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European Commission
STEEL RESEARCH
European Commission
Contract No 7210-EA/822
1 July 1990 to 30 June 1992
Final report
1996
Directorate-General XII
Science, Research and Development
EUR 15849 EN
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on
behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the
following information
SUMMARY
THE MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL EFFECTS OF SKIN PASSING AND TENSION
LEVELLING
British Steel pic
ECSC Agreement No. 7210.EA/822
Final Summary Report
An exercise has been carried out to investigate the mechanical and metallurgical effects of skin passing
and tension levelling. The investigation was hampered by a lack of suitable cut sheet orders, nevertheless
five coils were processed using different levels of skin passing and tension levelling. Full width x 2m
length samples were taken at each processing stage for measurement of shape, gauge profile, surface
texture, tensile mechanical properties and formability properties.
The investigation showed that for EDD steel qualities low levels of tension levelling gave a significant
improvement in strip shape, but that levels as low as 0.5% increased strip hardness and the 0.2% proof
stress and reduced the work hardening coefficient ni such that the material may be rendered unsuitable
for its intended use.
The transverse gauge profile of strip is not affected by skin passing at 0.4-0.8% extensions or by additional
tension levelling up to 1.5% extension. Tension levelling up to 0.5% has no effect on surface texture and
skin passing at 0.4% has only a marginal effect when compared to the texture obtained at 0.8% skin pass
extension.
Combinations of 0.4% skin passing and low levels of tension levelling, up to 0.5% resulted in strip with
similar mechanical and formability properties to those of the normal 0.8% skin pass material and would
fully satisfy the property and texture specifications for EDD exposed part applications. Limited residual
surface stress measurements using a Stresscan 500C system showed that the technique may after further
study offer some use for the on-line determination of strip shape.
A number of investigations were also carried out into plant problems. They related to the design and
operating set up of roller and tension levellers on various units. The pilot tension leveller rig was
successfully used to simulate plant practices in a number of these investigations.
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
1.2.
1
1
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2
3
6
8
3.
CONCLUSIONS
4.
RECOMMENDATIONS
10
5.
REFERENCES
10
TABLES
11
FIGURES
28
APPENDICES
I
II
III
IV
53
55
57
LIST OF TABLES
1.
2.
3.
Mechanical Properties - Tensile Test Results for the Tension Leveller Final Acceptance Trial
Coil.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Modified Stretch Draw Results for Coils 82076 and 82078: Lubricated Condition.
16.
Modified Stretch Draw Results for Coils 82076 and 82078: Dry Condition.
17.
Modified Stretch Draw Results for Coils 16528,16637 and 17430: Dry Condition.
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
Off-Line Shape Measurement on the Coil used for the Final Acceptance Trial of the Tension
Leveller (Skin Pass Only).
2.
Off-Line Shape Measurements on the Coil Used for the Final Acceptance Trial of the Tension
Leveller (Skin Pass and Tension Levelling).
3.
Relationship Between Flatness Index and Total Wave Height for a 2m Long Sample.
4.
Rockwell B Hardness Values Across the Width of the Tension Leveller Final Acceptance
Trial Coil Samples.
5.
Transverse Gauge Profiles of the Tension Leveller Final Acceptance Trial Coil Samples.
6.
Description of Original and Modified Processing Routes and Sampling Positions for the Plant
Trial Coils.
7.
Histograms of Degree of Flatness After Each Process for Coils 82076 and 82078.
8.
Histograms of Degree of Flatness After Each Process for Coils 16528,16637 and 17430.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Transverse Gauge Profiles for Trial Coils 72086 and 72088 at Various Processing Stages.
15.
Transverse Gauge Profiles for Trial Coils 16528, 16637 and 17430 at Various Processing
Stages.
16.
Residual Surface Stress Differences for Coil 16528 at Various Process Stages.
17.
Residual Surface Stress Differences for Coil 16637 at Various Process Stages.
18.
Residual Surface Stress Differences for Coil 17430 at Various Process Stages.
19.
20.
Residual Longitudinal Stress in Straight Strip After Four Bends of Decreasing Curvature.
21.
22.
23.
VI
24.
25.
26.
VII
SOMMAIRE
LES EFFETS MECANIQUES ET METALLURGIQDES
DE L'ECROUISSAGE ET DU DRESSAGE PAR TRACTION
British Steel pic
Accord ECSC n 7210.EA/822
Sommaire final
On a effectue une etude ayant pour objectif de determiner les effets
mecaniques et mtallurgiques de 1'ecrouissage et du dressage par traction.
Malgr une insuffisance de commandes de toles appropriees, on a pu realiser
cinq couronnes a plusieurs niveaux d'ecrouissage et de dressage par
traction. On a preleve des echantillons grande largeur sur 2 m a chaque
stade de production pour en mesurer la forme, le profil d'epaisseur, la
texture de surface, les proprietes mecaniques a la traction et la
formabilite.
Cette etude a montre que pour les toles de qualit emboutissage profond,
des valeurs faibles de dressage par traction ont permis une amelioration
sensible de la forme des feuillards, mais que des niveaux reduits (jusqu'a
0,5 %) avaient pour effet d'en augmenter la durete et la limite
d'allongement (0,2 %) tout en reduisant le coefficient d'augmentation de
durete nx jusqu'au point ou le materiau risque de ne plus convenir a
1'utilisation envisagee.
Le profil d'epaisseur transversal des feuillards n'est affecte ni par un
ecrouissage permettant des extensions de 0,4 / 0,8 % ni par un dressage par
traction supplmentaire de jusqu'a 1,5 %. Un ecrouissage de jusqu'a 0,5 %
n'a aucun effet sur la texture de surface, et un ecroussage a 0,4 % n'a
qu'un tres faible effet par rapport a la texture obtenue a 0,8 %.
Des combinaisons d'un ecrouissage de 4,0 % et de faibles niveaux de
dressage par traction (de jusqu'a 0,5 %) ont donne des feuillards avec des
proprietes mecaniques et de formabilite analogues a celles du materiau
dresse a 0,8 %, et repondraient done aux specifications relatives aux
proprietes et a la texture pour des applications des toles de qualite
emboutissage profond. Les mesures des contraintes residuelles limitees de
surface, effectuees a l'aide d'un systme stresscan 500C, ont montre que
cette technique pourrait eventuellement etre employee pour la determination
en-ligne de la forme des feuillards.
On a effectue egalement plusieurs etudes portant sur des problmes de
fabrication, et notamment sur la conception et le fonctionnement des
rouleaux a dresser et des rouleaux de tension. Pour certaines etudes, on
a pu utiliser l'appareil d'essai en laboratoire pour simuler des techniques
d'usine.
IX
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
2.
Le contexte
Sommaire du programme de recherches
1
1
2
2
3
6
8
3.
CONCLUSIONS
4.
RECOMMANDATIONS
10
5.
REFERENCES
10
TABLES
11
FIGURES
28
ANNEXES
I
II
III
53
55
57
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
couronnes
7.
couronnes
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
XI
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
XIII
Zusammenfassung
Die mechanischen und metallurgischen Effekte des
und Streckrichtens
Kaltnachwalzens
XV
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1.
Seite
Einleitung
1.1
1.2
1
1
2
3
6
3.
Schlufolgerungen
4.
Empfehlungen
10
5.
Literaturverzeichnis
10
Tabellen
11
AbbiIdungen
28
Anhnge
I
Bewertung der Offline-Form
II
Details der Zugversuche
III Details des modifizierten Reckziehversuchs
^
55
57
XVI
Streck-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Querdickecharakteristika
17430
8.
Oberflchengefugecharakteristika
82078
9.
Oberflachengefugecharakteristika
und 16637 und 17430
10.
Mechanische
82076
Eigenschaften:
Zugversuchergebnisse
fur
Bund
11.
Mechanische
82078
Eigenschaften:
Zugversuchergebnisse
fur
Bund
12.
Mechanische
16528
Eigenschaften:
Zugversuchergebnisse
fur
Bund
13.
Mechanische
16637
Eigenschaften:
Zugversuchergebnisse
fur
Bund
14.
Mechanische
17430
Eigenschaften:
Zugversuchergebnisse
fur
Bund
15.
16.
17.
das
XVII
Versuchsbunde
16528,
Aufstellung d e r A b b i l d u n g e n
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
reduzierten
WeiB-
XVIII
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
The flatness of the strip and its freedom from residual stresses are critical in many applications
particularly on slit strip and when high speed, automated machines are used for forming the strip. The
skin passing and tension levelling operations are used to produce flat strip.
It is known that increased levels of skin passing and tension levelling work harden the strip and alter its
mechanical properties to reduce its formability potential.
This work will examine the effects of variations in these plant processing operations on the yield strength,
ductility, residual stress levels and surface appearance of the strip.
1.2.
To develop control strategies for skin passing and tension levelling to enable the routine
production of flat steel strip which would meet the highest requirements for formability and
surface finish.
To complete the programme of research it was anticipated that the following areas would be studied:1.
Techniques for the examination of residual stress distribution through the thickness and for
assessment of curvature and camber will be established.
2.
Carry out plant trials in which the relevant operating parameters will be monitored.
Samples from coils will be collected at various stages of processing for off-line determination
of those properties and characteristics for which on-line measurement is impractical. A wide
range of products in terms of gauge, formability requirements and customer applications will
be covered.
3.
Assess the effects of varying process conditions on the mechanical properties and surface
appearance of the strip and use this data to propose control strategies.
4.
The information gained from plant investigations will also be compared with the results of
existing mathematical models and used to develop and refine these.
5.
Carry out further plant trials to evaluate the proposed control strategies and to assess the
prediction of refined mathematical models.
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
As part of the final acceptance trials for the tension leveller, off-line shape and gauge profile assessments
of normal 0.7% skin passed material processed on the line were made. A 20 tonne coil, 1465 x 0.7mm, was
fed through the inspection line with the leveller in ambush. During this first pass, two adjacent samples,
2m x width, were taken 20m into the coil, at the centre of the coil (the coil rewelded) and 20m from the end
of the coil. During this sampling operation, lines were scribed on the coil at three selected zones along its
length for elongation measurement.
The coil was returned to the entry mandrel and fed through the line in a continuous operation with the
tension leveller engaged and set at different levels of elongation for each of the prescribed zones (0.5, 1.0
and 1.5% elongation). The coil was again returned to the entry mandrel and run through the line slowly
with the tension leveller in ambush. At each of the pre-selected zones, the line was stopped for elongation
measurements and for 2m long x width samples for shape measurement.
2.1.2.
Details of the off-line shape assessment method used are given in Appendix 1. The results are summarised
in Table 1. Figs, la, b and c are the results of the measurements made on the adjacent samples taken from
the non tension levelled material. They all show an obvious centre looseness, approximately 800mm wide,
with moderate loose edges. The degree of centre looseness improved along the coil length from 411 units at
the head end to 151 units at the tail end.
Figs.2a, 2b and 2c are the results of the measurements made after 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% elongation with
tension levelling. They clearly show a considerable improvement in strip shape. At 0.5% elongation, the
flatness index was within 5 1 units, at 1% elongation it was within 0.5 I units (which is close to the
level of accuracy that the equipment can measure) and at 1.5% elongation the flatness index was within
3 1 units. Fig.3 shows the relationship between flatness index and total wave height for a sample length
of 2m.
2.1.3.
Rockwell B hardness measurements were carried out across the width of the sample sheets to establish if
hardness variations could account for the wavy edges after tension levelling 0.5 and 1.5%, Figs.2a and 2c.
The results are plotted in Fig.4 and show that at 0.5% extension the drive side edge was appreciably softer
than the rest of the coil width (corresponding to its long edge, Fig.2a) and that for the 1.5% extension
sample, both edges were softer. The results also clearly illustrate the effects of work hardening via tension
levelling, in showing the increased overall hardness values after each change of elongation.
2.1.4.
Transverse gauge profile measurements were made using a continuous gauge profilometer. The profiles
are shown in Fig.5, this overlay shows that the profiles are consistent along the length of the coil and do
not change with tension levelling.
Table 2 gives details of the characteristic values of the samples. The values for the gauge drop are given in
two forms, i.e. the extreme edge measurement related to the centre line gauge and the measurement taken
5mm in from each edge, again related to the centre line gauge. The crown (centre - average of edge
readings) and wedge (difference of edge readings) is calculated from the measurements taken 25mm in
from each edge and again related to the centre line gauge. The gauge edge drop taken 5mm in from the
edges shows a 50% improvement over that for the extreme edges. The calculated crown appears to be
fairly consistent along the length of the coil only varying by 6um, and is not affected by tension levelling.
Essentially, there is no wedge in the coil pre and post tension levelling.
2.1.5.
Details of the tensile testing method, the sample positions tested, the parameters measured and the
European specifications to satisfy EDD, extra deep drawing, Fe P05, requirements are given in Appendix
II.
