . Note that q is a difFerential operator
iB/Br. Under these assumptions we find

(3. 15}

}ll0 &/MoT~

where
1

2M

2M r

d
dr

Mr

(3. 16)

For the light-neutrino

case (a), h3R

(3.17)

-0.

Therefore, we can say that lXR3 & +3

1.
Thus, we conclude that the contribution from the light
neutrino propagations in the main term is dominant, except the special model with
U, zz &10(ml m~/M) .
Therefore, the approximation to keep only the first term
of Eq. (3. 1) is valid.
l

The 0+ ~2+ transition becomes possible only through

the [g;, g ] part of the correction term Tf; ' in Eq. (2.2};
namely, the term T&, which is a main term for the
0+~0+ transition does not contribute. Thus the halflife is expected to be very long. The half-life forinula in
the 2n mechanism is given by

"

[T0R(0+~2+)] =

(4. 1)

(gR )NR21

Here (gz) is defined in Eq. (2.5a) and the integrated

kinematical factor GR2 is defined similarly to Eq. (2.6} as
G&2

J (kR) (m, R

4 (m, R)2 ln2

(b21+b22)dQ0 B
(4.2)

of b21 and b22 in Eq. (C.4. 12) of Ref.

8. As a good approximation in the practical momentum
region, say pj. & 0. 5mb2&+b22 becomes
with the definitions

'2

{b21+b22)

P&

@le

(2f+ llh

NR2

p2

F10+

F01

m,

-h3(R)/(MR)-

rr ll0,+ ),

(4.4)

+ (gr/g)e' (o'+0' ) .

(4.5)

3(r
)(r

and q are momenta

where M is the nucleon mass, P,
of initial nucleons and a virtual neutrino, respectively,
and

)(~. ~

210

where F~k is defined below Eq. (2.9).

The nuclear matrix element NR2 is defined as

(3.14)

~R3 &0f llfRh3R(r.

XR3- "
, X 10 /0. 7-

we find

+2+ TRANSITION
IV. THE 0+

Therefore, case (b) can be safely neglected under the condition U, ~ ~ 10(mz mH /M). As for the final (c) case, h3
is smaller by the factor (M/rnH) than h, for case (a)
and then this combination due to two heavy intermediate
neutrinos can be ignored. In summary, the correction
term accompanied with GR0(3) in Eq. (2.4) can be
neglected as the first approximation.
The remaining problem is to show that X3
XR3
and therefore the correction term with GR0(2) can also be
ignored. In order to evaluate XR3MGT ' in Eq. (2. 11), we
term into the irreducible tendecompose the
sors with respect to the spin space. Since this term appears as a correction term we shall take only the leading
(oo } term, because the main contribution is considered to be a spin-singlet state of two nucleons. The
decomposition is very similar to the (pp)0mode case. In
the approximation where we neglect momenta of electrons ppz, and Majoron k in comparison with those of
nucleons, we find

fR =-', (gv/g~

10, and

0. 3)(4&( 10

U,

37

/R ) Y'

where

'(gr/gg
,

)'(3'

At first sight we may notice that in the integrated

kinematical factor Gzz, there is a suppression factor
~1 ) ( ,
', )
10
in comparison
with
(kR) (m, R )
G&0{1) in Eq. (2.6). Because of this, the 0+ ~2+ transition is highly suppressed. The numerical value of G~2 is
given in Table II also. Since the neutrino potential h 3 appearing in NR2 of Eq. (4.4) is much smaller than h, in
'
MGT as shown in Fig. 2 and Eq. (3.13), the half-life of
0+~2+
the
transition is at least 10 times longer than
that of the 0+ ~0+ transition.
In the N' mechanism, the half-life formula for the
0+ +2+ transition is evaluated similarly to the (pp)0
mode. The result is

-(

[TNe {0+ 2+)]

&gR &Na

a(a)

&

ef e;
l

&

GR2',

(4 6)

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY %'ITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

&a (p

'h3(r)(r /a)

'2
B2

) =&3(o),

&

(4.7)

80
9

B2

(4.8)

&

where the parameter a is the mean distance between

7 fm), P (b, ) is the probaquarks inside the hadron (a
bility of finding b, inside the nucleus, and (4/ 4; ) is the
overlap of the initial and final residual nuclei. The contribution from the N* mechanism is given roughly by

-0.

