The first institution, the Palmer School of

Chiropractic, started in 1897 as the

Chiropractic School and Cure (left, circa
1907) . The second school of record was the
American School of Chiropractic in Cedar
Rapids (below), which operated for some 14
years (1904-1918) .

Carver Chiropractic College (below with exterior and auditorium views, circa 1910) existed
in Oklahoma City for over half a century (1906-1958), merging with Logan College. The
authors believe that fewer than 190 schools actually existed in any regular, systematic
offering of the D.C. degree.

Chiropractic History
Volume 8, No. 1 1988

27

How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Analysis of

Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree

ALANA FERGUSON, M.S.*

GLENDA WIESE, M.A.**

Medical literature has often repeated early and unsubstantiated statements to the
effect that "as many as 500 different schools of chiropractic have seen the light of
day." Research by the authors, which initially resulted in a listing of chiropractic
institutions known to have existed from 1897 to the date of the publication in 1985,
indicates a far smaller figure. Allowing for mergers, acquisitions and satellite
schools, the figure for the past 90 years may be nearer 190. An updated list ofthese
institutions, including those located since this original work, is part ofthe appendix
of this study. They are categorized by states and provinces, location and dates of
operation when known.

The authors originally published a historical directory of

chiropractic colleges three years ago, in response to several
requests for a list of all the chiropractic schools and colleges
that had ever existed. The authors chose to publish the directory in its incomplete form , hoping that it would be useful
while they continued to add to the list (Wiese and Ferguson
1985). The directory that is the appendix to this paper contains
the information in the 1985list plus the names of 130 additional
schools and colleges. The authors are confident that the important schools in the profession's history have been noted,
and that schools not appearing on the list were ephemeral in
nature. Although the authors will continue to note the existence of additional schools, the omission of these institutions
in the appendix of this paper should not influence the analysis
of the development of chiropractic schools and colleges.
In the compilation of the 130 schools not found in the 1985
directory, the authors relied almost exclusively on advertisements and school catalogs found in the Palmer College Archives. A 1914 directory of chiropractors was also useful in
locating several early names (Michel1914, 93). The authors
also wish to thank the readers who responded with additions
and corrections to the first historical directory. Their contributions have been incorporated in this listing.
No attempt has been made to credit each source. In many
instances, information was corroborated in more than one
source, from directories, catalogs, advertisements and simi-

<Coordinator, Palmer Research lnslilute

Reference Librarian, David D. Palmer Health Sciences Library
Correspondence to 1000 Brady Street, Davenport, IA 52803
Delivered at the Eighth Annual Conference on Chiropractic History at Cleveland Los Angeles on June 4, 1988.

Jar listings. In other instances, they found only one listing in

a directory or an advertisement to indicate that the school
existed. They have chosen to report all listings separately
except for name changes. A name change will be mentioned
in the listing under the most current college or school name.
Sources often gave conflicting information as to dates. The
authors have chosen to report the broadest range of dates, if
the credibility of the sources was equal. If one source appeared to be more accurate, the information in that source
was reported. An example of such distinctions would be the
date of a newspaper advertisement being more credible than
the dates given in a secondary source.
Street addresses have been omitted from this listing for
the sake of conciseness. In many instances the address is
unknown to the authors. Starting and closing dates of schools
are indicated by dates without brackets. Brackets around a
date indicate dates of existence where opening and closing
dates are not certain. The symbol -) preceded by a date indicates the institution was no longer in existence at that time
but that the closing date is unknown.
Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have
been in existence often reach as high as 600 (Lin 1973, 77).
Indeed, one chiropractor testifying before a Senate Committee in 1926 claimed, " .. . we had, at one time 200 schools in
the State of Michigan. " (Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure 1926, 5) The authors' research indicates that these claims
are exaggerated, although an estimate of 500 may not be too
far off the mark if one considers only a listing of the names
of schools from around the world. The list of school names
appended to this article numbers 436 if one considers all the
name changes, and will probably continue to grow slowly.