The tensile test results on the samples obtained in 2.1.1. are listed in Table 3. From these, it can be seen
that, with the exception of the two head end samples, the mechanical tensile properties of the coil in the
0.7% skin passed condition are uniform. The effect of additional tension levelling is to alter the
mechanical properties, in particular, to increase Rpo.2> reduce ni but make no significant change to AgoFor this particular coil the effect of 0.5% tension levelling was to increase Rpo.2 by 10 N/mm 2 , 1% tension
levelling increased it by 28 N/mm 2 and 1.5% tension levelling increased it by 36 N/mm 2 . Aso remained
virtually unchanged at ~43.0% at all levels of extension 0-1.5%.
2.2.
2.2.1.
An outline of the original processing conditions and sampling procedures is given in Fig.6a. Essentially,
coils were processed to enable samples to be collected in the following conditions:(i)
Non-skin passed.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Only the first two coils were processed using these conditions, subsequent coils were processed as outlined
in Fig.6b. This enabled samples to be collected in the above conditions and also with 0.8% skin passed +
0.5% tension levelling.
2.2.2.
The off-line shape assessment measurement for the trial coils are summarised in Tables 4 and 5 and in
histogram form in Figs.7 and 8. The data presented is the flatness index, I units (minimum to maximum
variation across the sample).
From these results it can be seen that all five coils had poor shape in the cold reduced and annealed
condition, generally there was some improvement in shape with normal amounts of skin passing, but
significant improvement only occurred when low amounts of levelling were applied to material which had
previously been given 0.4 and 0.8% skin passing.
A more detailed view is given in Figs.9-13 which are plots of the off-line shape variation across the width of
the coil at each processing stage. In each of these figures, the flatness variation is plotted over the mean
value which is set at zero.
Fig.9 shows that Coil 82076 had a heavy loose centre, tight i's and loose edges in the as annealed
condition, which, with a 0.4% skin pass changed to a very loose D/S edge, retained the loose O/S edge and
tight D/S i but loosing the loose centre. It then became virtually flat when small amounts of tension
levelling were applied to the 0.4% skin passed material. The base material with the normal 0.8% skin pass
still retained a slightly loose centre with a suggestion of tight edges.
Fig. 10 shows that Coil 82078 had a pronounced D/S i buckle and a loose O/S edge in the as annealed
condition. With a 0.4% skin pass the D/S i buckle was eliminated and the shape changed to a slightly loose
centre with a hint of edge slackness. The coil became virtually flat when small amounts of tension
levelling were applied to the 0.4% skin passed material. The normal 0.8% skin passed material was
virtually flat with a hint of centre looseness.
Fig.ll shows that the shape of Coil 16528 in the as annealed condition changes gradually long its length
from a loose centre at the head end to virtually flat at the mid coil position to a tight centre at the tail end
with loose edges throughout the length of the coil. 0.4% and 0.8% skin passing did little to remove the
loose centre. Small amounts of tension levelling after 0.4% and 0.8% skin passing removed the centre
looseness completely, but did little to remove the loose edges which effect up to 200mm in from each edge of
the coil.
Fig. 12 shows a similar change in shape along its length for Coil 16637 in the as annealed condition as was
seen in Coil 16528. Similarly, 0.4% and 0.8% levels of skin passing did little to affect the shape, but
additional low levels of tension levelling removed all of the loose centre and left only a suggestion of O/S
loose edge.
Fig. 13 again showed a similar variation in the shape of Coil 17430 along its length in the as annealed
condition. 0.4% skin passing did little to change the shape but 0.8% skin passing and small additional
amounts of tension levelling to both 0.4% and 0.8% skin passed material effectively removed the centre
looseness.
2.2.3.
Tables 6 and 7 give details of the gauge characteristics of the trial coils and Figs. 14 and 15 show overlays
of all the sample profiles. From these results it can be seen that the profiles are fairly consistent along the
length of each coil and they are not affected by varying the levels of skin passing and tension levelling.
2.2.4.
The surface texture characteristics of the trial coils are listed in Tables 8 and 9. Coils 82076 and 82078
were rolled in sequence on the temper mill as were coils 16528, 16637 and 17430. However, the surface
textures of the coils were all somewhat different, due mainly to the different textures of the base tandem
mill rolled material (Samples 1-3). That the surface textures of the individual coils is different is of no
importance. What is important is that there is only a very little difference in texture, within individual
coils, for material which has received a 0.4% skin pass and material which has received the normal 0.8%
skin pass. The surface texture of 0.4% skin passed material is acceptable for exposed part applications.
Low levels of tension levelling, up to 0.5% extension, do not affect the surface texture of skin passed
material.
2.2.5.
The tensile test results on the samples taken from the five plant production trial coils are listed in Tables
10-14.
The results from the first two trial coils 82076 and 82078, Tables 10 and 11 show that there is very little
difference between the tensile mechanical properties of the material having received 0.4% skin pass and
0.3 and 0.5% additional tension levelling and material having received the nominal 0.8% skin pass only.
All the processing conditions applied to these two particular coils produced material to satisfy the
requirements for Fe P05 grade.
For the last three trial coils, an extra processing condition was employed in addition to the range of
conditions used on the two earlier coils, i.e. 0.5% tension levelling applied to 0.8% skin passed material.
The results are listed in Tables 12,13 and 14. From these results it can be seen that as for the two earlier
trial coils, there was very little difference in the tensile mechanical properties of the material having
received 0.4% skin pass and 0.3 and 0.5% additional tension levelling and material having received the
nominal 0.8% skin pass only. However, the effect of applying 0.5% tension level to material having
received 0.8% skin pass was to raise Rpo.2 by 10 N/mm2.
Although the additional 0.5% tension levelling applied to the nominal 0.8% skin pass did not cause the
material to fall out of the EN 10130 specification for Fe P05 grade in these particular cases, given the
distribution of mechanic properties normally obtained, the 10 N/mm 2 increase in Rpo.2 would be expected
to result in a significant number of coils falling out of the Fe P05 specification if 0.5% tension levelling
were to be applied on a routine basis.
2.2.6.
Details of the modified stretch draw test are given in Appendix III.
Modified stretch draw tests have been carried out on all the plant trial coils. Tests were carried out both in
the dry condition, free of any lubricant, where the results are influenced by the mechanical properties of
the steel, gauge and surface texture (frictional effects) and in the fully lubricated condition, where the
results are influenced by gauge and mechanical properties only.
Three tests were carried out on each sample sheet on blanks punched from positions, i D/S, centre and i
O/S, corresponding the tensile test sample positions.
The results, fracture height achieved and punch load to achieve fracture are listed in Table 15 for Coils
82076 and 82078 in the lubricated condition, Table 16 for Coils 82076 and 82078 in the dry condition and
Table 17 for Coils 16528,16637 and 17430 in the dry condition.
As can be seen from the data in Tables 15,16 and 17, there is some variation in the results for fracture
height achieved and the punch load to achieve fracture for samples tested under the same conditions. This
can probably be explained by the variations in the control of the processing parameters, i.e. 0.8% S.P.
0.1%, 0.4% S.P. 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% T.L. 0.05% and minor gauge variations sample to sample.
However, from the results for each individual coil it would appear that there is no significant difference in
the stretch draw behaviour of material with 0.4% skin pass and either 0.3% or 0.5% tension levelling and
normal 0.8% skin passed material in both the dry and lubricated conditions. Similarly, the addition of
0.5% tension levelling to material which has received 0.8% skin pass does not appear to have a
significantly deleterious effect on the material stretch draw properties, but there is an indication in Coil
16637 that these properties are beginning to deteriorate.
2.2.7.
Residual surface stress measurements have been carried out on samples from three of the plant production
trial coils using the Stresscan 500C system. This system uses the Barkhausen noise effect to measure
surface layer residual stresses which are given in terms of a dimensionless parameter called MP.
Measurements were carried out at 100mm intervals across the width of the strip in the longitudinal
direction (corresponding to the off-line shape measurements, Section 2.2.2.). Both surfaces were measured
using a standard air gap of 0.2mm and a depth setting of 0.2mm.
The results are plotted in Figs.16, 17 and 18 and are the difference between the difference of the top and
bottom residual surface stress and the average surface residual stress difference:_ (oTL - oBL)
i.e. {oTL - oBL) - E"
1
The results for Coil 16528, Fig.16, can be compared directly with the shape curves, Fig.ll, similarly
results for Coils 16637 and 17430, Figs.17 and 18 can be compared with Figs.12 and 13.
There is some agreement between the shape curves and the residual surface stress curves. In general, the
flat samples, i.e. samples 8-13 tend to give "flat" but skewed residual stress curves. Examples of good
agreement can be seen in 17430-4 and 10 and 16528-5, but yet the clearly bad shape of 16637-4,5,6 and 7
was not reflected at all in the residual surface stress measurement.
This preliminary study of residual stress indicates that a much more detailed study is required to establish
what relationships exist between residual surface stress and shape measurements.
2.3.
2.3.1.
An investigation into the strip levelling performance of the tension levellers on the Nos.3 and 4
electrolytic tinning lines and the No.l tin free steel line at British Steel Trostre was initiated because of a
long middle shape problem on the Nos.l and 3 lines. The product from the No.4 line was satisfactory which
enabled the performance of the levellers to be compared.
A theoretical analysis combined with sample and plant measurements was carried out. During the
investigation a defective gearbox was discovered on the No.3 line and its replacement reduced the severity
of the defect. The theoretical analysis was used to establish an operating envelope for the present product
mix as a number of changes had been made to the levellers since their installation. Recommendations
were also made for controlled trials on tension levels and the contribution of the bridle roll drives*7*. A
programme of work was agreed and implemented.
2.3.2.
The problem of cross bow in strip of about 1mm gauge travelling in a supported catenary through a low
temperature thermal treatment oven was made much worse when a 305mm diameter deflector roll
engaged the strip. The effect of this roll in modifying the through thickness residual stress distribution
resulting from tension levelling in a 5 roll leveller with 50mm diameter work rolls was investigated. The
cross bow correction roll at the exit of the leveller was also 305mm diameter and adjustment of its height
and the effect this had on the residual stress distribution made it possible to eliminate the excess cross bow
which was generated by the engagement of the deflector roll.
The effect of variations in the through thickness residual stress profile across the width of the levelled
product was also investigated to identify the origins of non-circular cross bow profiles sometimes seen in
process line strip catenaries.
2.3.3.
2.3.3.1.
Modern machines for the production of can sides for three piece cans typically use 0.14-0.17mm gauge
double reduced tinplate as feedstock. This material is normally supplied in sheet form and then slit and
cut into blanks by the customer. The blanks are increasingly loaded by automatic feeders and if the blanks
bow after slitting and cutting from the large sheets then feeding problems can result. The process of
rolling and tension levelling produce residual stress through the thickness of the strip. A sheet can appear
flat or within acceptable limits of cross bow and long bow at dispatch, but when cut up into blanks can bow
due to these residual stresses. This is because the surface tensile and compressive stresses are in
equilibrium in the large sheet, but not in the blank.
An investigation was made into the operation of both tension leveller and roller leveller in relation to the
residual stress distribution through the thickness of the strip and the relationship between the radius of
curvature of the blanks and residual stress.
2.3.3.2.
An attempt was made to establish the maximum amount of curvature that could be corrected for a
particular roll diameter by bending 20mm wide strips of 0.17mm gauge double reduced tinplate around
steel bars of various diameters and measuring of the springback angle. The experiment failed because the
technique employed did not ensure conformation of the strip around the bar. The experiment will be
repeated using a more sophisticated technique.
Fig.19 shows the equivalent elastic stresses at the strip surface calculated for a range of curvatures for
0.14 and 0.17mm gauge double reduced tinplate. These results can be related to the projected stress
distribution through the thickness after tension levelling and roller levelling.
Fig.20 shows the changes in residual longitudinal stress after bending and straightening after four bends
of decreasing curvature^. Generally, the bending stresses over each roll must be reduced in a linear
manner through a multi-roll leveller to reduce the residual stresses through the thickness of the strip.
2.3.3.3.
The tension leveller on the tinning line currently employs a five bending roll system with all work rolls
being 25mm diameter. In order to assist in the reduction of residual stress and long bow it was
recommended that the penetration of the bending rolls in the second cassette be approximately 65% of that
of the first cassette and that the diameter of the last work roll be increased to 45mm which would result in
less sensitive correction of long bow. In addition, Thies et al<9) suggest that for minimum residual stress,
the bridle tension should be maintained at 90 N/mm 2 for double reduced tinplate. This would require
careful balancing of bridle tension and roll penetration consistent with the required elongation.
2.3.3.4
The design of the roller leveller used has a fixed bottom frame with seven rollers and an adjustable top
frame of six rollers means that the penetration of the rollers can only be set as a 'wedge' with the
maximum penetration of the first roller reducing progressively to the final roller. Using the relationship
from Fig.21 derived by examination of the roller leveller geometry, the 'wedge' set up produces a nonlinear curvature/stress relationships from entry to exit, Fig.22. This does not, therefore, produce the
optimum stress reversals required for reduction of residual stress.
A possible method of overcoming this problem is the adoption of a two stage process as suggested by
Panknin et aK10>, i.e. the top frame is split into two sections with each section individually adjustable. By
use of the roll penetration set up shown in Fig.23, an almost linear curvature reduction can be achieved
from entry to exit.
2.3.4.
Two different designs of tension levellers are used in British Steel Tinplate. In order to optimise the
performance of the levellers, it was necessary to establish the wrap angle required to achieve maximum
surface strain for the two tinplate qualities normally produced, i.e.