2+ }]-

[~~.(0+

10

h3(a)/&az

[7 "(0+~2+}]

If &a&-10 ~ as suggested from the (pp)omode, ' the

N* mechanism gives the same-order contribution as that
of the 2n mechanism, and thus its contribution is negligibly small.

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS

In our previous paper we have derived the correction

term for the Majoron emitting pp decay, and gave only a
qualitative argument on it. In this paper we investigated
this correction term quantitatively with the care of the
effect of masses of intermediate neutrinos. We considered
three cases: two neutrinos are light [case (a}], one is light
and the other is heavy [case (b)], and two are heavy [case
(c)]. We found that there is a cancellation between the
main and the correction terms for case (b), although each
term for case (b) itself could be comparable to the main
term of case (a). All other correction terms turn out to be
small and also the main term for case (c) is smaller than
that for case (a) for U, & & 10(mL mz/M& ) which is
satisfied in most models. Thus, we concluded that the
decay-rate formula is given by the main term for two
light intermediate neutrinos [case (a)]:
i

[TO

B(0+~0+)]

(ga

&

'
I

MGT

'
I

&F

'Geo(1) (5. 1)

where G~o(1) is defined in Eq. (2.6) and MGr' and XF are

nuclear matrix elements which appear in the (PP)o mode
[see Eqs. (3.5. 1) and (3.5.2) in Ref. 8], because
M~Gr" ' =M/~ as shown in Eq. (3.11). Once again we remind the reader that the value of Gzo(1) is twice as large
as our old definition of Gz in Eq. (5.2.4) of Ref. 8.
The single-electron kinetic-energy spectrum and the
sum-energy spectrum were obtained by using Eq. (5. 1)
and the result was shown in Figs. 6. 10 and 6. 11 in Ref. 8.
In our recent paper' we discussed some approximation
schemes and compared them for the (PP)z, (PP)0, and
(PP)0,~ modes.
One of our concerns for the correction term T&, ' in Eq.
(2. 1) was to investigate the possible source for the
(1+cos8)-type angular correlation between two electrons, while the main term Tf';" in Eq. (2. 1) shows the
(1
cos8}-type behavior. With this in mind, we examined the correction term which is given in Eqs.
(B10)(B12}. From this formula we find that terms
which give the (1+cos8)- or isotropic-type correlation

2583

are suppressed at least by a factor (m, R)(kR)(10

Also, they always contain the term X3 in Eq. (2. 11), which
is expected to be of the order of , Thus, the angular
correlation is a (1
cos8) type with a good accuracy. In
the recent paper, ' we discussed that the angular correlation is very well expressed as

'.

(p, p~/e, e~) cos8 .

(5.2)

