Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

EVALUATION OF THE EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

OF THE MAIN CAMPUS OF COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN

A Technical Paper Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac State University
Tarlac City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
Major in Power Systems (Non-thesis option)

By
Dr. Perfecto S. Agliron
September 2014

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Objectives of the Study.
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Operational Definitions.
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURER
Related Literature..
Related Studies
Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER 3: METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA
Methods and Instrumentation
Procedures..

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Electric Power Systems, components that transform other types of energy into
electrical energy and transmit this energy to a consumer. The production and transmission
of electricity is relatively efficient and inexpensive, although unlike other forms of
energy, electricity is not easily stored and thus must generally be used as it is being
produced (Pollock, 2008).
A modern electric power system consists of six main components or stages: 1) the
power station, 2) a set of transformers to raise the generated power to the high voltages
used on the transmission lines, 3) the transmission lines, 4) the substations at which the
power is stepped down to the voltage on the distribution lines, 5) the distribution lines,
and 6) the transformers that lower the distribution voltage to the level used by the
consumer's equipment (Ibid.).
Since electric power distribution systems is the final stage in the delivery of
electric power which carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers, there is a need for safety and reliability of the connections especially in
commercial and institutional buildings. Electric power distribution systems in
commercial and institutional buildings are designed to serve loads in terms of safety,
reliability and stability in a long term plan base. One of the major requirements in the
design of a fault-free power distribution system is an adequate control of short-circuits or
electrical faults as commonly called. Electrical fault can cause interruption of essential
service which lead to inconvenience and even extensive damage of properties and loss of
lives due to electrical fire.
Unbalanced voltages are unequal voltage values on a three-phase circuits that can
exist anywhere in a power distribution system. Unbalanced voltages can cause serious

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City
problems, particularly to motors and other inductive devices. But perfectly balanced
voltage circuits are not possible in the real world. However, assuming perfectly balanced
voltages are possible. Typically, these voltages may differ by a few volts or more. It is
when voltages differ excessively, that problems may occur. It is in this respect that the
researcher will conduct this study to evaluate the power distribution system of this
institution.
Since its establishment as academic institution, Colegio de Dagupan (formerly
Computronix College) had been known to provide more advance instruction in the field
of information technology, computer science, and engineering. The existence of these
programs require the use of technical equipments and laboratories that require a perfectly
balanced power transmission from one physical entity to another.
It is for this reason that a functional power distribution system is necessary so that
the regulation of power supplies from one point to another becomes maximal. Furher, it is
also sound that the existing electric power distribution system is regularly evaluated to
ensure optimum functionality and efficiency.
Hence, this research aims to evaluate the existing power distribution system of the
main campus of CdD vis--vis modern standards so as to ensure its effectiveness.

Objectives of the study

This study will undertake the following objectives namely:
1. To determine the present status of the power distribution system of main campus
of Colegio de Dagupan.
2. To describe the characteristics of load of Colegio de Dagupan in terms of actual
connected loads, measured current and energy consumption.
3. To investigate the balanced load condition of the power distribution system of
Colegio de Dagupan.
4. To propose plans for an effective preventive maintenance.

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City
Significance of the Study
This undertaking will provide information about the present status of the electric
power distribution system of Colegio de Dagupan. It will give pertinent information to
the College Officials the present condition of the power system in Colegio de Dagupan.
Through interviews with reliable personnel and analysis of documents, this study
tends to identify the general factors used by different utilities in their decisionmaking
processes regarding power distribution system.
This study helps the electrical engineering students of Colegio de Dagupan in
increasing their knowledge about distribution. It is also a useful tool for faculty members
of the Electrical Engineering Department because they can enhance more their
knowledge in the subject matter. Also, the findings and recommendations will be used as
inputs in their future design works.
Scope and Delimitations
Tis study will evaluate the existing power distribution system of the main campus
of CdD vis--vis modern standards so as to ensure its effectiveness. It shall endeavor to
determine the present status of the power distribution system of main campus of Colegio
de Dagupan, describe the characteristics of load of Colegio de Dagupan in terms of actual
connected loads, measured current and energy consumption, investigate the balanced load
condition of the power distribution system of Colegio de Dagupan, and propose plans for
an effective preventive maintenance.
The evaluation will be carried out using the evaluation scheme or procedures
presented in Chaper 3. Beyond these parameters, no claims will be made.

