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DR IMRAN SHAFI
SEQUENCE
REVIEW
PHYSICAL LAYER COVERED
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a
communication channel from one hop to
the next
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media
choice, modulation techniques
Also defines the procedures and functions
that physical devices and interfaces have
to perform for transmission to occur
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Mesh topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Bus topology
Transmission mode
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
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Figure 2-4
Physical Layer
Physical addressing
Adds a header to the frame to define
the sender and/or receiver of the frameon
same network
Receiver address is of the connecting device of
next network on different networks
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Error control
Adds reliability to the phy layer by adding
mech to detect and retx damaged/lost frames
Also recognize duplicate frames
Gen achieved by adding a trailer
Access control
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Node-to-node delivery
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Network Layer
Responsible for source2destination delivery of a packet,
possibly across multiple networks, whereas Data link layer
deliver b/w 2 systems on same network
Routing
For independant networks, the connecting devices route or switch
packets to final destination
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Network Layer
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End-to-end delivery
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Transport Layer
Provides an end-to-end error-free network
connection
Makes sure data arrives at destination exactly as it
left the source
Responsible for process-to-process delivery in
contrast to network layer responsible for source-todestination delivery
NL treats each packet independently, as though
each piece belonged to separate message,
whereas TL ensures whole message arrives intact
& in order overseeing both error & flow control at
source-to-destination level
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Transport Layer
Other responsibilities include
Service point addressing (port address)
To ensure delivery to correct process (running
program) as host to host delivery is made by NL
Connection-oriented
First establish connection with Transport Layer at
destination before delivering packet
On completion of data delivery, connection is
terminated
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Error control
Process-to-process rather than across a
single link like Data Link Layer
Message is received without error
(damage, loss or duplication) achieved by
re-Transmission
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Transport Layer
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Presentation layer
Performs a series of miscellaneous functions
necessary for presenting the data package
properly to the sender or receiver
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Transport layer
Provides an end-to-end error-free network connection
Makes sure data arrives at destination exactly as it left
the source
Network layer
Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending
network connections
Transfers data packet from node to node within network
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Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a
communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media
choice, modulation techniques
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Network worker perform their job duties at each layer in the model
Summary of layers
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12
TCP/IP
PROTOCOL
SUITE
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The layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite compared to the layers of the OSI model
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Reverse ARP
Allows a host to recover its Internet
address when it knows its physical
address
Used once a computer connects to
network first time or boots
CHAPTER 7
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ADDRESSING
revisit
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Addresses in TCP/IP
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Relationship
of
layers
and
addresses
in TCP/IP
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Physical Address
Also known as link address, is the address of
node as defined by its LAN or WAN
Included in the frame used by DLL
Lowest level address
The size & format vary depend on the network
Ethernet uses 6-byte (48 bits) physical address
that is imprinted
LocalTalk (Apple) uses 1-byte dynamic address
that changes for each reboot
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Example 1
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Physical addresses
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Example 2
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Logical Address
Necessary for universal comm services
That are indep of underlying phy networks
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Example 3
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IP addresses
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Example 4
132.24.75.9
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Port Address
First two addresses are necessary for qty of
data to travel from source to destination host
Not sufficient as computers run multiple processes
at same time
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Example 5
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Port addresses
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Example 6
753
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Transport layer
Equivalent to OSIs transport layer
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The numerous network connections involved with a user downloading a web page at work
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TCP/IP
VERSIONS
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Versions:
Version 4 (current)
Version 5
Version 6 (future)
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Summary
Many services and products that we use every
day employ computer networks and data
communications in some way
Field of data communications and computer
networks includes data networks, voice
networks, wireless networks, local area
networks, metropolitan area networks, wide
area networks, and personal area networks
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Summary (continued)
Application areas can be understood in terms of
general network connections:
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Terminal/microcomputer-to-mainframe computer
Microcomputer-to-local area network
Microcomputer-to-Internet
Local area network-to-local area network
Personal area network-to-workstation
Local area network-to-metropolitan area network
Local area network-to-wide area network
Wide area network-to-wide area network
Sensor-to-local area network
Satellite and microwave
Wireless telephone
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Summary (continued)
A network architecture, or communications
model, places network pieces in layers
Layers define model for functions or services that
need to be performed
Summary (continued)
The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known
as the Internet model and is composed of
five layers:
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network access layer
DLL
Physical Layer
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Underlying
Technologies
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MULTICASTING
multicast is the delivery of a message
or information to a group of destination
computers simultaneously in a single
transmission from the source creating
copies automatically in other network
elements, such as routers, only when the
topology of the network requires it.
IEEE 802.1D, IEEE MAC Bridges standard
STP multicast address 01:80:C2:00:00:00
BPDU, configuration, topologychange, ack
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MULTICAST ADDRESS IN
ETHERNET
Ethernet frames with a value of 1 in
the least-significant bit of the first
octet of the destination address
(01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC )are treated
as multicast frames and are flooded
to all points on the network.
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The OSI transport layer protocol (TP4) and the internet transport protocol
(TCP) have many similarities but also some remarkable differences
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CONTENTS
LANS
POINT-TO-POINT WANS
SWITCHED WANS
CONNECTING DEVICES
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Series of backbones
Run by ISPs
Connecting devices
End users are either
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Internet model
Conceptually, Internet is a set of switched
WANs (backbones (IBB)), LANs, P2P
WANs, and connecting or switching
devices
IBB are principal data routes between
large, strategically interconnected networks
and core routers in the Internet. Hosted by
commercial, government, academic and
other high-capacity network centers,
the Internet exchange points and network
access points, between the countries,
continents and across the oceans of the
world
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UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES
TCP/IP concerned with only
Network
Transport
Application layers
Although shown as 5 layer stack
It assumes existence of
WANs
LANs
Connecting devices
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LOCAL AREA
NETWORKS
(LANS)
Wired LANs
Wireless LANs
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Traditional Ethernet
Access method (CSMA/CD)
Topology (bus)
One station talks all listen or receive
How to sense two are using same time
If yes, frame will collide
The solution is CSMA/CD
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CSMA/CD
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The time station needs to wait to be sure that there is no data on the
line is the min frame length divided by txn rate(time req to send out the min
frame length). This time is proportional to the time needed for the 1st bit
to travel the max network distance (collision domain)
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Ethernet layers
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Ethernet frame
Less than 1518 length field
Greater than 1536 (0x0600) defines
upper layer protocol in Ethernet v 2.0 by
DEC, Intel & xerox
461500 B
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Ethernet implementation
(4 in toto)
Transceiver responsible
for encoding, collision
detection and
transceiving
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Ethernet implementation
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Ethernet implementation
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Ethernet implementation
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FAST ETHERNET
Need for higher data rate (100Mbps)
Principles are same as traditional ethernet
CSMA/CD in MAC layer
Data rate increased to 100 Mbps
Variable are
Data rate
Speed of light
Frame length time to propagate
Collision domain 2500 m traditional
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FAST ETHERNET
Increasing frame length
Involves additional overhead
Extra bytes if data is short
Loss of efficiency
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GIGABIT ETHERNET
Need for even higher data rate (1000Mbps)
To achieve this data rate
Keeping CSMA/CD
Dropping CSMA/CD
If CSMA/CD is dropped
Every sta is connected by 2 sep paths to
central hub
Full duplex Ethernet
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No collision
No need for CSMA/CD
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