Also, we have examined the contributions from the

right-handed interaction, because the (1+cos8}-type angular correlation appears if one lepton vertex is V A
and the other is V+ A. In Appendix C we evaluated the
yield from the right-handed interaction. However, this
contribution turns out to be very small as expected.
Haxton and Stephenson' proposed to obtain the upper
bound of the combination of the heavy-neutrino
mass
(mz) and its mixing matrix with the electron weak eigenstate (U,~) from the (PP)omode, as seen from Eq.
(3.10b). They assumed that there is a positive interference between contributions due to propagations of the
light and heavy left-handed neutrinos and that the treatment of the nonrelativistic approximation with the nucleon form factor for the nucleon current is still applicable for mz ))M, Mbeing a parameter of the nucleon
form factor in Eq. (3.2). If we accept similar assumptions, we can derive the bound on g&~( U, & /m& )
= U,~/(Umz) from the (PP)0~ mode as seen from Eqs.
(3.6c) and (3.7). Here U is the vacuum expectation value
of the Higgs boson, which leads to the spontaneous
breaking of the lepton-number violation.
Another purpose of this paper was to settle the normalization problem of the (PP)oz mode. If the normalization of the interaction in Eq. (1.1) is used, our old
kinematical factor Ga in Eq. (2.5.4) of Ref. 8 should be
multiplied by 2 as given in Eq. (2.6). However, this is still
smaller by factor 2 than that referred to by Avignone et
al. ' as the result by Georgi et al. Because of the normalization problem, there was a confusion on the values of
(g~) given by various experimental groups. Therefore,
we made Table I to summarize the experimental data and
the bounds on (g~ ) derived from these data.
Note added in proof. Recently, we received a paper3o
by the LBL-Mount Holyoke College-New
Mexico
group which reported the half-life limit on the neutrinoless pp decay with Majoron
emission
of 'mMo;
Toa(0+ ~0+ }& 2. 1 X 10 yr with 90% confidence.
APPENDIX A: COUPLINGS OF MAJORON
WITH NEUTRINOS

Majoron is a Nambu-Goldstone (NG) boson associated

with the spontaneous breaking of the global symmetry for
the lepton-number conservation. Here we examine a general form of the NG-boson coupling with neutrinos.
As for the charged leptons we use the basis where they
are in mass eigenstates. Then, we put all neutrinos in a
single multiplet
VL

(va

(A 1)

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2584

We take all Higgs fields to be real. Then, the Yukawa interaction is written as
(A2)

Here I

P= I

((}

Ij

and

is a matrix satisfying

(4j )NG

and a global-symmetry
&G+I, =

iX
e+t

i8, e, (x)P,

2v

&

&G((}= i8
kd

{A4)

&

(A5a}
(Asb)

Also, the invariance of Higgs potential Vis expressed as

BV

(A6)

Ojkek

In connection with the spontaneous symmetry breakof the gauge and global symmetries, we introduce

ing

j=Pj+vj,

{A7)

=0,

(AS)

where M j=(B V/BP;BP )& is the mass matrix for

Higgs bosons. Equation (AS) means that the vectors
(8, u) span the unphysical Higgs bosons which will be
eaten by gauge bosons. The NG boson associated with
the global-symmetry
breaking must correspond to the
vector Ou =8v+Xkb8kv satisfying u 8, 0v =0 for all a,
where k& is a constant. Now we define the orthogonal
basis of the space spanned by (8, u) as {8~u):
v

T
OAOBv

5ABI

(A9)

Then, we find
Ou

Ou

g (pv /p~

(A 10)

)8v u

u
with p, B
expressed as

8BOv=v OOBv. That is, the NG boson is

X= i&II' 0" u/u

where v=(p
gP~/p~)'~
ing this we find

(Al 1)
and

+4

I tOv(%

]X.

(A13}

[ {4I) (X m+mX}VL

where m is the neutrino

and

=u 08v.
y

By invert-

(A14)

mass matrix defined as m

X=X g (Pq/p~)tv .

=I v
(A15)

As expected, the NG boson coupling to neutrinos depends on neutrino masses and the transformation property of neutrinos under the broken gauge and the global
symmetries, except for normalizations pB, pB, and v.
Let us rewrite Xr in Eq. (A14) in terms of mass eigenstate neutrinos defined as

l. UNL, ,
where
N is the
N =NL + (NL ) = N
neutrinos are

(A16)
neutrinos
Majorana
defined
as
. Then, the NG boson couplings to

Xr= N;(f j+g jy

5)N X,

(A17)

where

[UtXU (UtXU)

with (((}')=0, so that leptons acquire masses and both

gauge and global symmetries are broken.
There are massless bosons associated with the symmetry breaking.
Eq. (A6) once with
By differentiating
respect to ((}, and putting &I}; = u;, one finds