' 1988 Association tor th History of Chiropractic

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

28

If one looks more closely at the information provided, however, one notices that several names are changes in name
only (i.e., Palmer School to Palmer College, National School
to National College, Drown College to Hollywood College,
etc.) By eliminating these changes "in name only" the list
shrinks to 392 names. One can further reduce the number of
names if the researcher eliminates the different branches of
the same school (i.e. , Carver Colleges in Wichita, Kansas
City, Denver, New York; Ratledge, Darling and Darling, etc.)
The number of schools decreases from 392 to 376. If one
chooses to eliminate schools outside the United States from
this discussion, the list is further reduced to 346. Merged
schools have been counted in the totals (i.e., Carver into
Logan, Universal into Lincoln into National) as these schools
stood alone for a number of years.
Of the remaining 346 schools, a researcher might question
whether all of these were legitimate institutions of higher
education. The earliest graduates were licensed to "teach
and practice" and research indicates that many early
graduates did just that. Their advertisements would solicit
both patients and students. No information has been found
for many schools indicating that they operated for more than
a period of a few months, or even that they had any students.
Although the authors chose to include these in their list, if
one choses to eliminate names of schools for which no record
of existence for longer than a year can be found, the number
of names shrinks from 346 to 188.
Any evaluation of the remaining 188 names must be subjective. One criteria could be: did the school offer a DC degree
after a resident course? Two more names can be eliminatedAmerican University and Palmer School of Correspondenceboth of which operated solely by correspondence courses.
(American University 1916, 1917; Palmer School of Correspondence 1911). Schools which offered residence courses in
addition to correspondence courses have not been removed.
In many instances, the authors had little to go by other
than lists. When catalogs or bulletins for the institution exist,
some information is available. Even so, many of the bulletins
are vague about the school's starting date and number of
graduates, leaving one to conclude that the institution's actual
dates of existence may have been brief.
In a few instances, even when evidence of several
graduates exist, the authors question the quality of the education as measured against the prevailing standards for chiropractic schools at that time. B. J . Palmer alludes to the problem:

"The curse of Chiropractic is the army of scholastic pretenders, who, leech-like, have fastened
themselves to the pedagogical phase of the vocation for the money there is in it." (Palmer 1916,
4-5).

It appears that another common failing of many of these

early institutions may have been a course of study shorter
than the standard eighteen months after 1912. The American
University received notoriety as being a "diploma mill" in a
1915 Harper's Weekly expose (Creel1915). Evidence indicates
that Indiana Chiropractic College may also have been in the
'diploma mill' category.
In analyzing the patterns of growth of the chiropractic
schools and their student populations, the authors have chosen
to use Gibbons ' categorization of periods of activity: the Tutorial Period, 1897-1905; the Classical Period, 1905-1924; the
Proprietary Period, 1924-1960; the Professional Period, 1960(Gibbons 1980, 339).
The Tutorial Period, 1897-1905, was characterized by relatively few schools. Although the list of those in existence during this period numbers 17, documentation of graduates from
these schools can only be found for a few. D. D. Palmer's
schools in Davenport and Santa Barbara and Langworthy'S'
American School could not have accounted for more than 100
graduates (not DC's but graduates), and the majority of them
(57) were from Palmer. Although Palmer may have
graduated students from Portland, the authors could not document the school's existence, or any evidence of graduates
during this period. The early existence of the Sinclair College
in Santa Rosa is problematical, but is cited in a 1950 study as
being in existence for 14 years (Stanford Research 1960).
The Classical Period, 1906-1924, saw an explosion in the
number of chiropractic schools and their student population.
By referring to the graph in Figure 1, the researcher finds
that the number of schools in existence increased from 17 in
1906 to 64 in 1924. Reed's assessment that there were as many
as 79 schools in existence in 1920 is probably high (Reed 1932,
79). The graph in Figure 1 indicates there were 58 schools in
1920, but the figures exceed his estimate in 1925, when 82
schools were in existence. The student enrollment for this
period increased tremendously. At the Palmer School, enrollment went from eight in 1906 (Lin 1973, 76) to almost 2300 in
1921. There was a dip in enrollments during 1917-1918 due to
World War I (Turner 1931, 34-36). Again, the authors' inability
to document the existence of many of the schools of this time
for more than a year suggests that many were not viable
schools and may not have graduated any students.
Little evaluative material is available on the chiropractic
schools in existence during this time. Aside from catalogs of
some of them, a primary source for this period is the Universal Chiropractors Association's 1922 report on chiropractic
schools. Most of the 25 institutions evaluated were housed in
a suite of rented rooms with only a modest amount of equipment. The report tends to be more understanding of these
deficiencies, than of the questionable motives on the part of
the founders. On the American School of Chiropractic the
investigator for the UCA, one Frank Myers, wrote:

