FEMALE GENITAL

MUTILATION
(A Limited Medical Perspective)

ASRI TADDA
LEMBAGA KAJIAN PEMBANGUNAN KESEHATAN (LKPK)
www.lkpk-indonesia.blogspot.com

What is Female Genital?

GENITALIA EKSTERNA
- Labia Mayora
- Labia Minora
- Bartholini Gland
- Clitoris
- Preputium
- Payudara*

GENITALIA INTERNA
- Introitus Vagina
- Servix/Uterus
- Ovarium

Female Genital Mutilation

Semua prosedur yang dilakukan untuk
mengeluarkan sebagian atau
keseluruhan, atau bentuk2 perlukaan lain
atas organ genital (eksternal) perempuan,
baik didasari budaya, agama/kepercayaan
atau alasan2 non-terapeutik lainnya.
(WHO, Fact Sheet No 241, June 2000)

Classification
Type

I (Clitoridotomy/hoodectomy/Sunna
circumcision) : excision of the prepuce, with or
without excision of part or all clitoris
Type II (Clitoridectomy) : excision of the clitoris
with partial or total removal of the labia minora
Type III (Infibulation) : excision of part or all of
the EG and stitching or narrowing of the vaginal
opening
Type IV (The other type) : Combination
procedure/the other types)
Fact : up to 80% (I and II), about 15% (III)

Reasons
Psychosexual

: reduction/elimination of the
sensitive tissue of the outer genitalia,
particularly the clitoris, to attenuate sexual
desire in the female, virginity, increase male
sexual pleasure, etc
Sosiological : identification with cultural
heritage, initiation of girls into womanhood,
social integration, maintenance of social
cohesion, gender identity

 Control

of womens sexuality and reproductive

functions : preventing woman from illegitimate
sex and protecting from unwilling sexual
relations
Hygiene and aesthetic : EG of female are
considered dirty & unsightly.
Myths : enhancement of fertility and promotion of
child survival
Religious : some muslim communities ~
geographical custom, Ethiopian Jewish
community (Beta Israel/Falasha)

Testimony
FGM was inherent in the initiation which is itself
an essential part of being Kikuyu. Abolitionwill
destroy the tribal system
(Jomo Kenyatta, the late President of Kenya)
Of course I shall have them circumcised exactly
as their parents, grandparents and sisters were
circumcised. This is our custom.
(An Egyptian woman, talking about her young
daughters)

Other Testimony
We are circumcised and insist on circumcising our
daughters so that there is no mixing between male and
female.An unsircumcised woman is put to shame by
her husband, who calls her you with the clitoris. People
say she is like a man. Her organ would prick the man..
(An Egyptian woman)
Circumcision make woman clean, promotes virginity and
chastity and guards young girls from sexual frustration
by deadening their sexual appetite
(Mrs Njeri, a defender of FGM in Kenya)

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
135

million women have undergone FGM

2 million girls a year are at risk of FGM
6000/day!
FGM practised extensively in Africa (more
than 28 countries), Middle East, Asia,
UAE, UE, USA, and the other nation

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
Physical
Sexuality

and Reproductive
Psychological

Physical Risk
Death
Anaesthetic

trauma/pain
Bleeding/haemorrhage shock
Infections (urinary, reproductive, HIV)
Damage to the organ, keloids, dermoid cysts
Small benign tumours of the nerve
Stone in the bladder and urethra

Sexual Risk
Dyspareunia
Reduce

womens enjoyment of sex experiences

Infertility
Obstetric risk (according to WHO recent study, 1st of
June 2006) : death to the baby (15% for type I, 32%
for type 2, and 55% for type III), 30% caesarean
sections and 70 % postpartum haemorrhage for
type III

Phsycological Effect
Psycological

illness related to FGM, such as

: anxiety, terror, long-term negative effects
Trauma experienced post GM
For the woman undergo GM; Feeling that
she is acceptable to her society, having
upheld the traditions of her culture and
made herself eligible for marriage

Medical Benefit of FGM

FGM could cure woman from illnesses

such as anxiety, epilepsy, nervous and
excessive masturbation.
(19th Century England)

Resume
.today, the argument become a big
controversion

In fact, there is no significant medical benefit

to practice Female Genital MutilationThat is
just subjective reasons.

Stop!
Female Genital Mutilation

Now!
Thank You

Tuhan tidak akan merubah

nasib suatu kaum hingga
kaum itu sendiri yang
merubahnya
YAKIN USAHA SAMPAI