Mj(8, u }j=0, M2(8u

} IOu&II

++L(Xm +m X )(+L ) ]X,

{8o)jk(t

2v

transformation

are
where t, and X are Hermitian matrices, 8, and
pure imaginary antisymmetric matrices, and e, (x } and e
are infinitesimal local and global parameters. The invariance of L under these symmetries leads to the identities

BV

[(4

By using the relations in Eq. (A5), I Ou is expressed in a

much more convenient form:

(A3)

5&}}=

(A12)

By substituting Eq. (A12} into (A2), the NG boson couplings to neutrinos are found to be

(Cbt )

5+1 it
, e, (x)%t,

(0")jX/v

compo cot

=I

because (O', L, ) %kt

%,L, .
Now we assume that the Lagrangian is invariant under
the gauge symmetry transformation which conserves the
electric charge,

37

m;+m.
2v

]j,

[U XU+(U XU)r],

(A1Sa)

(A1Sb)

Since we started from the basis where charged leptons are

in mass eigenstates, U is the neutrino mixing matrix. In
the previous works,
the second term on the right-hand
side of Eq. (A10) was not taken into account. This term
is needed to guarantee that the NG mode associated with
the global symmetry is orthogonal to the unphysical
Higgs modes from the local gauge symmetry breaking as
discussed just above Eq. (A9).
Let us examine the meaning of the general formula of
the NG boson couplings with neutrinos in Eq. (A17).
First, we notice that the flavor-conserving (diagonal) couplings are always pseudoscalar (f;; =0), while flavor
changing couplings may have both scalar and pseudoscalar parts. Next let us confine our discussion to the case
where there are no right-handed neutrinos v&. If there
are no gauge symmetries connecting difFerent generations
(local horizontal symmetry), t~ must be flavor diagonal.
Then, if the same global charge is assigned to all genera=0 and g~. = 2(m; v/)( . X);; ;6, Theretions, then
J
fore, the different global charges should be assigned to
different generations to obtain the off-diagonal term in g
If va exists, the global or local charges for vL are
and
different from those for v& and thus the ol'-diagonal

'

f.

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY WITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

terms will appear, but they wi11 be very small.

The above formula is derived for real Higgs-boson
fields, but it can be converted into complex Higgs-boson
fields related to real fields as

EP=

v~.

pz

X=

0R

(A19)

Also

the

global

P*
u(h
)

[2v(P
[2( 2+ 4v 2) ]1/2

' gV

JV

g UU,

fd xd

dP')]

d'qi

q,

2+4

2)1/2

(A22}

In this paper we have adapted a general form of Majoron couplings in Eq. (1.1), so that the derivation becomes
slightly different from that in Ref. 8. Here we shall give a
brief explanation of the derivation and show the result.
We start from the S matrix derived from the interaction (1.1):

d q2

(J+ T[Jft(x)JLt(y))
~

iq] (x z)

0+&e

iq&(z y)

m,. +iz
1

(k ~nz)

~0&

',
q2

m +is

ys)($1+m; )( f,, +gi&ys}(42+m, )(1

ys)y

(y e
2}

(B 1)

Then we use the following decomposition:

)(f, +g;, ys)(tt2+m,

(A21)

B: DETAILED FORMULAS FOR THE

0+ ~0+ AND 0+
+2+ TRANSITIONS

X $(x, ei)yp(

(1 ys)($1+m

APPENDIX

', '}

y d z

charge

Now we find

(A20)

4U, pz p +40 .