In preparing a 1922 report to the Universal Chiropractors

Association, an investigator visited the campuses of approximately 25 schools. When considering the number of full time
faculty, classroom hours, testing facilities, and evidence of
'graft' as criteria for judging a school, several fell short of
the UCA's standards (Universal Chiropractors Association
1922).

"My opinion, with relation to Chiropractic is that

they have taken on this subject for its commercial
possibilities and are not devoting any of their time
to specializing on it. . . . Nevertheless their
graduates are being turned out and practicing
their mode under the name of Chiropractic" (Universal Chiropractors Association 1922).

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

29

DISTRIBUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC COLLEGES

BETWEEN 1895 AND 1988

On the Indiana Chiropractic College, Frank Myers reported:

"Requirements for degrees: Stick around fo( a
while. I saw two diplomas in two so-called chiropractors offices from this school, although the
school has been running only four months. One
of these men had been a farmer and got his diploma four months ago. The other was a chiropodist
and writes D.C. in pen and ink on his business
card" (Universal Chiropractors Association
1922).

Not all of those investigated received negative reports.

Advanced School (New York) , Carver Chiropractic College
(New York), Los Angeles Chiropractic College, and Chiropractic University (Kansas) received generally favorable reports. In spite of the questionable academics and short life
span of many during this time, it was established that the
eighteen month course became the norm. A few schools (National, Carver, and Universal) offered an optional three or
four year course. It was also during this period that a pioneer
effort was made by the International Association of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges to discuss standardization, curriculum, and other educational policies (Gibbons 1980, 344).

Proprietary 1924-60: A decline in the numoer of schools

followed the NCM controversy and then the economic depression. The number of schools and their population dropped
from 82 in 1925 (See Figure 1) to 69 with a total student population of 2,000 in 1927 to 59 schools with a total enrollment of
1,400 in 1932 (Figure 1; Reed 1932, 36). The number of schools
indicated by the authors' chart is considerably higher than
the figures given by Reed. The authors chose to use his enrollment figures , because they suspect the additional schools had
very few students, and no other enrollment figures are available.
The Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the
American Medical Association issued a scathing report on
the chiropractic educational system in 1927 (American Medical Association 1928). The medical educational community
had been struggling successfully to improve its own standards
of education and were highly critical of the lack of standards
in chiropractic. In 1910, the Council on Medical Education, in
cooperation with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teac.hing, had issued the Flexner Report (Flexner
1910). Highly critical of the medical education at that time,
the Flexner Report became an invaluable catalyst in the fight
to raise the education level in America's medical schools. In
the years following its publication, enormous progress was
made in raising the standards of medical education.

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

30

standards, and partially because of the maturation of the first

of the " Baby Boomers" the early 1970's witnessed increasing
enrollments in all chiropractic colleges.
By 1975 there were 5,000 students (Schaefer 1976, 71 ) and
by 1978 enrollment stood at 8,570, (Wardwelll980, 30) . Today
there are over 12,000 students (FACTS 1986, 19). The number
of colleges decreased from 22 in 1960 to 11 in 1969-1972, comparable to the number of schools in existence in 1903. The
mid-1970's saw an increase in the number of schools and the
number has r emained stable for the last decade. Pasadena,
Life, Life-West, Palmer -West, Sherman and Pennsylvania
Straight were founded in this decade.
The demographic distribution of the schools by state is
represented in Table 2. The number of schools in each state
closely parallels the practitioner concentration (i.e., California, 47 ; New Yor k, 31 ; Iowa, 16; etc.) . If all the branches of
the colleges were included in the count, the numbers would
be even greater in states like California and New York.