Operational Definitions
Billing Meter a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a
building, facility or an electrically powered device in Colegio de Dagupan.

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

Branch Circuit individual electrical wire feeds that go from the branch circuit breakers
to the individual electrical loads in the building.
Delta Connection of Transformer the transformers winding is connected between
Phases of a three-phase system.
End -User referring to the occupants particularly the President, Vice Presidents, Deans
and directors who make request for the repairs or replacements of some loads in
the main campus of Colegio de Dagupan.
Energy Economics an efficient use of energy resources from naturally available forms,
through often complex conversion processes, to forms providing energy services.
Electrical Load Schedule an estimate of the instantaneous electrical loads operating in
a facility, in terms of active, reactive and apparent power (measured in kW, kVAR
and kVA respectively ).
Main Campus located at Arellano Street, Dagupan City, composed of the Offices

L-

building, V- building and A-building.

Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) approved and adopted by the board of Electrical
Engineering. This code established the basic materials quality and Electrical work
standards for the safe use of electricity for light, heat, Power, Communication
signaling and for other purposes.
Power Distribution System the system of an overall power system which links the
bulk system to the individual customers.
Power Quality determines the fitness of electrical power to customer devices.
Synchronization of the voltage frequency and phase allows electrical systems to
function in their intended manner without significant loss of performance or life.
PPO Physical Plant Office is responsible for the supervision of the physical plant and
the maintenance personnel of the Colegio de Dagupan.

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City
Reliability the ability of an electric system to perform its function under normal and
extreme circumstances.
Site Development Plan an architectural plan, landscape, architectural document and a
detailed engineering drawing of proposed improvements to the main campus.
System Design the process of defining the electrical system to satisfy specified
requirements of the demand.
Voltage Drop describes how the supplied energy of a voltage source is reduced as
electric current moves through the passive elements (elements that do not supply
voltage) of an electrical circuit. Voltage drops across internal resistances of the
source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are undesired;
supplied energy is lost (dissipated)
Walk through Audit an ocular inspection done by the researcher to make an actual
count of connected loads in the system such as appliances, lights outlets, etc.
Wiring and Protection this is the provision of PEC 2000 that refers to wiring design
and wiring protection which includes the use and identification of grounded
conductors, branch circuits, feeders, and service calculations and protection.

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies from which the
conceptual framework of the present study was drawn and strengthened.
The foregoing related literature and studies presented are similar to the present
study as far as the testing effective methodology is concerned.
Related Literature
Power system engineering is that branch of Electrical Engineering which concerns
itself with the technology and distribution of electrical energy. The power system
growing unto a vas and complex system represents one of the most vital systems in
energy modern nation.
Distribution system is mainly responsible for the conveyance of power to the
Consumers by means of lower voltage networks. It can be divided into two parts. The
primary and secondary distribution system. Most of the distribution networks operate
radially for less short circuit current and better protective coordination.
Related Studies
Marcos (2014) pointed out.
Erama (2013) pointed out that power distribution systems for commercial
buildings are designed to be as fault-free as possible through careful system and
equipment design, power equipment installation and periodic equipment maintenance.
Another consideration the designer should take with primary importance is for the power
distribution system to be safe, economical, and with sufficient reliability to adequately
satisfy the requirements of the building and its users.
Momoh, Saint, and Meliopoulus (2012) conducted a study titled Centralized and
Distributed Generated Power Systems- a Comparison Approach. The objective of the

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City
paper was to identify the strengths and weaknesses associated with Centralized
Generation and Distributed Generation infrastructure for the future electric grid system.
There are many reasons for considering the extent to which a planning and
operation decision about CG and DG should be based. This would involve the
development of indices for an economical scale study of DG relative to CG, and consider
which is the most cost-effective to accommodate new markets. In order to assess the
robustness of