S=ESE

= Vt8RSV

S=

noticing

vL

2, 0, 2} for 4 and X= 1 for

=(u, v, u, v)/+2, we find It, =4v,

with neutrinos derived from the Yukawa interaction in Eq. (4. 19) of Ref. 5 agrees with our definition
in Eqs. (1.1} and (A17). The Majoron couplings to neutrinos are now given by

. By knowing that
and
and )u, 2R V 8RHR V, the NG coupling is
immediately derived.
For example, let us consider the Gelmini-Roncadelli
model. This model includes the left-handed neutrino vL,
a doublet Higgs boson P, and a triplet Higgs boson h, . In
this case, the global charge X is B
L. Since the electric
charge Q=Ts+Y/2 is unbroken, the broken gauge
symmetry generator will be 8=Ts Y/2 =diag(1, 2,
1, 2) for the basis of
=(P, b, , P b, and
V=Ev

with

ps

for

coupling

8=E&E

X=1@ S V/v,

.
Then,

Iis 0=diag(0,

Note that this definition of 7 is twice larger than that in

Eq. (4. 10) of Ref. 5. With this definition, the Majoron

where QR and pt are real and imaginary parts of y and

form the basis of real representation ((). Then, the representation matrices for complex fields are
and
The NG boson associated with the global symmetry is

8=ESEt.

=Ts Y/2 =

X=B

2585

)(I ys) =(f +g),, [(q

)+(q2 m,')](I ys)

m;

+[(f +g);, t [$$2](q, q, }'j+f,, (m, +m, )'

+g J(m; m

x, y, z,

](1 ys) .

By substituting Eq. (B2) into Eq. (Bl) and making the

and then q, and q 2 integrations, we obtain the formulas
given in Eqs. (2. 1)(2.3). The first line of the right-hand side of Eq. (B2) correspond to the main term Tf, and the other
two lines correspond to the correction term Tf; '.
We use the impulse approximation [approximation (i)] for the hadronic current,

Jg (x) =gg (Gvg&+G'gt"}5(xr),

"

(B3)

where
Gvn

=~a [(gv/ga }C],

~n
Ga

[on

(gv/ga )D'] .

(B4)

The operators Cand Dare the nucleon-recoil contributions and are defined in Eq. (3. 1.17) of Ref. 8.
By performing the partial-wave decompositions of the emitted Majoron and introducing the form of hadronic current
in Eq. (B3) we find

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2586
2

~z
X(Jf+

37

v'2k

2mR

g $(r,e, )g(2l+1)PI

ik

}' X,
B(kR+) (X+Z

)(I+'YsW' (r

(B5)

A A

where Q is replaced by idly(kR+) in the Legendre function Pl(k Q.) which corresponds to the i wave of the emitted
Majoron. By using f, in Eq. (2.3), we defin
~

Xm

fjh

=g UUiI[(f +g}(ih,

2](GVnGVm

GAn GAm }

G
AnGVm

+(kR )(f +g);, (h3+ ,'h4+ihS) [(GVnGAm

)+i (GAn

&&GA

)]

j,

(B6)

X'm=g UUI[(f+g)~ih, flh2

~(GAn XGAm)']
][GvnGAm
GAnGvm
+(kR )(f +g) J(h3+ ,'h4+ih s }[(Gvn

Gvm+GAn'GAm

)5

(GAn GA

+GAn GA

+i&' V. GA +GA. Gv }]j .

The q integrations are included in neutrino potentials

h,

= IdqdQj[~,

m,' R

h2=

+L

K;

Q)i

Si +Sj

tdqdQj

4 Br

f tdqdQj
X

(as;

+nm

where R+m

(r+r

hs which are defined by

)],

(K, ++L, )+co (K; +L,

[dqdQj
cl

h 2, hs, h4, and

(B7)

+coj+k
K, +L,

+Lj
co i + co
j k
K,

IdqdQj

Q) i

(K; K~+

+ 67j + k

'k co ' +Q) +k

k
coi+coJ

K;

+(as;+roj)(K; K)+ L, +L,

+ LJ'

.
Kj++L,
+
'+ '+
+
k co;+co +k +(K, K. +L

;+Nj

L+LJ

(B8)

L.

)/2 and
dq

ikg

iq'r~~

(B9)

4~

N; COJ.

and K;~ and L, + are defined in Eq. (2.3).