(i)
(ii)
As both grades produce 'springback' when defected around rolls, it was necessary to determine the
minimum bending angle required before plastic deformation occurred. This was done by bending small
strips round a 25mm diameter pin (same diameter as work rolls in the tension levellers) at various angles
and measuring the residual angle after release of tension. The results of these tests are shown in Fig.24
and indicate that the minimum wrap angle for single reduced tinplate was 6.5 and for double reduced
tinplate 11.
The maximum surface strain that can be achieved = strip thickness/bending roll diameter.
For S.R. tinplate
= .2_ = 0.008
25
0.0068
25
This can be related to the wrap angle by the difference in arc length between the centre line and the
extreme surface of the strip when bend around a roller.
where
1 17_=
S-S c
[(r + G)-(r+*G)]9
S0
Sc
r
G
9
=
=
=
=
=
= 0.008
.1
= 0.08 Radians
= 4.6
=4.6
.085
Thus the optimum wrap angles to achieve maximum strain are:For S.R. tinplate;
11.1
2.4.1.
The pilot tension leveller rig, Fig.25, has been used to investigate a problem which arose during the
commissioning of an EZ coating line. It was found that cyclic strip marking was present on some coils
when the surface was stoned. An investigation had shown*11) that the tension leveller aggravated any
marks generated by rolling at the micron level and the effect appeared to be a function of the leveller
design geometry, in particular the diameter and spacing of the bending and anticurvature rolls.
Subsequent plant trials*12) using different bending roll diameters and penetrations have enabled a leveller
set up practice to be developed which minimises the cyclic marking problem.
2.4.2.
The pilot rig has also been used to investigate problems encountered with 3.1mm gauge hot dipped
galvanised material which is subsequently slit into narrow widths. During slitting, the edge widths
exhibit cambering and twisting. An analysis of the stress and strain distributions, through the strip
thickness, during tension levelling was made^). The pilot rig was used to investigate the relationships
between tension stresses, penetration values and radius of strip curvature for a 45mm diameter bending
roll as used in the plant tension leveller, Fig.26.
Based on the above analysis and pilot rig work, recommendations have been made for specific values of
strip tension, drive motor currents, bending roll positioning and line speed in order to give minimum
residual stress in the strip.
3.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
Investigations carried out during the final acceptance trial of a rewind line tension leveller
confirmed that tension levelling improves the shape of coil strip, but that even with levels as
low as 0.5% extension, work hardening occurs which may render the strip unsuitable for its
intended application. Strip hardness is increased, as is the 0.2% proof stress and the work
hardening coefficient ni is reduced, but the total elongation is virtually unchanged.
2.
The same investigation showed that tension levelling, up to 1.5% extension, has no effect on
the transverse gauge profile of the coil; crown, wedge and edge drop are not affected.
3.
Plant production trials confirm that the transverse gauge profile after cold rolling in the
tandem mill is not affected by subsequent skin passing at 0.4-0.8% extension or by additional
tension levelling of 0.5% extension.
4.
Surface texture measurements on samples from plant production trial coils show that tension
levelling, up to 0.5% extension, has no effect on surface texture. Slight differences were
observed between the textures obtained with 0.4% and 0.8% dry temper rolling, however, the
differences were only marginal and would not have rendered the material unsuitable for even
the most demanding outside part qualities. The major influence on the final strip surface
texture obtained was the incoming tandem mill texture
5.
For steel strip in the gauge range 0.7-1.2mm, low levels of tension levelling, 0.3% extension,
were very effective in removing tight/loose centre and buckles, but did not always remove
loose edges, particularly on wide material. Increasing tension levelling to 0.5% extension
was only marginally more effective than 0.3% in improving shape.
6.
For steel strip in the gauge range 0.7-1.2mm, combinations of 0.4% skin passing and low
levels of tension levelling, up to 0.5% resulted in strip with tensile mechanical properties
similar to those of the normal production route 0.8% skin pass material. The addition of 0.5%
tension levelling to normal production 0.8% skin pass material resulted in some deterioration
of mechanical properties. Given the distribution of mechanical properties normally obtained,
the 10 N/mm 2 increase in Rpo.2 would result in a significant number of coils falling out of the
Fe P05 specification if 0.5% tension levelling were to be applied on a routine basis.
7.
For steel strip in the gauge range 0.7-1.2mm, the combination of 0.4% skin passing and low
levels of tension levelling also gave similar modified stretch draw test results to those of the
normal 0.8% skin pass material. However, in this test the deterioration of mechanical
properties when 0.5% tension levelling was given to normal 0.8% skin pass material was not
as evident as in the tensile test results.
8.
The results of this study show that the normal production route of 0.8% skin passing results
in a product with satisfactory mechanical properties, but it is not necessarily flat. If an order
for EDD quality material also has a requirement for good flatness, then the only guaranteed
way to satisfy both these requirements is to employ a lower than normal skin pass, typically
0.4% extension, followed by a low level of tension levelling, typically 0.3% extension.
9.
The measurement of residual surface stress using a method based on the Barkhausen effect
has shown some degree of tie up with off-line shape measurements. However, this aspect of
the investigation was somewhat limited and a more detailed investigation is required before
the usefulness or otherwise of the technique for relating residual stress to shape can be
established.
10.
A number of investigations have been carried out into plant problems. The problems related
to the design and operating set up of roller and tension levellers on various units and
recommendations have been made which have overcome or reduced the severity of the
problems. The pilot tension leveller rig was successfully used in a number of these
investigations.
4.
1.
The results of this investigation have demonstrated that in order to ensure a flat product with
EDD forming quality it is necessary to employ lower than normal levels of skin passing and
low levels of tension levelling. One can understand the plant management reluctance to use
very low levels of skin passing such as 0.4% as a routine production route. Further work
should be carried out to investigate whether skinpass levels of 0.5-0.6% combined with 0.20.3% tension levelling can also satisfy the flatness and EDD formability requirements.
2.
Further work should be carried out on the measurement of residual stress and shape
measurement of samples to ascertain if the Stresscan 500C system used can form a useful tool
for the on-line measurement of strip shape.
5.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
C. Trinder, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T11970,17th December, 1991.
4.
C. Trinder, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T.12348,14th May, 1992.
5.
R. Lewis, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T. 12009,19th December, 1992.
6.
L. Curtis, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T.12290,15th April, 1992.
7.
J.M. Moore, Welsh Laboratories Technical Note No. WL/RF/TN/0281/1/90/D, 12th October,
1990.
8.
10
- Panknin et al, Research into the Levelling, Straightening and Flexing of Coiled Strip
Material and Its Effects on Surface Finish, Sheet Metal Industries, October 1973, pp.578-586.
11.
12.
J.M. Moore, Shotton No.3 EGL Tension Leveller Trials with Bending Rolls of Different
Diameters, 16th December, 1991.
13.
10
TABLE 1
SHAPE ASSESSMENT OF FINAL TENSION LEVELLER ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL
Sample
Identity
Width
(mm)
Gauge
(mm)
Sample
Location
Tension
Levelling
Elongation, %
Flatness
Index
(I Units)*
Fig. No.
1
1A
1467
1465
0.708
0.703
H/E
H/E
0
0
41
37
la
lb
2
2A
1467
1468
0.699
0.693
Mid Coil
Mid Coil
0
0
22
33
lb
lc
3
3A
1467
1467
0.694
0.687
T/E
T/E
0
0
15
19
lc
lc
1463
0.687
Mid Coil
1.0
2b
1465
0.705
iCoil
0.5
2a
1463
0.697
fCoil
1.5
2c
11
TABLE2
TRANSVERSE GAUGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TENSION LEVELLER FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL
Crown
Sample
Identity
Width
(mm)
Centre
Line
Gauge
(urn)
5mm-Centre Line
Edge-Centre Line
0 . Side
S. Side
0 . Side
D. Side
pm
um
pm
pm
pm
pm
1
1A
1467
1465
708
703
68
97
9.60
13.80
72
97
10.17
13.80
43
49
6.07
6.97
36
40
5.08
5.69
25
28
3.53
3.98
-2
-15
0.28
2.13
2
2A
1467
1468
699
693
84
78
12.02
11.16
69
68
9.87
9.73
41
31
5.87
4.43
33
40
4.72
5.72
23
24
3.29
3.43
-1
0
0.14
0
3
3A
1467
1467
694
687
88
84
12.68
12.22
100
94
14.41
13.68
45
38
6.48
5.53
40
51
5.76
7.42
29
27
4.18
3.93
-6
0
0.86
0
1463
687
77
11.21
88
12.81
41
5.97
47
6.84
28
4.08
-3
0.44
1465
705
87
12.34
90
12.77
41
5.82
50
7.09
26
3.69
-3
0.43
1463
697
78
11.19
86
12.34
41
5.88
59
8.46
27
3.87
+8
1.15
TABLE 3
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR THE TENSION LEVELLER FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL
Sample
Identity
1H/E
to
Position in Sheet
Gauge
mm
Process
Rm
Rpo.2
N/mm2 N/mm*
Ag
ABU
5-10%
n2
13
10-15% 15-20%
5%
10%
f2
ra
15%
20%
ni
ri
T4
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
0.685
0.688
0.694
0.685
165
166
171
165
303
305
301
303
23.9
23.6
21.7
23.6
44.2
44.5
40.9
44.8
0.233
0.234
0.230
0.235
0.224
0.225
0.218
0.224
0.220
0.223
0.213
0.222
2.05
2.09
2.28
2.00
2.03
2.02
2.24
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.24
1.97
1.97
1.95
2.22
1.95
0.695
0.700
0.701
0.694
0.688
0.693
0.695
0.690
166
171
169
168
159
160
159
157
303
305
299
302
23.4
24.4
22.0
25.5
43.9
42.5
43.7
43.6
0.233
0.229
0.232
0.230
0.221
0.220
0.217
0.222
0.219
0.221
0.214
0.218
2.09
2.02
2.32
1.94
2.05
2.02
2.25
1.99
2.03
1.99
2.19
1.99
1.98
1.97
2.18
1.95
303
303
298
303
23.8
23.4
22.6
24.7
44.4
43.9
41.5
43.9
0.241
0.240
0.243
0.244
0.228
0.229
0.226
0.230
0.223
0.223
0.218
0.223
1.95
2.06
2.20
2.08
2.01
2.07
2.18
2.00
1.98
2.01
2.16
1.95
1.95
1.96
2.12
1.94
0.688
0.693
0.695
0.689
0.690
0.694
0.696
0.688
164
155
158
152
150
151
155
152
302
303
299
302
42.4
43.5
40.5
44.1
0.261
0.248
0.243
0.252
0.232
0.231
0224
0.233
0.225
0.226
0.218
0.227
2.08
2.02
2.16
1.98
2.05
2.01
2.16
1.99
2.03
1.96
2.15
1.94
1.99
1.93
2.13
1.90
296
297
295
300
24.3
24.4
23.6
25.4
24.2
22.9
22.2
25.5
44.7
39.2
44.2
43.4
0.252
0.255
0.251
0.258
0.229
0.231
0.224
0.234
0.225
0.223
0.215
0.227
2.14
2.06
2.20
2.03
2.10
1.97
2.20
2.04
2.08
1.94
2.17
2.02
2.04
1.88
2.16
1.96
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
L
L
T
L
0.682
0.684
0.687
0.684
156
164
155
152
298
301
296
297
24.4
23.2
23.0
23.4
41.8
43.8
44.4
43.8
0.251
0.254
0.252
0.252
0.231
0.232
0.226
0.231
0.225
0.227
0.219
0.222
2.27
2.07
2.14
2.11
2.18
2.05
2.14
2.12
2.12
2.01
2.12
2.09
2.09
1.97
2.10
2.05
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.687
0.692
0.695
0.691
165
166
164
163
302
306
298
302
24.4
23.3
22.7
22.4
46.3
42.4
46.9
44.2
0.236
0.239
0.244
0.227
0.221
0.224
0.222
0.227
0.222
0.223
0.214
0.222
2.07
1.99
2.32
2.00
2.09
1.98
2.20
1.98
2.01
1.94
2.17
1.94
1.95
1.90
2.11
1.90
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.683
0.686
0.690
0.683
183
186
179
185
303
306
300
306
22.4
22.1
22.2
23.3
43.9
42.9
39.0
42.3
0.217
0.214
0.226
0.215
0.211
0.212
0.214
0.212
0.215
0.211
0.211
0.214
2.02
2.05
2.24
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.17
1.95
1.95
1.94
2.13
1.91
1.92
1.92
2.06
1.88
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
I.
I.
T
L
0.686
0.692
0.686
0.690
191
191
193
188
305
307
302
304
23.3
22.8
24.3
22.8
43.0
41.9
44.4
42.4
0.208
0.210
0.212
0.210
0.207
0.209
0.207
0.208
0.210
0.211
0.209
0.214
2.07
2.09
2.27
2.14
2.05
2.05
2.25
2.07
2.03
2.00
2.17
2.04
2.01
1.97
2.15
1.99
0.7%SP +
0.7%SP +
0.7%SP +
0.7%SP +
TABLE 4
SHAPE ASSESSMENT OF TRIAL COILS 82076 AND 82078
Sample
Identity
Width
(mm)
Gauge
(mm)
Process
Flatness
Index
(I Units)*
Fig.