Although references to as many as 436 chiropractic school

and college names have been located by the authors, the
number of viable colleges in North America that graduated
a significant number of chiropractors is much lower, under
200. As the profession raised its educational standards, the
potential for profiting from ownership of a school decreased.
Thus fewer new schools were opened and many of the weaker
schools closed or merged with a stronger school. The story

During the 1930's a similar effort was made by the National

Chiropr actic Association to raise the educational standards
of the chiropractic profession. In 1935 the Committee on Educational Standards was created. In 1947 the Council on Chiropractic E ducation was created and received the support of
the NCA (Schaefer 1976, 34) . During the period 1941 to 1960,
the committee, under the leadership of John Nugent, worked
to strengthen chiropractic education. Many weaker institutions were merged with other institutions and some substandard institutions were closed. An increase in the number of
new schools following World War II was predictable, but most
had merged by the end of the 1950's . By 1960 the number of
chiropractic schools had decreased to 22.
Although student enrollment figures are not available for
most of this period, the economic depression and World War
II took a terrible toll on student enrollment. Enrollment
climbed steeply after the war, largely because of the increased student pool and the influx of funding created by the
G.l. bill.
Professional. 1960- : The next two decades saw important
advances in profession-wide standards. The National Board
of Chiropractic Examiners was formed in 1962 and the first
exams were held in 1965. The CCE was incorporated as an
autonomous organization in 1971 and was officially recognized
by the U.S. Office of Education in 1974 <Schaefer 1976, 34).
P artially as a result of the profession's increasing educational

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS
1895-1988
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HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSONJWIESE

31

of the chiropractic schools parallels the story of the profession

as a whole-self-sacrifice on the part of many institutions and
educators as they struggled to ultimately bring the profession

up to the standards necessary to insure the inclusion of chiropractic as part of the health care delivery system of North
America.

REFERENCES

Michel, G. H. 1914. Directory of Chiropractors and Chiropractic Colleges

of the United States and Canada. Cleveland : Michel and Co.
Palmer, B. J . 1916. The Chiropractor. Davenport, lA : Palmer School of
Chiropractic.
Palmer School or Correspondence. 1911. Lessons in Chiropradic.
(Palmer College Archives.)
Reed, Louis S. 1932. The Healing Cults, Chicago: University of Chicago

American University Extension Department. 1917. Chiropractic: the Science of Spinal Adjustment. Chicago: American University.
Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure in the District of Columbia. 1926.
United States Government Printing Office.
Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical
Association. 1928. Schools of Chiropractic and Naturopathy in the United
States. Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (18) : 1733-1738.
Creel, George. 1915. Making Doctors While you wait : Mail order miracle
men and easy money doctors. Harper's Weekly, 1915.
Flexner. Abraham. 1910. Medical Education in the United States and
Canada. Boston: D. B. Updyke, Merrymount Press.
The Foundahon Cor the Advancement or Chiropractic Tenets and Science.
1986. Facts Bulletin, 2: 19.
Gibbons, Russell W. 1980. " The Rise o the Chiropractic Educational
Establishment," Who's Who in Chiropractic International, ed. by Fern Dta
man. Littleton, CO: Who's Who in Chiropractic, International Publishing
Co., Inc.
Lin , Phyllis Lan. 1973. The Chiropractor, Chiropractic, and Process: A
Study of the Sociology of an Occupation. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microrums.

Press.
Schaefer, Richard C., ed. 1976. Chiropractic Health Care, Des Moines,
Iowa : Foundation for the Advancement of Chiropractic Tenants and Sci~nce.

Stanford Research Institute. 1960. Chiropractic in California. Los

Angeles: The Haynes Foundation
Turner, Chittenden. 1931. The Rise of Chiropractic. Los Angeles: Powell
Publishing Co.
Universal Chiropractors' Association. 1922. Report to the Education
Committee.
Wardwell. Walter I. 1980. "The Present and future role of the chiropractor," Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic,"
ed. by Scotl Haldeman. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Weise, Glenda C. and Alana C. Ferguson. 1985. Historical Directory of
Chiropractic Schools and Colleges. Research Forom 1(3): 79-94.