Now we use the approximations
(iii), i.e.,
(ii), (iii), and (iv) defined in Sec. II. By applying approximation
1 and neglecting ej and k in comparison with pm, in K, + and L; z, neutrino potentials h, and h take
exp( ikQ R+ ) =

thm in Eq. (2. 13) and hs i rh3 w

here h3 is defined in Eq. (2. 13). Other potentials vanish, i.e., h =h =().
0+
~0+ transitions:
(B 1 }The

dr, ,(0+

ao
'"
0+)=,
4n. (m, R

[A, +(p

(B 1 0)

p )B ]dQ

where aoand d QoB are defined in Eqs. (2.6) and (2.7), and
', (m, R)(kR)a
Re(X'Y)j,
jX+ ,'g(kR)Y + ', (m, R)(kR)f(m, R)a+ g'a ] Y
)azIm(X'Y)j .
(kR) aB Y'~
Bo= [bo, ' X+ ,'g(kR)Y
83(m, R)(kR
,'(m,R)

AO=Ibo&

Here bo, ', az, and aI are defined in Eqs. (C3. 17) and (C3. 18) of Ref. 8, and by assuming that the light intermediate
trinos give the dominant contribution, X and Yare
I

~gB

}l(1

XF1) (kR)XR3]

}(XGT2 XF2) j~GT

(gB }X3~GT

(B 1 1)

(B12)
neu-

(B13)

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY %ITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

(iv), we reach to the expression in Eq. (2.4) for the spectrum part ( Ao part).

By assuming the approximation

gular part (Bo part), we have

~o= ( gB&(' &) f

(&GT2

[&gB )(

~F1)

~F2) I'do(1) [[&gB&(

&(&GT2

Fl} &f &(~GT2 ~F2)1&gB& +R3]dQ(2)

&Fz) &gB &'&3]d QB(7}}IM1GQTB'

&8B &+31

do(6)

I'.

(B14}

Here the kinematical factors are

do(1)=b('), ', doB(2)=2(kR)b('), ', do(3)= ,'(kR)gb('), ', do(4)=(kR)

', (kR)
do(5)=

bo, ',

(p 1P 2 Is 1~2 )~00

b 01

az,

~0

(B2}The 0+ ~2+ transition.

and

ai

(P, pz

aR

in the practical electron momentum

limit.
p

df Q~B(0 ~2+ ) =

b('),

',

(B15)

', (kR}(m, R )ai .

do(6)= ,'(kR ) [g boi' 8(m, R ) aR], do(7)=

gb011',

As a good approximation,

behave as

l4ei

)Foo

Ez

(B16)

ai

region, say p, & 0. Smwhere I'

is defined

below Eq. (2.9). Note that

ai&0 in

the

The transition formula is given by

4srz(m, R

)2

[ A 2+(p, pz)82+ [(p, .pz)

(B17)

]Cz]d Qo&B

where

Bz=

Az= &gB)NB21 (kR) (m, R) (bzi+bzz),

Cz= &gB)NBz (kR) (m, R ) bz ' .
I

&gB)NBz

(kR

(m, R) bz

',

(B18)

Here the nuclear matrix elements NBz and the kinematical

Other kinematical factors are given by
(8)
(8)
(8)
bz =bz,
bzz

Re(a

me

z, a,

factor bz, +bzz are already given in Eqs. (4.4) and (4.3}.

z+az, a, z},

(c)
(c) (c) +bzz

bz

(B19)

bzi

where bz'1', b uzz', bz'1', b uzz', and az are defined in Eqs. (C4. 13), (C4. 14), and (B3.7) of Ref. 8, resPectively.
proximation in the practical electron momentum region, say p & 0. 5m they behave as
r

b(B)

For the an-

&f &(~GT2 +Fz)l&gB ) +3]dQ(3)