No.
82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076-7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
915
915
915
915
916
916
916
915
917
917
917
1.187
1.193
1.230
1.203
1.209
1.204
1.203
1.184
1.195
1.189
1.200
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
58.0
36.0
18.0
71.0
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.9
10.0
10.0
12.0
9a
9a
9a
9c
9f
9g
9d
9e
9b
9b
9b
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078-7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11
915
915
915
916
916
916
916
916
917
917
917
1.218
1.223
1.228
1.200
1.200
1.201
1.207
1.213
1.207
1.208
1.198
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
24.0
38.0
9.0
11.0
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.5
4.0
3.0
2.0
10a
10a
10a
10c
lOf
10g
lOd
lOe
10b
10b
10b
14
TABLE 5
SHAPE ASSESSMENT OF TRIAL COILS 16637 AND 17430
Sample
Identity
Width
(mm)
Gauge
(mm)
Process
Flatness
Index
(I Units)*
Fig.
No.
16528- 1
16528- 2
16528- 3
16528- 4
16528- 5
16528- 6
16528- 7
16528- 8
16528- 9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1.010
1.000
1.017
1.010
1.003
0.944
0.985
0.985
0.993
0.994
0.987
0.989
0.990
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
19
17
41
22
17
15
15
16
14
17
15
11
14
11a
11a
11a
lie
lib
lib
lib
lie
lid
llf
llg
llh
Hi
16637 -1
16637 -2
16637 -3
16637 -4
16637 -5
16637 -6
16637 -7
16637 -8
16637 -9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
0.863
0.862
0.850
0.837
0.843
0.819
0.832
0.842
0.843
0.828
0.838
0.832
0.829
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
21
5
33
23
22
25
23
2
4
6
3
4
4
12a
12a
12a
12e
12b
12b
12b
12c
12d
12f
12g
12h
12i
17430- 1
17430- 2
17430- 3
17430- 4
17430- 5
17430- 6
17430- 7
17430- 8
17430- 9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
0.699
0.705
0.665
0.694
0.684
0.688
0.698
0.690
0.683
0.698
0.678
0.690
0.677
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
9
14
32
9
8
11
4
3
3
4
4
6
7
13a
13a
13a
13e
13b
13b
13b
13c
13d
13f
13f
13h
13i
15
TABLE 6
TRANSVERSE GAUGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS 72086 AND 72088
Edge Drop
Sample
Identity
Width
(mm)
Gauge
(um)
Crown
Wedge
D. Side
0. Side
um
um
um
um
82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
915
915
915
915
916
916
916
915
917
917
917
1.187
1.193
1.230
1.203
1.209
1.204
1.203
1.184
1.195
1.189
1.200
75
69
75
63
49
64
70
57
80
75
72
6.32
5.78
6.09
5.27
4.05
5.32
5.82
4.81
6.69
6.31
6.00
62
63
70
75
66
61
58
58
53
54
65
5.22
5.28
5.69
6.23
5.46
5.07
4.82
4.90
4.44
4.54
5.42
19
25
32
24
25
26
23
23
21
22
21
1.60
2.10
2.60
2.00
2.07
2.16
1.91
1.94
1.76
1.85
1.75
-7
-12
+2
-3
+9
+2
0
+2
-8
-2
+2
0.59
1.01
0.16
0.25
0.74
0.17
0.00
0.17
0.67
0.17
0.17
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11
915
915
915
916
916
916
916
916
917
917
917
1.218
1.223
1.228
1.200
1.200
1.201
1.207
1.213
1.207
1.208
1.198
68
63
67
60
45
41
71
38
75
58
54
5.58
5.15
5.46
5.00
3.75
3.41
5.88
3.13
6.21
4.80
4.51
68
60
56
74
63
66
66
66
61
65
68
5.58
4.91
4.56
6.17
5.25
5.50
5.47
5.44
5.05
5.38
5.68
24
17
23
20
18
21
20
19
20
20
20
1.97
1.39
1.87
1.67
1.50
1.75
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67
-10
-16
-2
+ 11
-3
+1
-4
2
-2
-3
0.82
1.31
0.16
0.92
0.25
0.08
0.33
0.16
0.17
0.25
0.42
16
+5
TABLE 7
TRANSVERSE GAUGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS
16528.16637 AND 17430
Sample
Identity
Width
(mm)
Gauge
(mm)
16528- 1
16528- 2
16528- 3
16528- 4
16528- 5
16528- 6
16528- 7
16528- 8
16528- 9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
16637 -1
16637 -2
16637 -3
16637 -4
16637 -5
16637 -6
16637 -7
16637 -8
16637 -9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13
17430- 1
17430- 2
17430- 3
17430- 4
17430- 5
17430- 6
17430- 7
17430- 8
17430- 9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13
Crown
Wedge
um
1.010
1.000
1.017
1.010
1.003
0.944
0.985
0.985
0.993
0.994
0.987
0.989
0.990
31
24
23
31
38
34
32
34
30
28
29
31
27
3.07
2.40
2.26
3.07
3.79
3.42
3.25
3.45
3.02
2.82
2.94
3.13
2.73
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
0.863
0.862
0.850
0.837
0.843
0.819
0.832
0.842
0.843
0.828
0.838
0.832
0.829
25
30
13
28
19
20
22
21
19
16
16
19
17
2.90
3.48
1.53
3.35
2.25
2.44
2.64
2.49
2.25
1.93
1.91
2.28
2.05
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
0.699
0.705
0.665
0.694
0.684
0.688
0.698
0.690
0.683
0.698
0.678
0.690
0.677
18
13
10
18
13
19
16
20
19
25
23
19
17
2.58
1.84
1.50
2.59
1.90
2.76
2.29
2.90
2.78
3.58
3.39
2.75
2.51
um
-10
+ 11
+ 32
0
-34
+ 14
-17
-9
-16
+5
-7
-13
-15
+8
+9
-16
0
-3
0
-3
-8
-5
-15
-13
-6
-15
+3
-18
-5
-9
-10
-26
+3
+4
-5
-2
+1
-2
0
17
%
-0.99
+ 1.10
+ 3.15
-3.39
+ 1.41
-1.73
-0.91
-1.61
+ 0.50
-0.71
-1.31
-1.52
+ 0.93
+ 1.04
-1.88
-0.36
-0.36
-0.95
-0.59
1.81
-1.55
-0.72
-1.81
+ 0.43
-2.55
-0.60
-1.30
-1.46
-3.78
+ 0.43
+ 0.58
-0.73
-0.29
+ 0.15
-0.29
TABLE 8
SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS 82076 AND 82078
Top Trans
Ra
S(o)
Ra
S(o)
Ra
S(o)
Ra
S(o)
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4%S.P.+ 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.59
0.82
0.74
0.74
0.83
0.73
0.91
0.74
0.61
0.87
0.95
151
152
159
146
154
158
155
159
153
163
150
0.71
0.82
0.78
0.74
0.76
0.71
1.04
0.75
0.61
0.90
0.91
232
224
215
179
193
182
161
182
183
188
170
0.91
1.38
1.17
1.01
1.00
1.02
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.09
1.04
297
200
257
207
223
214
200
211
210
195
218
0.92
1.16
1.03
1.01
0.94
1.00
1.07
1.00
0.99
1.09
1.09
360
279
321
255
237
247
241
237
238
227
227
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4%S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
1.54
1.96
1.55
1.26
1.45
1.42
1.52
1.41
1.34
1.38
1.32
219
172
213
204
185
179
181
197
188
183
191
1.46
1.80
1.41
1.24
1.43
1.35
1.49
1.38
1.34
1.39
1.32
244
203
258
219
194
204
197
205
206
200
212
1.20
1.54
1.17
0.97
1.17
1.16
1.20
1.05
1.19
1.13
1.07
143
142
139
152
152
156
161
155
159
161
163
1.16
1.44
1.13
0.98
1.11
1.08
1.17
1.08
1.16
1.15
1.07
177
159
173
174
166
176
173
170
168
169
179
Process Condition
82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11
N.B.
Bot Long
Bot Long
Top Long
Sample
Identity
Instrument used Surtronic 3P, 0.8mm cut off 25mm traverse length.
Each Figure is an average of 9 results, i.e. 3 each at Edge, Centre, Edge.
18
TABLE 9
SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS
16528.16637 AND 17430
Sample
Identity
Top
Long
Process Condition
Top
Transverse
Bottom
Long
Bottom
Transverse
Ra
S(o)
Ra
S(o)
Ra
S(o)
Ra
S(o)
16528 -1
16528 -2
16528 -3
16528 -4
16528 -5
16528 -6
16528 -7
16528 -8
16528 -9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP + 0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
1.37
1.66
1.25
0.89
1.02
0.94
0.88
0.93
0.85
0.93
0.94
1.05
0.93
182
164
150
223
210
215
217
234
258
201
207
220
204
1.11
1.25
1.07
0.91
0.94
0.96
0.91
0.93
0.84
0.97
0.93
0.98
0.95
257
206
241
220
201
214
217
245
254
213
224
211
216
1.29
1.41
1.15
1.49
1.57
1.59
1.49
1.65
1.38
1.19
1.39
1.38
1.29
236
216
225
205
205
212
215
215
233
215
212
208
207
1.14
1.29
1.06
1.32
1.51
1.54
1.48
1.55
1.35
1.26
1.35
1.32
1.25
239
239
242
220
207
218
222
230
232
226
222
228
236
16637 -1
16637 -2
16637 -3
16637 -4
16637 -5
16637 -6
16637 -7
16637 -8
16637 -9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
1.24
1.23
1.25
0.96
0.88
0.88
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.92
0.87
0.86
0.93
157
146
116
190
232
230
198
220
208
202
200
209
201
1.22
1.17
0.97
0.90
0.84
0.86
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.89
0.86
0.92
0.85
167
169
147
208
230
219
236
218
206
229
203
217
214
1.26
1.25
1.19
1.48
1.47
1.41
1.40
1.50
1.43
1.28
1.23
1.29
1.24
178
181
209
216
205
196
213
218
241
194
207
215
227
1.13
1.16
1.06
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.32
1.41
1.38
1.29
1.16
1.27
1.21
223
247
273
233
228
214
220
230
240
231
221
227
217
17430 -1
17430 -2
17430 -3
17430 -4
17430 -5
17430 -6
17430 -7
17430 -8
17430 -9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.72
1.06
0.91
0.86
0.79
0.86
0.96
0.81
0.84
0.79
0.77
0.70
0.77
210
213
205
255
266
256
299
271
290
276
253
268
266
0.75
0.95
0.87
0.82
0.79
0.80
0.91
0.82
0.86
0.78
0.77
0.70
0.78
306
326
320
274
271
283
317
293
273
301
290
283
277
0.77
0.95
1.02
1.31
1.48
1.50
1.45
1.47
1.56
1.39
1.28
1.12
1.28
341
277
286
241
250
256
265
261
262
256
239
228
257
0.72
0.88
1.05
1.28
1.52
1.43
1.37
1.46
1.52
1.18
1.16
1.09
1.19
400
366
345
278
239
264
275
270
265
296
288
285
266
19
Rolling
Order
3
~)
12
r
j
")
>3
\
1I
r4
J
15
Ir
J
7
)
(
17
i(
TABLE 10
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES-TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR COIL82076
Sample
Idi-mity
Position in Sheet
Gauge
mm
ReL
N/mm2
Rp<>2
N/min'^
Rm
N/mni-
A.