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

32

Chiropractic schools of record, 1897-1985

NO LOCATION
Adams Chiropractic Institute [1925 1
American Chiropractic Drugless College [19231
American University of Sanipractic [1919)
Barnes Sanitarium and School of Chiropractic [1923-1925)
Barnett School of Chiropractic [ 1923)
Black Hills College of Chiropractic [n.r.1923J
Bramerd School of Chiropractic [ -1918]
Burton College of Chiropractic
Central Scientific College of Chiropractic [1925)
College of Original Chiropractic [1925]
College of Scientific Chiropractic [ -1918)
Columbia University of Physicians, Inc. [1922]
Colyer Chiropractic College [1923-19251
Evans School of Chiropractic [19211
Francis School of Chiropractic [19??-19181
Gordon School of Chiropractic [19??)-1923
Dr. Harley Institute [1925]
Konkler Chiropractic Institute [19??-1918]
Major College of Chiropractic fl925)
George F. Murray Private School of Chiropractic [1925]
National Metropolitan f 1956)
National School of Spinology -1923
North Western Chiropractic School [-<1923)
Pennington Chiropractic School [1918-<1923)
Potomac University [- 1923]
Potter School of Clinical Chiropractic [ -1918)
Riedl Chiropractic Institute [ 1923]
Royal Blue College of Chiropractic [1925]
Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. [1922-1923]
Sharp School [1915]
Volmer School of Chiropractic [1904]
Waterloo College of Chiropractic l-<1923]
Weigert School of Chiropractic [-<1918]
Wolverine College of Chiropractic 1-<1923]
ALABAMA
Carver Chiropractic College of the South, Montgomery
Southern Chiropractic College, Montgomery 1922-[1923)
ARKANSAS
Progressive College of Chiropractic, Fort Smith [1919-<1923)

CALIFORNIA
American College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles [1936]
Berkeley Chiropractic College, Berkeley 1922-1932
Bullis Chiropractic School - Oakland Chiropractic College,
Oakland 1913-1920
Cale College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles 1925-1931
California Chiropractic College, Oakland 1913-1963
California College of Electro-MechanoTherapy [1925]
California College of Natural Healing Arts, Los Angeles
1938-1946
Formerly Cale College of Naturopathy 1927-1933
Formerly the Chiropractic College of America 1933-L1943]

Chiropractors, Inc. , Los Angeles 1920-[ 1921]

Cleveland Chiropractic College of Los Angeles, Los
Angeles 1951Formerly Ratledge College of Chiropractic 1911-1951
College of Drugless Healing, Los Angeles 1939-1942
College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons, Los Angeles 1920[19--J
Columbia College of Chiropractic, Sacramento l1943]
Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy, Sacramento 1953-1955
Formerly Columbia College of Chiropractic (Alameda)
1933-1953
Continental Chiropractic College, Berkeley 1936-1943
Continental Chiropractic College, Los Angeles [1940]-1946
Davis College of Neuropathy, Los Angeles f1914]
Golden State College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles 1923-1926
Hollywood College of Chiropractic, Hollywood 1949-1963