+1&gB&~R31'do(4) Re(&gB &&R3&gB) +3)d0(5)+

1m[&

2587

2
1

(C)

me

~1~2

~172

me

G, E2

As a good aP-

(B20)
APPENDIX C: CONTRIBUTION FROM THE RIGHT-HANDED INTERACTION

In Appendix B we assumed that the coupling between leptons and nucleon is the left-handed ( V A ) weak interaction. Here we consider the effect of the right-handed ( V+ A) interaction. This is interesting because if one vertex is
V A and the other is V+ A, then the angular correlation between two electrons should be a 1+cos(9 type.
Let us start from the interaction

~ [JLq(Jg
H;, = &2
where

+kg

jl and jRare the

)+JR(1)Jg +Agog )]+H

left- and right-handed

c.

leptonic currents, and

Jg

and

Jg are the

left- and right-handed

hadronV+ A.

ic currents, as defined in Eq. (3. 1.3) of Ref. 8. The important term is that one vertex is V A and the other is
Siinilarly to the decomposition in Eq. (B2) we use

(1 T ys)(411+m; }(fJ +'g Jys)(gz+mj)(1+ys)

=2[(f+g) JgimI+(f +g ) Jm

&2](1+ys) .

(C2)

By using the impulse approximation for the left- and right-handed hadronic currents defined in Eq. (3. 1.16) of Ref. 8,
the nucleon recoil terms, and taking
keeping only the S wave for electrons and Majoron, neglecting
ikg.
= 1, we find the following result for the 0+ ~0+ transitions:
exp(

R+)

M. DOI, T. KOTANI, AND E. TAKASUGI

2588
r

37

LR

m,

Here, Ao and 80" are the spectrum and the angular parts in Eq. (B10). The kinematical
tioned in Eqs. (2.9) and (B16), respectively. The nuclear matrix element Z is defined as

Z=(0j+~~g

f,j(UV, VU,

m,

l, J

gij (

ei Vej

+ Vei

h3+h3+

me

a+

and

men-

az are

m;+m.
h 3

me

+m

m
ej

factors

'
me

h3

[(A, +rj)(g/g)

(A, g)(o cr

)]~~0,

),
(C4)

where V, is the mixing matrix element for v,'jt,

i.e., v,'a

V,jN a and the potentials h3+ are defined by

(C5)
Certainly, the coexistence of left- and right-handed terms gives the (I+cos8)-type behavior, but its magnitude is
A
suppressed by the factors (klm,
f;j UV, , Ag,"UV,j, rjf, UV, , "and rjg; UV, . This term may become imporfor
the
where
one
neutrino
tant only
case
N, is a light left-handed one and the other N is a heavier right-handed one.
1 and by introducing the nucleon form factor in Eq. (3.2) for the N, part, we
In this case, it may happen that UV
have

),

h3+-+
2 m
1

me
J.

P(Pm, r)
7'

The neutrino potentials h3+ and h3

(m; T m. )h 3+

(m;+m
j )h3

and m.

for m, . &&pm,
in Zx

of Eq. (C4) cancel out

-+ mj(h 3+ +h

As a result, even in this case, the right-handed

(C6)

in this case. That is,

=0 .

contribution

Present address: Osaka Gakuin University, Kishibe, Suita,

Osaka, 564, Japan.
F. T. Avignone III et aL, in Neutrino Masses and utrino Astrophysics, proceedings of the IV Telemark Conference, Ashland, Wisconsin, 1987, edited by V. Barger, F. Halzen, M.
Marshak, and K. Olive (World Scientific, Singapore, 1987), p.
248. See also Phys. Lett. B 198, 253 (1987).
P. Fisher et al. , Phys. Lett. B 192, 460 (1987).
3D. O. Caldwell et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 419 (1987).
S. R. Elliot, A. A. Hahn, and M. K. Moe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59,
1649 (1987).
5H. M. Georgi, S. L. Glashow, and S. Nussinov, Nucl. Phys.
B193, 297 (1981).
G. B. Gelmini and M. Roncadelli, Phys. Lett. 99B, 411 (1981).
7J. D. Vergados, Phys. Lett. 109B, 96 (1982).
M. Doi, T. Kotani, and E. Takasugi, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl.