Ag
ABO
ni
5-10%
n2
10-15%
na
15-20%
ri
5%
r-i
10%
ra
15%
r*
20%
82076-1
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.178
1.186
1.185
1.190
180
182
194
184
294
295
296
295
2.4
3.0
3.8
2.8
26.7
25.4
25.1
26.7
49.2
46.1
47.0
44.7
0.287
0.286
0.304
0.289
0.255
0.255
0.251
0.254
0.241
0.241
0.239
0.239
1.50
1.45
2.88
1.71
1.60
1.62
2.35
1.81
1.65
1.66
2.21
1.80
1.68
171
2.11
1.81
82076-2
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.190
1.191
1.184
1.189
180
184
198
181
297
298
298
298
2.4
2.4
3.6
2.8
25.4
24.8
25.0
26.4
47.5
45.2
43.8
45.5
0.294
0.289
0.301
0.294
0.257
0.254
0.256
0.258
0.241
0.240
0.236
0.242
1.42
1.55
2.73
1.55
1.61
1.65
2.28
1.73
1.61
1.66
2.14
1.75
1.67
1.69
2.05
1.75
82076-3
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.209
1.210
1.209
1.203
176
177
192
178
300
300
299
300
2.0
2.2
3.8
2.2
24.7
25.7
23.2
24.4
45.1
47.0
45.7
46.9
0.292
0.289
0.286
0.290
0.256
0.252
0.246
0.254
0.239
0.238
0.232
0.239
1.61
1.53
1.90
1.53
1.75
1.71
1.93
1.72
1.75
1.71
1.94
1.79
1.75
1.75
1.95
1.79
82076-4
L
L
T
L
1.179
1.179
1.170
1.176
148
153
155
161
300
302
301
301
26.4
23.8
22.3
24.6
46.7
46.0
44.6
45.4
0.266
0.267
0.260
0.271
0.239
0.240
0.231
0.244
0.230
0.230
0.227
0.230
1.83
1.98
1.97
1.90
1.86
1.87
1.92
1.90
1.83
1.80
1.88
1.87
1.81
1.80
1.85
1.83
82076-5
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.174
1.174
1.179
1.176
155
155
160
155
304
304
303
303
25.2
23.2
22.4
24.7
45.3
43.6
46.0
45.0
0.258
0.259
0.263
0.261
0.233
0.236
0.232
0.235
0.230
0.228
0.219
0.228
1.97
1.87
2.03
1.97
1.95
1.88
1.95
1.94
1.89
1.87
1.93
1.89
1.84
1.85
1.90
1.87
82076-6
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S . P . +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.193
1.197
1.194
1.194
162
153
167
153
305
305
302
304
23.4
24.3
22.3
23.0
42.9
46.3
44.5
46.4
0.258
0.256
0.267
0.254
0.231
0.232
0.231
0.230
0.225
0.221
0.219
0.222
1.97
1.91
2.24
2.04
1.92
1.85
2.03
1.89
1.88
1.81
1.96
1.86
1.86
1.77
1.94
1.78
82076-7
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+ 0.3%
+ 0.3%
+ 0.3%
+0.3%
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.176
1.182
1.179
1.175
160
152
160
153
304
305
303
305
21.9
22.9
21.5
24.1
46.8
45.5
42.7
45.5
0.260
0.263
0.265
0.265
0.233
0.235
0.234
0.236
0.227
0.223
0.220
0.223
1.92
2.06
1.90
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.88
1.84
1.86
1.89
1.89
1.81
1.83
1.87
1.84
1.81
82076-8
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.183
1.186
1.190
1.182
161
152
155
151
302
305
302
304
23.8
22.2
21.8
23.8
47.0
44.2
45.6
46.3
0.254
0.260
0.261
0.260
0.230
0.232
0.233
0.234
0.222
0.223
0.220
0.224
1.97
1.92
2.05
2.03
1.90
1.93
1.95
1.90
1.83
1.86
1.90
1.88
1.83
1.82
1.88
1.81
82076-9
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.187
1.190
1.182
1.181
148
150
154
148
302
303
301
302
23.2
22.6
23.1
24.9
45.4
44.5
43.7
45.8
0.254
0.254
0.252
0.254
0.230
0.229
0.227
0.231
0.224
0.221
0.217
0.224
1.87
1.96
1.92
1.85
1.76
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.87
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.83
1.81
82076-10
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.165
1.166
1.169
1.171
149
147
148
145
299
301
300
297
23.6
23.1
22.8
22.5
46.2
45.8
46.9
45.2
0.251
0.254
0.263
0.254
0.229
0.232
0.232
0.233
0.244
0.223
0.222
0.226
1.95
1.79
1.97
1.92
1.87
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.82
1.79
1.79
1.83
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.81
82076-11
0.8%S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.200
1.198
1.187
1.191
146
146
148
143
302
303
301
301
22.9
24.0
22.4
24.7
46.7
47.5
40.6
43.2
0.258
0.264
0.262
0.265
0.231
0.237
0.233
0.238
0.225
0.227
0.219
0.226
1.94
1.92
1.86
1.96
1.85
1.87
1.85
1.89
1.84
1.85
1.81
1.84
1.79
1.83
1.77
1.82
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
TABLE 11
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS POK COIL82078
Sample
Identity
Gauge
mm
ReL
N/mm2
Rm
RP0.2
N/mm^ N/nim*
A
%
Ag
5-10%
n2
na
10-15% 15-20%
5%
10%
T2
r3
15%
20%
Aao
ni
ri
r4
82078-1
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.211
1.209
1.200
1.211
183
192
204
189
293
295
295
293
3.0
3.2
4.3
3.0
25.8
25.4
24.8
24.7
44.5
44.5
43.8
45.7
0.281
0.277
0.282
0.284
0.246
0.245
0.234
0.250
0.236
0.238
0.234
0.239
1.39
1.42
2.27
1.25
1.56
1.60
2.15
1.66
1.62
1.66
2.08
1.63
1.64
1.71
2.07
1.67
82078-2
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.210
1.205
1.194
1.195
179
180
196
184
295
297
297
295
2.2
2.6
4.4
2.8
24.4
25.3
24.6
23.8
45.4
46.6
43.5
44.9
0.284
0.286
0.285
0.287
0.250
0.254
0.243
0.255
0.238
0.236
0.233
0.236
1.45
1.55
2.01
1.51
1.58
1.65
1.92
1.67
1.64
1.67
1.91
1.69
1.67
1.67
1.88
1.70
82078-3
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.236
1.227
1.239
1.231
181
183
196
181
299
302
299
299
2.2
2.2
3.4
2.0
26.1
24.6
23.0
24.2
46.6
45.7
44.9
46.4
0.285
0.279
0.269
0.283
0.254
0.244
0.237
0.250
0.238
0.236
0.227
0.236
1.64
1.71
1.69
1.75
1.76
1.87
1.78
1.89
1.81
1.91
1.82
1.89
1.81
1.91
1.83
1.90
82078-4
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.185
1.187
1.185
1.190
165
157
161
152
298
300
298
296
23.0
25.6
22.9
23.8
43.8
46.2
43.3
46.0
0.253
0.249
0.254
0.258
0.232
0.230
0.230
0.235
0.226
0.226
0.220
0.229
1.85
1.75
2.04
1.83
1.87
1.83
1.81
1.78
1.87
1.84
2.01
1.88
1.87
1.84
1.97
1.87
82078-5
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5%T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5%T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.186
1.195
1.190
1.183
156
157
161
157
299
300
298
300
23.9
22.7
21.7
23.2
46.3
43.3
41.6
43.3
0.252
0.251
0.253
0.250
0.231
0.232
0.228
0.231
0.224
0.222
0.220
0.221
1.87
1.86
1.91
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.81
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.82
1.79
1.77
1.79
1.83
1.77
82078-6
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.182
1.185
1.184
1.182
157
168
161
159
300
301
298
299
24.6
22.5
22.3
22.5
45.8
43.9
45.0
44.0
0.246
0.247
0.252
0.244
0.228
0.227
0.226
0.226
0.223
0.226
0.220
0.222
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.81
1.81
1.85
1.88
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.86
1.77
1.78
1.77
1.82
1.77
82078-7
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.195
1.190
1.191
1.190
151
154
160
154
297
300
298
298
24.4
25.0
23.1
22.7
47.6
44.1
41.6
43.8
0.264
0.257
0.256
0.257
0.236
0.234
0.229
0.232
0.231
0.226
0.219
0.225
1.69
1.72
1.86
1.70
1.73
1.81
1.89
1.77
1.76
1.79
1.88
1.78
1.74
1.80
1.88
1.76
820788
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
L
L
T
L
1.177
1.193
1.195
1.174
152
152
169
156
298
298
297
300
23.9
24.2
21.8
23.2
44.8
45.9
44.0
43.7
0.255
0.255
0.249
0.248
0.232
0.232
0.226
0.227
0.227
0.229
0.218
0.224
1.84
1.85
1.96
1.86
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.85
1.84
1.77
1.77
1.81
1.81
82078-9
0.8% S.P.
0 8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.166
1.172
1.180
1.175
155
149
158
157
300
297
297
300
23.8
23.9
22.1
22.3
42.6
44.1
42.6
43.3
0.248
0.254
0.245
0.243
0.226
0.232
0.223
0.224
0.222
0.227
0.219
0.221
1.85
1.87
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.83
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.81
1.84
1.79
1 81
1.77
1.85
82076 10
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
I.
T
L
1.197
1.194
1.202
1.201
165
151
157
169
300
299
297
300
23.8
22.5
23.8
23.3
44.9
44.6
45.0
42.4
0.247
0.253
0.249
0.239
0.227
0.231
0.227
0.221
0.220
0.225
0.216
0.221
1.83
1.86
1.96
1.80
1.84
1.82
1.87
1.82
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.79
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.78
82078-11
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.173
1.177
1.178
1.169
156
152
158
159
299
299
298
301
22.7
24.1
22.7
21.9
45.3
43.6
41.1
42.7
0.242
0.252
0.247
0.241
0.222
0.231
0.226
0.224
0.222
0.223
0.213
0.221
1.96
1.85
1.79
1.84
1.88
1.85
1.86
1.83
1.86
1.80
1.79
1.83
1.83
1.79
1.84
1.84
TABLE 12
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR COIL 16528
Sample
Idt-ntily
16528-1
165282
16528-3
16528 4
16528-5
16528-6
Position in Sheet
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drivu/Sidi
J Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
1 Width Orive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi
C.R.
C.R.
C.K.
C.R.
Gauge
mm
ReL
N/mm-
Rm
Rp2
N/nim* N/mm-
A.
Ag
5-10%
n2
3
10-15% 15 20%
5%
10%
r3
15%
r<
20%
A8o
ni
ri
r-i
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
1.000
1.002
1.000
0.999
173
178
189
180
291
293
294
293
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.2
24.6
26.0
24.3
24.4
47.4
45.6
45.4
44.9
0.291
0.294
0.292
0.295
0.255
0.256
0.246
0.261
0.237
0.240
0.233
0.240
1.50
1.64
2.00
1.59
1.69
1.80
2.02
1.80
1.78
1.86
2.05
1.86
1.83
1.87
2.05
1.87
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
L
L
T
L
0.992
1.005
0.997
1.004
180
175
193
179
298
296
296
296
2.6
2.6
3.5
2.8
24.2
25.1
24.9
25.4
45.0
47.0
45.0
44.2
0.284
0.290
0.281
0.290
0.252
0.254
0.245
0.256
0.235
0.237
0.230
0.241
1.69
1.78
1.41
1.72
1.85
1.87
1.96
1.87
1.85
1.89
1.98
1.93
1.87
1.89
1.99
1.93
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
L
L
T
L
1.006
1.028
1.015
1.022
171
168
181
171
298
297
297
297
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
23.9
23.9
23.7
24.9
46.4
45.7
45.9
46.1
0.286
0.290
0.281
0.292
0.249
0.250
0.246
0.255
0.235
0.237
0.231
0.238
1.78
1.83
1.74
1.81
1.97
1.94
1.92
1.95
1.98
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.95
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.002
1.001
0.998
0.993
149
149
150
149
301
301
300
301
24.1
23.3
23.1
23.0
43.2
43.7
43.4
44.3
0.259
0.262
0.262
0.262
0.232
0.233
0.231
0.234
0.223
0.224
0.218
0.225
2.03
1.92
1.99
2.06
2.01
1.98
2.01
2.06
2.03
2.00
2.06
2.04
2.00
1.98
2.08
2.00
L
1.