DG and CG under different load conditions, different indices for

measuring the combination of CG/DG with respect to their capability and resilience to
handling unforeseen events.
This would involve development of new tools with stability measures and
reliability as constraints. Further, this paper evaluated the emission impact of the
structure and its ability to diminish radiation, decrease emissions, and reduce
environmental effects. This, again, required new sustainability indices and predictive
algorithm for proper measuring the trade-off between CG and DG. Based on the analysis
and drawbacks and gaps in existing tools, new computational tools comprising decision
support tools would be recommended as part of the research of agenda to the
development of co-optimization in a CG and DG based network for the future electric
grid. With this attempt, this paper will provide suggestions as to what extent the DG or
CG will improve cost, sustainability, and resilience of the future grid. Furthermore,
suggested research activities to justify the most attractive combination of DG and CG
will be proposed. A research agenda, which include development of advance institutional
reform, computational algorithms, and capacity building, will also be proposed. These
activities will be presented in a time frame for implementation.
Domingo (2009) emphasized that the proper design of the electric power system
of any building is very critical because of its direct impact on the operations of the
organization. That is why electrical designers are not only concern with the flow of
electricity but also with safe and effective transfer of energy from the source to the

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City
various receiving ends. Problems related to electrical faults can result to any or all of the
following; equipment failure, expensive repairs, and interruption of productivity which
often resulting to loosing of patrons confidence. Accordingly, it is best to address as
early as the designing stage, the various aspects of electrical distribution system design.
Usman (2002) conducted a study to solve technical losses in a distribution system.
The study led to the distribution transformers mainly as the source of technical loss in the
distribution network. The method took into account the effects of neutral and ground
returns paths of distribution system, mutual coupling between transmission, and voltage
dependent no-load loss for transformers. He further analyzed the system by a singlephase and an unbalanced three phase load flow program, for the secondary and primary
side, respectively. With the proposed methodology, more accurate results will be
obtained.
Most of the cited researches dealt with source of losses in distribution system. The
present study is similar to the study of Marcos (2014), since this study covers evaluation
of a distribution system. It is related to Erama (2013) since it covered the distributed
generation.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual rationale that encouraged the researcher to conduct the present
study is based on the basic principle that electric power distribution system in a building
exists solely to serve the loads and should accomplish that assignment safely and
economically including providing sufficient reliability to adequately satisfy the
requirement of the buildings and incorporate sufficient flexibility to accommodate
changing loads during the life of the building. Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study.

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

INPUT

PROCESS

Audits of the

OUTPUT
Safe and reliable

Electrical Power

Assessment of

Distribution system of

Colegio De Daguapn

the main campus of

existing loads

Colegio De Dagupan

Flexible for future

expansion
Plans for preventive
maintenance

Figure 1: Paradigm of the study

To understand better the nature of the existing buildings, examine the respective
buildings electrical systems, equipments, and facilities is necessary by employing
documentary analysis (i.e. evaluation of original electrical lay-out plans of the buildings),
installed electrical loads, measuring actual current drawn by these loads.
The outcome will show an electrical design that will satisfy criteria for a building
design that provide a safe, attractive environment for living, working and enjoyment.

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

CHAPTER 3
METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA
This chapter presents the procedures to be undertaken and sources of data in
preparing for the technical paper in the future.
Methods and Instrumentation
The descriptive-evaluative method will be utilized in preparing and organizing the
technical report. Pertinent data will be gathered from the CDD Physical Plant Office to
lead towards the reports findings and conclusions. The instruments to be used in
gathering the data will include the direct interviews, surveys and observations, and
documentary sources of evidence.
Procedures
Interviews will be conducted with the personnel of the Electrical Engineering
Department, the Physical Plant Office of the CDD and other people with accountable and
reliable sources of information based on their work experiences in the field of power
distribution.
Actual energy audit will be conducted to determine the several loads in Colegio
De Dagupan. Current measurements will be conducted at each panel per billing meter.
The instrument to be used will be Clamp-on meter. The researcher will measure the
maximum current in each branch to determine the total demand in kVA for each feeder
line.
a. For single-phase system
Total demand in kVA = [(Load Current Measurement) x (Rated Voltage)] 1000
b. For three-phase system
Total demand in kVA = [ 3 (VLine ) x ILine) ] 1000

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
College of Engineering Graduate Program
Tarlac City

Where:
VLine = Line to line voltage in volts
ILine = Line to line current in ampere
The maximum allowable unbalance for a three-phase current:
%Iu = (max. dev) / Iave x 100
Where:
%Iu = percent current unbalance
Max dev = maximum deviation from the average current
Iave = average of the three phase currents
Energy consumed for the last decade will be taken from the DECORP and will be
used to analyze the load demand in Colegio de Dagupan in terms of kilowatt-hour kWhr).
After all the relevant data will be collected, they will be arranged and to be
analyzed by the researcher in order to present the status of the electrical distribution
system of the institution (Colegio de Dagupan).