83, 1 (1985).

D. B. Reiss, Phys. Lett. 115B,217 (1982).

J. W. F. Valle, Phys. Lett. 131B,87 (1983).
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2582 (1986); in Nuclear Beta Decays and the Neutrino,
proceedings of the International
Symposium on Nuclear
Mass and V+ A Interactions in Particle and Nuclear Physics,
Osaka, Japan, 1986, edited by T. Kotani, H. Ejiri, and E.
Takasugi (World Scientific, Singapore, 1986), p. 93; see also

Ref. 4.

&yM.

is small.

T. Tomoda,

Tubingen University report, 1987 (unpublished);

M. Watanabe and H. Toki, Prog. Theor. Phys, (to be published); in Nuclear Beta Decays and the Neutrino (Ref. 11), p.
212.
' J. D. Vergados, Phys. Rev. C 24, 640 (1981).
W. C. Haxton and G. J. Stephenson, Jr. , Prog. Part. Nucl.
Phys. 12, 409 (1984).
' M. Doi, T. Kotani, and E. Takasugi, Phys. Rev. C (to be pub-

lished).
' H. Ejiri et a/. J. Phys. G 13, 839 (1987).
,
' J. Y. Kirpichnikov, a talk given at the Second International
Symposium on Underground
Physics, Baksan, USSR, 1987
(unpublished)
H. Ejiri et al. , in Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Astrophysics
~

(Ref. 1), p. 281.

S. R. Elliott, A. A. Hahn, and M. K. Moe, Phys. Rev. C 36,
2129 (1987).
O. K. Manuel, in Nuclear Beta Decays and the Neutrino (Ref.
11), p. 71; E. Hennecke, O. Manuel, and D. Sabu, Phys. Rev.
C 11, 1378 (1975).
T. Kirsten, H. Richter, and E. Fessberger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50,
474 (1983); Z. Phys. C 16, 189 (1983).
E. Bellotti et al. , in Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Astrophysics
(Ref. 1), p. 307.
23V. M. Novikov, a talk given at the Second International Symposium, on Underground Physics, Baksan, USSR, 1987 (un-

NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY WITH MAJORON EMISSION

37

published).
~4K. Grotz and H. V. Klapdor, Phys. Lett. 153B, 1 (1985);
157B, 242 (1985); Nucl. Phys. A460, 395 (1986).
T. Tomoda and A. Faessler, Phys. Lett. B (to be published).
J. Engels, P. Vogel, and M. R. Zirnbauer, Caltech Report No.
MAP-95, 1987 (unpublished).
We adopt in the analysis the following values of nuclear matrix elements for those in Ref. 26;
Mzr"'( 1
XF )
=0.67( 6Ge), 0.48("Se), 076('mMo) 1 7(' 'Te), 1.5(' Te),
and 0.64(" Xe), and
Mo'r"'/tuo
=0.047(' 'Te) and 0.031
Te) for the nuclear matrix element appearing in the (PP)z
mode (Ref. 8) These values are obtained by multiplying the
~

("

2589

factor 1/g& 1/(1. 254) to the theoretical estimates in Ref.

=' = = 390
26 with the paticle correlation strength a&
g
MeV fm'.
Particle Data Group, Phys. Lett. 110B, 1 (1986).
~9A. A. Klimenko, A. A. Pomansky, and A. A. Smolnikov,
Proceedings of the XIst International Conference on Neutrino
Physics and Astrophysics, edited by K. Kleinknecht and E. A.
Paschos, Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany, 1984
(World Scientific, Singapore, 1984), p. 161.
M. Alston-Garnjost et al. , LBL Report No. LBL-24542, 1987
(unpublished).