T
L
0.985
0.996
0.990
0.987
153
155
165
153
297
298
298
296
24.5
23.5
22.1
24.2
44.6
44.4
43.5
44.3
0.245
0.242
0.248
0.243
0.225
0.225
0.223
0.223
0.220
0.219
0.218
0.221
2.01
1.95
2.15
2.20
2.02
1.97
2.16
2.14
1.98
1.98
2.11
2.08
1.96
1.95
2.10
2.05
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S. P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.991
0.993
0.991
0.996
155
155
157
163
302
302
300
303
23.9
24.5
23.2
23.7
44.5
43.7
42.5
42.7
0.250
0.249
0.250
0.239
0.227
0.228
0.225
0.219
0.221
0.220
0.217
0.217
1.97
2.05
2.07
2.13
2.00
2.06
2.05
2.09
1.98
2.02
2.07
2.00
1.99
2.00
2.05
2.03
0.8%S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.989
0.991
0.984
0.990
162
169
156
159
299
300
298
301
23.6
22.8
22.5
22.5
43.9
44.4
43.9
43.5
0.249
0.243
0.251
0.241
0.228
0.223
0.225
0.223
0.224
0.218
0.218
0.220
2.00
1.98
2.25
1.99
2.07
1.99
2.12
1.97
2.05
1.97
2.11
1.92
2.03
1.93
2.10
1.97
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
16528-7
16528-8
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.992
0.987
0.988
0.994
167
173
163
167
297
301
296
301
22.6
24.4
22.6
22.8
43.2
44.2
43.9
43.9
0.241
0.224
0.243
0.230
0.223
0.213
0.224
0.218
0.221
0.213
0.216
0.215
2.02
1.93
2.19
1.98
2.10
1.91
2.11
1.97
2.03
1.88
2.07
1.97
1.99
1.96
2.04
1.94
16528-9
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.983
0.990
0.993
0.991
165
172
164
163
298
300
297
299
23.3
22.6
22.7
24.3
43.3
42.8
43.1
43.7
0.234
0.225
0.242
0.235
0.220
0.214
0.223
0.219
0.218
0.214
0.218
0.218
1.92
1.81
2.10
1.99
2.00
2.09
2.12
1.94
2.00
1.98
2.04
1.97
1.98
1.93
2.04
1.95
16528 10
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.981
0.993
0.988
0.987
155
157
158
155
303
302
301
303
25.2
23.5
23.8
23.8
43.7
42.0
44.0
43.4
0.255
0.253
0.259
0.253
0.230
0.230
0.230
0.231
0.225
0.223
0.219
0.225
2.00
1.94
2.20
2.03
2.00
2.01
2.08
1.99
2.00
1.95
2.04
1.97
1.98
1.94
2.06
1.95
16528-11
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.989
0.995
0.996
0.988
156
158
158
156
304
304
301
306
22.5
22.6
22.2
23.0
43.6
43.6
42.9
42.6
0.252
0.248
0.252
0.253
0.228
0.227
0.227
0.229
0.223
0.222
0.219
0.226
2.40
2.15
2.14
1.99
2.20
2.13
2.08
2.10
2.13
2.09
2.05
2.04
2.11
2.02
2.07
2.03
16528-12
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.987
0.984
0.985
0.990
166
161
159
155
305
303
301
303
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.9
44.0
42.6
44.1
45.9
0.252
0.241
0.251
0.250
0.228
0.224
0.226
0.229
0.222
0.220
0.218
0.223
2.08
1.98
2.02
1.97
2.03
1.98
2.03
1.99
2.04
1.99
2.05
1.92
2.02
1.96
2.02
1.93
16528 13
0.4%S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.982
0.995
0.992
0.986
161
155
160
160
304
302
300
303
22.7
24.0
22.2
22.8
44.2
43.9
43.2
44.5
0.243
0.253
0.252
0.244
0.223
0.229
0.227
0.226
0.222
0.226
0.221
0.222
1.96
2.01
2.20
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.16
1.98
1.99
1.98
2.11
1.97
1.99
1.97
2.10
1.97
TABLE 13
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR COIL .16637
Sample
Identity
Position in Sheet
Process
Rm
N/rnni2
A
%
Ats
%
ABO
5-10%
n->
10-15%
15-20%
5%
10%
15%
20%
"3
T2
f3
f4
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.H. Anneal
CM. Anneal
L
L
T
L
0.844
0.849
0.851
0.843
168
168
177
274
276
273
3.2
4.0
4.4
25.0
24.8
24.5
47.8
45.2
43.9
0.299
0.290
0.291
Test
0.261
0.247
0.248
not
0.245
0.246
0.234
complete!
1.90
1.68
1.77
1.96
1.88
2.06
2.01
1.93
2.14
2.04
1.94
2.15
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneul
C.R. Anneul
L
L
T
L
0.839
0.848
0.841
0.841
170
169
178
167
278
277
276
276
3.6
3.0
4.4
3.4
26.2
26.8
24.6
26.5
48.2
47.7
45.5
46.9
0.295
0.289
0.287
0.297
0.263
0.265
0.247
0.270
0.247
0.248
0.237
0.248
1.73
1.64
1.73
1.68
1.89
1.84
1.98
1.87
C.R. Anneul
C.R. Anneul
C.R. Anneal
O.K. Anneal
1.89
1.85
2.03
1.87
16637-3
1.89
1.79
1.93
1.84
L
1.
T
1.
0.873
0.872
0.870
0.872
157
157
163
158
279
277
275
277
2.0
1.8
3.2
2.4
26.1
25.2
24.4
26.2
50.9
46.9
47.1
45.6
0.298
0.291
0.282
0.300
0.261
0.257
0.253
0.261
0.243
0.243
0.234
0.247
1.91
1.93
1.97
2.02
1.97
1.98
2.02
2.02
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
L
L
T
L
1.96
2.00
2.02
2.06
16637-4
1.87
1.75
1.70
1.99
0.860
0.859
0.861
0.859
141
140
144
137
282
279
279
280
25.6
25.1
24.2
25.4
47.2
47.3
41.5
47.9
0.267
0.265
0.259
0.268
0.242
0.238
0.232
0.244
0.234
0.233
0.223
0.234
1.93
2.02
1.98
1.93
1.98
1.98
2.07
1.90
16637-5
1.94
1.90
1.90
1.86
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0 8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
1.93
1.95
2.04
1.89
L
L
T
L
0.844
0.858
0.843
0.847
149
149
154
149
282
277
279
279
23.B
24.3
24.0
25.0
46.1
46.1
45.2
45.8
0.241
0.236
0.239
0.238
0.224
0.223
0.222
0.223
0.219
0.220
0.215
0.223
2.07
2.10
2.24
2.08
2.00
2.06
2.27
2.02
2.00
1.99
2.27
2.00
16637-6
2.04
2.09
2.25
2.08
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.831
0.826
0.829
0.828
144
144
148
142
285
283
280
281
26.0
23.4
22.2
25.2
45.1
46.3
43.0
44.0
0.256
0.252
0.249
0.254
0.235
0.234
0.228
0.236
0.229
0.228
0.223
0.232
2.09
2.18
2.24
2.09
2.15
2.18
2.24
2.11
2.12
2.15
2.25
2.12
16637-7
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
2.09
2.18
2.25
2.07
L
L
T
L
0.844
0.849
0.841
0.839
142
140
147
140
284
282
279
282
24.8
26.0
22.6
25.5
46.5
48.8
43.6
45.0
0.255
0.256
0.248
0.257
0.235
0.236
0.225
0.235
0.229
0.232
0.218
0.228
2.01
2.09
2.23
2.31
2.09
2.09
2.28
2.22
2.00
2.03
2.33
2.13
16637-H
2.05
2.05
2.35
2.16
0.5% T.l.
0.5% T.l.
0.5% T.l.
0.5% T.I.
L
L
T
L
0.833
0.842
0.846
0.835
155
155
160
155
284
283
280
284
24.6
24.8
24.6
24.4
45.2
45.7
44.1
47.0
0.236
0.235
0.234
0.235
0.225
0.222
0.220
0.223
0.220
0.221
0.217
0.223
2.04
1.91
2.11
2.00
2.09
1.95
2.13
1.94
2 08
1.98
2.14
1.94
2.04
1.94
2.15
1.91
L
L
T
0.839
0.848
0.847
0.841
158
155
161
157
286
284
282
285
24.6
23.4
22.6
25.3
45.7
45.9
44.6
45.3
0.234
0.238
0.236
0.234
0.221
0.223
0.222
0.225
0.216
0.221
0.217
0.220
1.89
1.92
2.21
1.94
1.94
1.95
2.15
1.95
1.99
1.92
2.15
1.94
1.95
1.88
2.15
1.92
16637-K
L
1,
T
L
0.835
0.847
0.839
0.831
143
144
149
145
283
285
282
285
26.1
25.0
24.8
24.1
47.3
47.1
48.7
44.7
0.261
0.258
0.253
0.257
0.240
0.238
0.231
0.235
0.233
0.231
0.222
0.230
1.98
1.95
2.27
2.15
2.01
2.02
2.31
2.19
2.01
2.06
2.29
2.17
1.98
2.03
2.26
2.14
16637-11
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4%S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3% T.l.
0.3% T.l.
0.3% T.l.
0.3%T.I.
L
L
T
L
0.847
0.842
0.843
0.845
142
145
150
146
285
286
284
288
24.5
25.4
23.5
24.4
44.6
45.7
42.9
45.7
0.261
0.256
0.254
0.258
0.238
0.236
0.230
0.236
0.231
0.226
0.222
0.229
2.01
2.01
2.17
2.18
2.01
2.06
2.21
2.07
1.97
1.98
2.21
2.08
1.96
2.00
2.21
2.04
16637 -1!
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.5% T.L
0.5% T.I.
0.5% T.I.
0.5% T.L
L
L
T
L
0.842
0.849
0.846
0.842
146
148
154
149
285
286
283
287
24.3
24 1
23.4
23.2
46.7
45.4
42.9
45.7
0.254
0.252
0.247
0.250
0.236
0.233
0.226
0.232
0.232
0.224
0.218
0.225
1.97
2.07
2.24
2.13
2.01
2.08
2.24
2.12
1.98
2.08
2.22
2.13
1.95
2.05
2.21
2.07
16637-K
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.5% T.L
0.5% T.L
0.5% T.L
0.5% T.l.
L
L
T
L
0.848
0.846
0.834
0.848
148
149
154
148
286
287
283
286
23.4
24.1
23.0
24.2
43.7
43.5
43.9
43.5
0.251
0.249
0.249
0.251
0.233
0.232
0.226
0.229
0.225
0.232
0.221
0.225
2.07
2.14
2.19
2.14
2.03
2.15
2.22
2.07
1.97
2.09
2.20
2.06
1.96
2.06
2.20
2.04
166371
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
+
+
+
+
TABLE 14
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS FPU CPU. 17430
Sample
Identity
Gauge
mm
ReL
N/min'
RPo.2
N/mm*
Rm
N/mm-
Ag
5 10%
"l
n2
10-15%
15-20%
5%
r-2
10%
15%
T3
"M
20%
Ago
t>3
17430-1
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
0.695
0.699
0.694
0.689
166
153
170
163
279
278
281
280
2.8
2.6
3.4
3.0
24.6
23.6
23.8
24.8
45.5
43.9
42.0
42.4
0.283
0.289
0.276
0.297
0.256
0.257
0.240
0.259
0.240
0.234
0.221
0.238
2.02
1.84
2.57
2.06
2.03
1.94
2.64
2.11
2.07
1.95
2.71
2.12
2.00
1.95
2.74
2.12
174302
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
0.690
0.692
0.691
0.689
162
164
170
178
281
282
279
282
3.0
2.2
3.6
3.6
25.0
24.3
23.0
24.7
45.7
46.1
45.9
46.8
0.289
0.287
0.288
0.295
0.264
0.259
0.248
0.262
0.245
0.242
0.237
0.246
1.96
1.83
2.08
1.88
2.08
1.99
2.27
2.06
2.01
1.99
2.34
2.11
1.99
1.96
2.35
2.11
17430-3
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
L
L
T
L
0.685
0.685
0.688
0.689
154
139
137
139
278
278
278
273
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
24.7
24.2
23.6
26.0
44.4
46.1
46.2
46.2
0.291
0.297
0.301
0.307
0.262
0.262
0.258
0.271
0.245
0.242
0.234
0.250
1.24
1.42
1.84
1.34
1.32
1.44
1.84
1.38
1.34
1.41
1.85
1.38
1.32
1.38
1.83
1.35
174304
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.692
0.693
0.698
0.692
145
141
143
135
288
285
279
284
25.2
25.1
21.4
26.8
44.6
44.2
43.3
45.8
0.248
0.255
0.248
0.264
0.232
0.236
0.229
0.242
0.224
0.230
0.219
0.234
2.28
2.26
2.44
2.34
2.28
2.18
2.49
2.26
2.28
2.16
2.48
2.20
2.21
2.10
2.49
2.12
17430-5
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.691
0.697
0.683
0.694
153
163
151
149
283
284
277
283
23.5
23.1
22.5
24.6
45.8
43.9
42.7
46.6
0.229
0.232
0.234
0.238
0.225
0.222
0.217
0.226
0.218
0.220
0.209
0.221
2.17
2.34
2.94
2.27
2.16
2.28
2.85
2.30
2.12
2.22
2.79
2.27
2.09
2.18
2.72
2.22
17430-6
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.694
0.688
0.686
0.695
150
147
152
143
285
285
279
282
24.3
25.5
22.6
24.5
45.2
44.5
43.8
45.4
0.239
0.245
0.239
0.251
0.225
0.232
0.223
0.235
0.225
0.227
0.216
0.229
2.22
2.30
2.42
2.05
2.26
2.30
2.49
2.14
2.26
2.22
2.41
2.14
2.21
2.19
2.42
2.08
17430-7
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
L
L
T
L
0.682
0.690
0.692
0.682
148
147
149
143
285
284
278
281
25.2
24.7
23.0
24.1
44.7
45.8
49.5
45.1
0.241
0.246
0.241
0.247
0.227
0.230
0.223
0.236
0.224
0.226
0.218
0.226
2.42
2.45
2.60
2.23
2.39
2.39
2.55
2.23
2.37
2.34
2.56
2.18
2.30
2.27
2.49
2.14
17430-8
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.705
0.703
0.712
0.708
166
157
161
157
284
283
276
279
22.2
23.6
21.2
23.0
41.7
45.0
42.4
44.5
0.217
0.233
0.229
0.229
0.212
0.222
0.214
0.221
0.216
0.224
0.212
0.221
2.33
2.20
2.55
2.13
2.21
2.21
2.56
2.14
2.25
2.18
2.56
2.08
2.24
2.14
2.53
2.06
17430-9
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
+ 0.5% T.L.
+ 0.5% T.L.
+ 0 . 5 % T.L.
+ 0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.696
0.702
0.688
0.692
160
158
157
155
282
281
273
280
23.0
22.4
21.5
23.7
44.8
42.4
43.1
43.1
0.226
0.231
0.233
0.234
0.217
0.218
0.217
0.225
0.217
0.221
0.211
0.221
2.38
2.17
2.56
2.32
2.40
2.19
2.62
2.22
2.31
2.13
2.55
2.19
2.29
2.09
2.54
2.13
17430-10
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.691
0.699
0.697
0.691
144
143
145
143
280
281
274
281
24.8
23.5
22.6
24.1
45.7
44.7
44.7
46.0
0.250
0.252
0.251
0.265
0.235
0.235
0.226
0.233
0.227
0.227
0.220
0.231
2.21
2.28
2.63
2.18
2.16
2.19
2.53
2.17
2.07
2.15
2.48
2.12
2.06
2.09
2.45
2.10
17430-11
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
+
+
+
+
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
I.
