BIBLIOGRAPHY

a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed as an appendix.

a list of the books of a specific author or publisher, or on a specific subject.
"a bibliography of his publications"
the history or systematic description of books, their authorship, printing,
publication, editions, etc.
"he regarded bibliography as a science"

The Ghatam (Sanskrit: ghatah, Tamil: ghatam, Kannada: ghata, Telugu:

ghatam, Malayalam: , ghatam) is a percussion instrument used in the
Carnatic music of South India. Its variant is played in Punjab and is known as gharha as
is a part of Punjabi folk traditions.

khartal or kartal is a percussion instrument of India.

Khartal is an ancient instrument mainly used in devotional / folk songs. It has derived its name from Hindi
words kara means hand and tala means clapping. This wooden clapper is a Ghana Vadya which has
discs or plates that produce a clinking sound when clapped together. It falls under the class of idiophones
of self-sounding instruments that combine properties of vibrator and resonator.

Manjr (manjeera) is a traditional percussion instrument from India. In its

simplest form, it consists of a pair of small hand cymbals.[1] It is also known
as manjeera, taal, jalra, khartl or kartl, Gini ( ).
The manjira can also consist of a wooden frame with two long, straight handles
that connect to each other with two short wooden handles; the open space
between the long handles has a wooden separator that separates two rows of
three brass cymbals each. There are also small cymbals fixed into wood blocks
forming another type of instrument also known as khartal.

Nout

The nout is the northern Indian equivalent to the ghatam. Like the
ghatam, the nout is a large clay pot. It is used as a percussion instrument in
the Kashmir area of India.

The daf (Persian: , from Middle Persian: dap) is a large Persian frame
drum used in popular and classical music. The frame is usually made of
hardwood with many metal ringlets attached, and the membrane is usually
goatskin.[1] Daf is mostly used in the Middle
East, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Iran,Armenia, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Ce
ntral Asia, and usually accompanies singers and players of
the tambura, violin, oud, saz and other Middle Eastern instruments. Some dafs
are equipped with small cymbals, making them analogous to a large tambourine.

Dhol (Hindi: , Punjabi: , Urdu: , Assamese: , Gujarati: , Marath

i: , Bengali: ) can refer to any one of a number of similar types of doubleheaded drum widely used, with regional variations, throughout the Indian
subcontinent.

The tabla Punjabi: , Hindi: , Bengali: , Tamil: , is

a membranophonepercussion instrument (similar to bongos) which is often used

in Hindustani classical music and in the traditional music of India, Pakistan,

Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The instrument consists of a pair of hand
drums of contrasting sizes and timbres.

hankha (Sanskrit akha or sakhy, Tibetan: , Lhasa

dialect IPA: [dungkar] [tkar]) translated from Tibetan is literally white
conch (Tibetan-English Dharma Dictionary, 2003), and true to its name, it is a
trumpet formed from a white conch shell of the species Turbinella pyrum, from
the Indian Ocean.

The bansuri is a transverse flute of South Asia made from a single hollow shaft
of bamboo with six or seven finger holes.

A shruti box (sruti box or surpeti) is an instrument that traditionally works on a

system of bellows. It is similar to a harmonium and is used to provide a drone in
a practice session or concert of Indian classical music.

The shehnai, shahnai, shenai or mangal

vadya (Hindi: , Bengali: , Marathi: ) is a musical instrument similar
to the oboe, common in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It is made out of wood,
with a double reed at one end and metal or wooden flared bell at the other end.

The sitar English pronunciation: /str/ or /str/ is a plucked stringed

instrument used mainly inHindustani music and Indian classical music. The
instrument is believed to have been derived from the veena, an ancient Indian

instrument, which was modified by a Mughal court musician to conform with the
tastes of his Mughal patrons and named after a Persian instrument called
thesetar (meaning three strings).

The chitravina (also known as chitra veena, chitraveena, chitra

vina, hanumad vina, ormahanataka vina, is a 20 or 21-string fretless lute
in Carnatic music. Around the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it started to be
known by another name, Gotuvadyam

Ektar is a simple folk instrument. It is used to provide both a drone as well as simple
rhytmic accompaniment to folk songs. It may be the oldest stringed instrument in the
Indian subcontinent. The ektar is described in ancient Sanskrit texts as the ekatantri
vina, literally the "one stringed lute". In Punjab the ektar is known as the tumbi

he gopichand, also, known as gopiyantra, is a very popular folk instrument of Bengal. It

is an instrument that is much used by the wandering minstrels known as the Baul.

Rabab is a very ancient instrument found primarily in Afghanistan but in India is

common in Kashmir. It is a hollowed-out body of wood with a membrane stretched over
the opening. Combinations of gut (or nylon) and metal strings pass over a bridge which
rests on a taught membrane.

Banam, auch bnm, bnom, bezeichnet eine Gruppe von Lauteninstrumenten, die mit
dem Bogen gestrichen werden und die mnnliche Mitglieder von Adivasi-Gruppen im
zentralen Nordindien zur Begleitung des eigenen Gesangs spielen.

The esraj (Bengali: ; Hindi: ; English /srd/; also called the Indian harp)
is a string instrument found in two forms throughout the north, central, and east regions
of India. It is a young instrument by Indian terms, being only about 200 years old.

The chikara is a bowed stringed musical instrument from Bengal, India used to
play indian folk music. It is used by the tribal people of Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

The srang (Hindi: , Urdu: )is a bowed, short-necked string

instrument from Indiawhich is used in Hindustani classical music. It is said to most
resemble the sound of the human voice able to imitate vocal ornaments such
as gamaks (shakes) and meends (sliding movements).