I,
T
L
0.696
0.698
0.692
0.692
150
147
148
147
285
284
278
287
23.2
22.7
22.0
23.3
46.5
42.7
42.8
45.1
0.244
0.246
0.248
0.250
0.229
0.230
0.223
0.230
0.223
0.223
0.216
0.227
2.24
2.40
2.42
2.35
2.20
2.37
2.53
2.36
2.20
2.30
2.47
2.32
2.14
2.23
2.48
2.29
17430-12
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S . P . +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.698
0.700
0.701
0.699
151
152
151
150
285
285
279
288
23.6
22.0
23.0
23.2
45.6
44.0
42.7
46.2
0.242
0.239
0.245
0.247
0.226
0.228
0.224
0.230
0.223
0.223
0.212
0.223
2.35
2.21
2.62
2.23
2.24
2.27
2.57
2.23
2.21
2.22
2.54
2.22
2.16
2.19
2.48
2.18
17430-13
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
L
L
T
L
0.691
0.693
0.701
0.691
151
154
150
151
284
285
279
286
24.7
23.2
22.6
23.0
43.9
43.2
43.0
43.5
0.242
0.238
0.246
0.245
0.228
0.227
0.224
0.232
0.224
0.220
0.218
0.223
2.13
2.26
2.48
2.26
2.09
2.23
2.50
2.22
2.06
2.22
2.52
2.21
2.03
2.19
2.49
2.17
+
+
+
+
TABLE 15
MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW RESULTS FOR COIL 82076 AND 82078;
LUBRICATED CONDITION
5
Fracture Height mm
Sample
Identity
Process Condition
82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11
OP
Av.
OP
Av.
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
Drew
43.2
41.2
40.3
45.0
42.5
44.3
42.3
45.1
45.1
42.8
44.2
42.4
44.1
42.6
46.1
43.4
44.4
44.9
42.5
43.6
46.9
Drew
47.3
56.8
38.8
46.7
43.8
45.7
46.3
43.5
41.2
53.8
44.2
44.3
47.4
40.6
45.9
43.2
44.8
44.5
43.7
45.5
47.8
62.0
63.0
62.0
62.0
66.5
66.5
65.0
63.8
66.0
65.5
65.0
62.0
62.5
65.0
65.0
66.0
68.0
65.5
65.0
65.5
65.4
67.3
63.5
64.5
66.5
63.0
66.5
68.5
66.0
66.0
66.0
65.0
67.0
62.5
63.3
64.5
63.3
66.3
67.7
65.5
64.9
65.8
65.3
66.4
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
48.9
Drew
47.4
46.8
47.6
47.6
47.4
47.8
48.6
50.8
Sample
Drew
50.8
48.0
46.4
48.3
48.8
48.8
48.2
48.6
50.9
too
54.3
47.9
47.6
47.9
48.6
48.1
48.4
47.8
49.5
50.4
rusty
(51.6)
(49.4)
47.7
47.0
48.2
48.2
48.2
47.9
48.9
50.7
58.5
64.0
57.7
58.5
59.0
60.0
60.0
60.4
62.0
62.6
60.1
63.5
59.3
59.5
60.0
63.0
61.0
61.0
62.6
63.0
59.5
61.5
59.4
59.4
60.0
60.5
60.5
61.1
62.7
62.2
59.4
63.0
59.8
59.1
59.7
61.2
60.5
60.8
62.4
62.6
25
TABLE 16
MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW RESULTS FOR COIL 82076 AND 82078; DRY CONDITION
Punch Load, kN
Fracture Height mm
Sample
Identity
Process Condition
82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
OP
Av.
OP
Av.
33.3
29.7
31.3
31.5
67.0
64.0
rusty
62.0
67.5
66.5
64.5
60.0
64.5
64.5
65.6
60.5
63.0
64.2
63.7
30.7
31.8
31.0
30.6
28.3
28.3
31.4
30.7
31.5
30.4
too
29.8
31.4
30.5
30.6
29.1
29.9
30.6
30.7
65.0
64.0
29.0
31.6
30.4
30.1
28.7
30.8
31.1
31.4
29.9
31.5
Sample
29.8
30.8
30.0
31.2
30.4
30.6
29.3
30.1
64.5
66.0
66.5
65.0
58.5
58.5
65.0
65.0
60.5
64.0
62.0
63.0
61.0
62.5
60.0
63.5
62.3
65.8
65.0
64.2
59.8
61.8
63.2
64.7
27.9
29.4
29.4
28.4
29.4
28.4
27.4
27.4
28.4
28.9
29.4
28.4
30.4
27.4
27.4
28.9
27.4
26.9
29.4
28.9
Sample
28.4
29.4
30.4
26.9
27.9
28.4
28.9
27.9
29.4
28.9
too
28.6
29.1
30.1
27.6
28.2
28.6
27.9
27.4
29.1
28.9
rusty
64.0
69.5
67.5
62.5
60.5
59.5
59.5
61.5
63.5
65.0
67.0
67.5
69.0
62.0
59.0
63.5
60.0
61.0
66.0
65.0
65.0
68.5
68.8
60.5
59.5
61.5
62.0
63.0
65.0
63.5
65.3
68.5
68.4
61.7
59.7
61.5
60.5
61.8
64.8
64.5
26
TABLE 17
MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW RESULTS FOR COILS 16528.16637 AND 17430: DRY CONDITION
Fracture Height mm
Sample
Identity
Process Condition
16528- 1
16528- 2
16528- 3
16528- 4
16528- 5
16528- 6
16528- 7
16528- 8
16528- 9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13
Punch Load, kN
OP
Av.
OP
Av.
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
28.4
26.4
26.8
25.0
23.8
24.5
25.6
24.3
24.9
25.2
26.2
24.2
25.6
28.6
27.8
26.8
26.2
26.6
24.9
25.4
26.4
24.2
26.2
25.2
27.5
26.8
31.4
31.2
29.9
25.2
28.1
26
26.6
27.6
25.9
28.3
25.7
25.0
27.9
29.5
28.5
27.8
25.5
26.2
25.1
25.9
26.1
25.0
26.6
25.7
25.6
26.8
48.5
47.5
50.0
44.0
43.5
44.0
46.0
43.0
44.0
46.0
47.0
43.0
46.0
50.5
50.5
50.5
46.0
48.5
44.0
45.5
47.0
42.5
47.5
45.0
48.0
48.0
57.0
57.0
58.0
47.0
51.0
47.5
50.0
50.0
47.5
52.0
47.0
46.5
51.0
52.0
51.7
52.8
45.7
47.7
45.2
47.2
46.7
44.7
48.5
46.3
45.8
48.3
16637- 1
16637- 2
16637- 3
16637- 4
16637- 5
16637- 6
16637- 7
16637- 8
16637- 9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8%S.P.+ 0.5%T.L.
0.8%S.P.+ 0.5%T.L.
0.4%S.P.+ 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4%S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
41.0
38.1
38.5
36.3
38.8
39.9
42.0
38.6
36.8
36.9
38.5
35.2
37.8
30.3
34.1
33.4
34.7
33.3
36.1
35.0
34.3
31.7
36.5
35.4
37.2
38.5
37.0
34.4
36.1
43.4
33.7
36.1
36.9
34.2
33.6
36.4
34.9
36.2
35.4
36.1
35.5
36.0
38.1
35.3
37.4
38.0
35.7
34.0
36.6
36.3
36.2
37.2
50.5
49.5
51.5
49.0
49.0
49.0
52.0
49.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
47.5
49.5
43.5
46.5
48.0
48.5
45.5
47.0
48.5
46.5
44.5
48.0
47.5
48.0
49.0
50.0
49.0
51.5
52.5
49.5
49.0
51.0
48.5
47.5
49.5
48.5
49.5
49.5
48.0
48.3
50.3
50.0
48.0
48.3
50.5
48.2
46.7
48.7
48.3
48.3
49.3
17430 -1
17430 -2
17430 -3
17430 -4
17430 -5
17430 -6
17430 -7
17430 -8
17430 -9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
44.4
36.4
28.9
28.8
29.3
31.4
25.0
25.6
26.8
26.5
27.3
28.0
27.1
36.9
35.0
25.6
31.9
32.7
29.5
28.4
27.4
27.6
26.6
26.3
25.7
27.2
39.0
30.1
24.0
29.4
23.8
26.8
27.1
26.9
26.4
24.8
24.8
24.7
25.9
40.1
33.8
26.2
30.0
28.6
29.2
26.8
26.6
26.9
26.0
26.1
26.1
26.7
43.0
42.0
31.0
35.0
37.0
38.0
30.0
31.0
33.5
33.5
34.5
35.0
33.5
40.0
42.0
27.0
39.5
40.5
36.5
35.5
34.0
34.5
33.5
33.5
32.0
34.0
43.0
49.0
27.0
37.5
30.0
34.0
34.5
35.0
34.5
32.0
32.5
32.0
33.0
42.0
44.3
28.3
37.3
35.8
36.2
33.3
33.3
34.2
33.0
33.5
33.0
33.5
27
FLATNESS
STRESS
(N/rrf
40
IhUEX
>
(I
Unit*>
, Sonplt 1.
20
Hod End.
20
20
10
40
20
60 [
30 JO/Sld.
40 .
20
(la)
O/Sldt
,Sonplt 2.
Sonplt 2a.
20 ,
0.
10
20
10
40
20
60
30
40 .
20 f
(lb)
O/Sld.
. Sonpl* 3.
. Sonplt 3a.
20
Hid C o l l .
Toll End.
10
20 ,
to
40
20
60
30
(lc)
O/Sldt
200
400
600
800
1000
Location oP Measurements
1200
1400
1600
(.rm)
FIG.l
FLATNESS
STRESS
INDEX
CN/iv*' )
(I
40
20
Unlti)
t
20.
10
20.
10
40
20
60 J.
30 i O / S l d t
20
10
(2a)
O/Sld.
20
10
40
20
60
30.
40
20
20
10
0.57. T e n s i o n L e v e l l i n g .
20
10
40
20
60.
30
1
. 0 7 'T e n s i o n L e v e l l i n g .
1.07.
O/Sldt
<2b>
O/Sld*
? ^X
1.57
Tension
Levelling.
<2c>
D/SId*
O/Sld.
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
L o c a t i o n oP Measurements (.r\r\">
29
FIG.2
4 &
0">
10..
T!
?o
35
4*o
So
Flatness
?o
I nde (I
3o
i<5o
Units)
FIG.3
Before T e n d o n l e v e l l i n g .
RFter Tension L e v e l l i n g .
42
"""-.6-"'*
1.5V. E l o n g o t i o n
'.
- -40
3S.
35
34
32
30
O/Slde
FIG.4
31
FIG.5
Head
Toil
Processing D irectmn
End
End
x !
Portl
Port 2
Mid Coil
Port 2
Oi'/oSF-
" i d Col
Pon 1
1 r-
0-8% S.?
Mid Coil
l'i
Hesrt End
Mid Coil
Toil E-id
IP
ix
Port 1
7
x
0.8% S.P
Part 2
I
6
x
CU%SP
0-5%Elono
0-3% Elong
(a)
Tall
End
Processing D irection
1!
Port 2
Portl
Mid Coll
Mid Coil
u
0-8V.SJ? -
Parti
-I
Part2
I-
0-4% SJ?-
lid Coll
12
X
P3
x
Part 2
- = - 0 5 % Elong
Mid Coll
HeadEnd
x
__,
0.4%SP
&
f Q
WO/ J "
0-3% Elong
f* '
(b)
32
FIG.6
80
70.
60..
3
-
50.
40.,
Z
c
30.
20.
Coil
10
10.
<7a)
n
8
Q.
0.47.
C.F..
Rnneoled
-K
0.87.
0.37.
I
0.57.
Tension Level 1ed
CTenper Rolled 0.47.)
Tenper R o l l e d
-2<
80
82076
Process
70,
?Q
C
50.
>
c
4Q
Coil
82078
(7b)
30.
1
u.
20.
10.
Ii
-K
-2C
C.F..
flnnecled
0.47.
^S
11
0.87. S P.
Tenper Rol 1 ed
0.37.
1
0.5*/.
Tension L e v e l l e d
1 (Tenper Rol led 0.47.)
Process
FIG.7
Coil
20
'
1G528
l0
II
13
12
10
50.
40
SO
4
to
Coil
16637
10
10
12
13
12
13
01
99
40
30
20
COIL 17430
10
C.R.
Annealed
0.4X.
0.8X
Temper R o l l e d
to
II
0.5%
0.3'/.
Tension L e v e l l e d
0.8Z
|
0.47.
Temper R o l l e d
0.5'/.
PROCESS
34
FIG.8
Rjmcss
STKESS
<M/wmf>
CO .
H/E C o l l Sample 1
Mid C o l l Sonple 2
T/E C o i l Sonple 3
IMEX
CI U l l l l )
30
AS ANNEALED
(9a)
Coil
FUIWSS
8207G
tnctt
iwex
<H/~t>
(I IMIlt)
to.
10
0.4% S . P .
+ 0.3% T . L .
90
<9d)
C o i l 82076-7
STXEtS
(H/ff>
40 ,
FLATICSS
IICEX
<1 Unlta)
eo.
Sonple 9
Sonple 10
Sonple I I
eo
to
0.4% S . P .
0.8% S . P . ONLY
+ 0.3% T . L .
10
0 .
(9e)
C o i l 82076-8
eo I
10
eo
10,
(9b)
Coil
82076
0.4% S . P . ONLY
0.4% S . P .
+ 0.5% T . L .
(9P)
C o i l 82076-5
0.4% S . P .
eo 1
IO
too
400
too
too
IOOO
(9g)
C o i l 82076-6
O/Slde
0
(9c)
+ 0.5% T . L .
200
0/Sld
400
coo
too
Location of Meoturtnentt
1000
inn)
itoo
35
FIG.9
ItM
FLHTW3S
STUCSf
ItCCX
IH/rtti
<) U n l t l )
60 .
30
<10a>
snot
<H/t>
Coil
to .
82078
Fumcss
iwex
<1 U n i t . )
10
0.4% S . P .
<H/rrf>
40 .
Futncss
m i
T.L.
Coil
iTm
+ 0.37.
<10d>
82078-7
Sample 9
Sample 10
Sample 11
<l Unlt>>
10
0.4% S . P .
0.87. S . P . ONLY
Coil
+ 0.3% T . L .
<10e>
82078-8
<10b)
Coil
(0
40
to
to
10
82078
0.4% S . P . ONLY
0.4% S . P .
Coil
+ 0.5% T . L .
<10P)
82078-5
to
10
40
to
(0
to
40
100
90
0.4% S . P .
to 1
Coil
10
82078.
(lOc)
<10g>
82078-6
O/Sldt
0
Coil
+ 0.5% T . L .
200
D/Sidc
400
GOO
MO
L o c a t i o n of Meajurementj
10M
1200
irm)
o/*n.
0
tOO
400
(00
MO
1000
It
FIG. 10
AS ANNEALED
FLATNESS
STttH
INDEX
OUnt>
()
40
CO
10
FLATNESS
H/E C o i l SflnpW I
Mid C o l l Sonplt 2
T/E C o l l Sonplc 3
Unit!)
STTSS*
INDEX
<NW>
<I
M I D
0.4% S . P . ONLY
M
10
(11a)
Coll
16528.
to
10
40
20
(lie
Coll
16528-4.
0.4% S.P.
___^_
_
Sonplt 5
Sonpl. 6
Sonplt 7
0 . 8 / : S . P . ONLY
10
40
tO
to
10
Coll
40
to
(lib)
Coll
+ 0.5
T.L.
+ 0.5% T . L .
16528-9.
(lid)
O/Sldc
400
(00
SOO
119
1000
1200
L o c a t i o n of Meaturencntt
1400
to
10
401
to
to.
10
to
10
Coll
+ 0.5% T . L .
16528-12.
0.4% S . P .
Coll
(llh)
+ 0.5% T . L .
16528-13.
(in:
O/Side
O/Sld*
100
+ 0.3% T . L .
16528-11.
0.4% S . P .
lie)
Coll
\(11F
16528.
0.8% S . P .
0.8% S . P .
Coll
10
T.L.
16528-10.
0.4% S.P.
10
+ 0.37.
tOO
1100
O/Std*
400
MO
SOO
1000
IMS
1400
L o c a t i o n of Mosurnntt (rm>
<m>
37
FIG. 11
ISOO
AS ANNEALED
H/E Coll Sonpl* I
Mid Call Sonpl 2
T/E C a l l Sonplc 3
tract*
CH/Mf/>
40
Futncss
iwex
CI U n l t t )
CO
0.47. S . P . ONLY
<12e)
<12a>
Coil
oil
16637.
16637-4.
0.4'/. S . P . + 0.3% T . L .
C12F>
Sonpl S
Sonpl* 6
_ __Scnpl* 7
to 1
Coll
10
16637-10.
0 . 8 / : S . P . ONLY
0.47. S . P . + 0.3'/. T . L .
<i2g>
Coll
<12b>
ttoll
to .
16637.
10
to
10
to
10
to.
10
0 . 4 / : S . P . + 0.57. T . L .
0.8/C S . P . + 0 . 5 ' / T . L .
0
to
10
16637-11,
<12h)
(12c)
to
10
to
10
Coll
16637-8.
Coil
0.87. S . P . + 0 . 5 / : T . L .
0.47.
16637-12.
S . P . + 0.57. T . L .
<12d)
Coil
O/Slde
o
too
oo
too
Location
16637-9.
ooo
looo
itoo
of M*aurnnt
to I
10
O/Sldt
O/Sldo
ioo
<nn>
Coll
tOO
400
000
< 121)
16637-13.
000
1000
IMO
D/Sld
1400
FIG. 12
II
Fumcss
trans
/>*/>
Fmncss
iwcx
Ernst
IMXX
tl IMItO
40
10
0.4'/. S . P . ONLY
(13e
<13o)
Coll
M ,
17430-4.
10 ,
0.4*/. S . P .
0
+ 0.3'/. T . L .
<13F
Sawpl 5
Sonplt 6
_ _ _Sonpl 7
40
10
0.8% S . P . ONLY
M
10
0.4% S . P .
0
+ 0.3% T . L .
<13g.
to
10
40
CO
10
<13b>
Coll
to
10
+ 0.5% T . L .
0.4% S . P .
7~~
+ 0.5% T . L .
C13c>
Coll
<13h
17430-8.
0.8% S . P .
0
17430-11.
17430.
0.8% S . P .
o
Coll
to I
10
CO .
10
to
10
Coll
17430-13.
0.4% S . P .
+ 0.5% T . L .
+ 0.5% T . L .
<13d)
Coll
10
17430-9.
COS
400
tOO
S90
1000
1100
Coll
1400
17430-13
O/Sidc
0/Sld
O/Sldc
I*
tOO
400
000
SCO
1000
ItO*
1400
L o c a t i o n of Measurcntntt (rm>
L o c a t i o n of Maturn*nts <rm>
FIG. 13
If
Coil 82076
FIG. 14
Coil 16528
0/Slo>
O/Side
860u
D/Sld*
D/Slde
J*|l
860u
jdlr
y*""
jffr
f * ^ *
850u
/ ' ""
k^*Swl
,0u
^
^ ^
5W
^Tu
3
-^V -
_
-- o
3
.o
*3
1 -TJ
S
-7
0
To
-Width .
Coil 17430
Coil 16637
FIG. 15
100
a.
2
400
600
BOO 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)
W
Mt l i k
-100
1600
400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip widtrt (mm)
200
kal |
WthkUl
1400
1600
100J
100
1
i
'!
1
iI
a.
y^7
&
-40-60-
"74 O;
\
-100
400
600
600
1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)
lATaofcataal
WaMiLaks
100-
1400
Coll Na 16S28
\1
100-
1600
\/
i
t
.'
M0
200
400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)
1400
1600
100-
i
1
C
2
1
1
^y/
..'-J
/ ' \
k T
^ /
V
-*%
- . - "
CoB Na 16328
fiO100-
~~ j
200
i
i
400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)
7 7*
-40-
60- ~7
'"!
1400
100- i
1600
\13
. , '
:
,
200
'
1
I
t
i
1
400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)
WtfakLak*
42
//
:
1 "1
^ I XT-
\
l^ L^/
^<7^
FIG. 16
1400
1600
!
60-
i
i
- f
- r
fc"
20-
5 *
u
T
3 o1 -20-
-2
-f^___i
1
!'
400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)
BAJackiieaJ
1000
-1000
1200
C o U N a 16637
2CO
L&TntolMl |
VMakUhs 1
WlUUkl
100-
/ - - ~ *
1
!
"" i
-60-
200
"
!
4
1
1
-80-
-100
-r
400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)
-^
1000
'
12C
100
60-
200-
$
-40-
6
**
\ I
*S
"'
; i
r-*"-
-fr^p.,'''^
S ' l
L^^J-*
^5
/C^\
-60-
C o U N a 16637
100200
UTackaM
WatokUk*
400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)
1000
200
1200
BLS.Tntilo.1 I
WakikUk* I
100-
400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)
1000
1200
100-
60-
. ...
1
1
8 **
>
12
40-
--*
' "**** *
*
- ^ ^ ^ i
0-
-20-
\
-80-
200
^ 6
r^ T
-100BJLTaokakal I
M U l i I
.--'
"'
.-j^S^iSr-l
90-
_/-''
13
'jf
-20"
C o U N a 16637
C o U N a 16637
400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)
Er"
1000
-BO-100-
1200
aiTMkilwl
j~
200
400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)
43
FIG. 17
1000
1200
100
100-
Q.
|
S
2'
'
5
&
luteal |
Lake I
200
400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)
r ^--+
- ^ - yi \
20
-90-
-100-
1200
BJ.TI
Weba
ft
'
\ i
^ 4
-80-100
!
200
!
400
Position
I
600
BOO
1000
strip width (mm)
1200
Lata I
100
Q.
a.
S
CO
-100
BATacaaleal
WetoaLak*
400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)
-100
1200
100
200
400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)
100-
1200
fiQ-
aS.T*caalaat
WetekLaka
400
600
600
Position across strip width (mm)
^'1
-40-
100-
1200
20-
UTeeaekaU
>-=;
!
I
200
Cod Ma 17430
400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)
44
^V^-13
*
,
FIG. 18
1200
Max. surface
stress
(N/mm2)
Maximum surface stress
R
y
E
= Radius of curvature
= i strip thickness
= Youngs Modulus
= jE
R
Double reduced
Yield stress
oy =
650N/mm2
0.17 mm gauge
0.14 mm gauge
10 -
300
400
500
600
700
(RMF/TR/F3)
FIG. 19
+Y
46
FIG.20
Penetration
(mm)
Roll leveller
68 mm dia. at 70 mm centres
8 -
50
100
150
200
250
(RMF/TR/F5)
FIG. 21
Radius of curvature
under rollers
(mm)
250
200
150
100
50 -
Penetration
setting of rollers
(mm)
10
12
Roller No.
48
FIG.22
Radius of curvature
under rollers
(mm)
250
200
150
Top frame split
100
3<g
50 -
Penetration
setting of rollers
(mm)
12
10
2
Roller No.
Roller No.
49
FIG.23
0.17mm D. R.
0.20mm S. R.
10
20
30
40
50
FIG. 24
25mm-100mm
Bending rolls
Load cell
'Of \
\ /
Load cell
v__^
-p(^
Variable speed
carriage actuator
Drive
motor
2>
Adjustable tension cylinder
(RMF/TR/Fl)
FIG. 25
2500
2250
2000
7
01
c
3
>
L.
3
1750..
1500..
1250.:
en
3
1000
750
500..
250
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
52
FIG.26
APPENDIX I
OFF-LINE SHAPE ASSESSMENT
Off-line shape measurements were carried out on all the samples using the contour following technique.
This uses a precision LVDT type transducer which traverses lightly over the surface contour of each
sample in the rolling direction. Each traverse was carried out at 50mm increments either side of the
sample width centre line including its extreme edge. The vertical displacement during traverse is logged
at equal time intervals and the number of loggings per traverse (~400) is constant for each measured
sample. At the end of each traverse, the displacement signal is used to calculate the shape value in I Units
as follows:c
d
L2
LI
L
=
=
=
=
=
L2 = V(d2+ C 2)
LI = 2L2
L = Sc
Length Differential
I Units
= LI - L
L
= (LI - L) x 1Q5
L
The collective results for each sample are computed eliminating any camber that may be present.
53
APPENDIX II
DETAILS OF TENSILE TESTING
Tensile tests were carried out according to Standard EN 10 002 Part 1 on 80mm gauge length samples on a
Zwick 1474 machine at an initial crosshead speed of 2.5mm/min increasing to 25mm/min after
determination of proof stress.
Four tests were carried out on each sample sheet, three in the longitudinal direction at width O/S, centre
and i width D/S and 1 in the transverse direction at centre position.
Parameters measured:ReL
Rpo.2
Rm
Ae
Ag
Ago
ni, n2, n3
ri, r2, r3, r 4
Steel Grade
P0.2
N/mm2
max.
Rm
N/mm2
Ago
%min
FeP04
210
270/350
38
1.6
.180
FeP05
180
270/330
40
1.9
.200
55
90/20
min
90/20
min
APPENDIX HI
DETAILS OF MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW TEST
The modified stretch draw test involves deforming a 117mm diameter blank with a 50mm diameter
hemispherical punch at 1 mm/sec using, in this case, a 50 kN blankholder load. The end point of the test is
fracture of the sample. At the end point of the test the fracture height and punch load are both recorded.
The test is shown schematically below:-
XX^^MKttKKSKKKKgKK^^
\
Failure site
Deforming
area
57
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