Formerly Drown College of Chiropractic 1948-1949

Formerly Pasadena College of Chiropractic 1922-1948
Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles [1926]
Life Chiropractic College - West, San Lorenzo 1982Formerly Pacific States Chiropractic College 1976-1981
Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier 1911Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Arts, Los Angeles
- 1938McMillan's [Swedish Medical Gymnastic and Naturopathic]
Institute, San Jose 1924-1926
Dr. H. B. Moore, San Diego [1914 1
National College of Drugless Physicians
Naturopathic Institute of California 1905-1951
Oakland Chiropractic College, Oakland [1905-1918]
Pacific College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapeutics,
Berkeley 1927-1937
Pacific School of Chiropractic, Oakland [1905-1910]
Palmer Chiropractic School, Santa Barbara 1903-1904
Palmer College of Chiropractic-West, Sunnyvale 1981Formerly Northern California College of Chiropractic
1978-1981
Pasadena College of Chiropractic, Pasadena 1980Formerly University of Pasadena, College of
Chiropractic 1973-f1980]
Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools, Los Angeles 1907San Diego School of Chiropractic, San Diego 1910-ll914]
San Francisco Chiropractic College, San Francisco [19271938]
San Francisco College of Chiropractic, San Francisco 19331944, 1946-1951
Formerly West Coast Chiropractic College, Inc.1922-1933
San Francisco College of Chiropractic and Drugless Physicians, San Francisco 1925-1946
Formerly San Francisco College of Chiropractic 1924-1925
Sierra State University, San Francisco 1938-[19??]
Formerly Golden State Chiropractic College (Berkeley)
1927-1938
Sinclair College of Chiropractic, Santa Rosa 1900-1912
Southern California College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles
1938-1947

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

33

Formerly Southern California College of Chiropractic

Physicians and Surgeons 1930-1938
Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., Oakland 1922-1938
Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., Sacramento 1922-1937
Standard Chiropractic College, Inc. , San Francisco 1922-1944
Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., San Jose 1922-1939
State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians,
San Jose [19381
Storeys School of Chiropractic l 1909-1921 ]
Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy, San
Francisco 1923-1927
Formerly Western College (School) of Chiropractic 19201923

Western University of Chiropractic, San Diego 1935-[1943]

Formerly Clewell Chiropractic College [1911-1938]
COLORADO
Carver College, Denver
Denver Chiropractic Institute, Inc., Denver [1931-1932]
Denver School of Chiropractic, Denver [1914]
Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic, Denver
University of Natural Healing Arts, Denver 1935-1965
Formerly Colorado Chiropractic University 1923-1935
Western College of Chiropractic, Denver [ 1938-1943]
CONNECTICUT
Central College of Chiropractic, Hartford [1926)
Connecticut College of Chiropractic [1932]
Eastern Chiropractic Institute (or College), Hartford [1925]
University of the Healing Arts, Hartford 1935-[1938]
DELAWARE
Columbia Institute of Chiropractic
Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic
Royal Institute of Chiropractic

Bernarr McFadden Healthatorium, Chicago [1914 ]

Chicago Chiropractic College, Chicago [1913]
Chicago University of American Sciences [1925)
Chiropractic University of Chicago, Chicago [1921]
Howard School of Chiropractic, Chicago [1914)-1922
Kent College of Chiropractic, Chicago 1908-1913
Lincoln College, Chicago [1917-1921]
Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics, Chicago [1916)1930

National College of Chiropractic, Lombard 1920Formerly National School of Chiropractic (Davenport)

- 1906

Formerly National School of Chiropractic (Chicago) 19081920

National College of Drugless Physicians, Chicago 1930-1963

National School of Drugless Therapy, Chicago [1920]
National University of Sciences, Chicago -<1956
Palmer-Gregory School of Treatment, Chicago l-<1918]
Peerless c.ollege of Chiropractic, Chicago 1922-1927
Formerly Eclectic College of Chiropractic 1907-1923
Progressive College of Chiropractic, Chicago 1921-1927
Standard School of Chiropractic, Chicago [-<1923]
Wellington University, Chicago [1929]
INDIANA
Bebout College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1946-[1965]
Bremer Chiropractic College, Fort Wayne 1922-[<1925]
Central States College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1921[1927]

College of Universal Sciences

Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc., Evansville [1927]
Genetic Chiropractic College, New Albany 1942Indiana Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [1921-1923J
Indiana School of Chiropractic, Anderson [1913]-1918
Indianapolis Chiropractic College l1921]
International University of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1921[1922]

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Capital School of Chiropractic
Carver Chiropractic Research Institute 1922- [19--]
Chiropractic Research University ll927]
Eastern Chiropractic College
National University of Therapeutics
Riley Chiropractic College (Riley School of Chiropractic)
Standard School of Chiropractic
Washington, D.C. School of Chiropractic [1914-1926]
GEORGIA
Atlanta Chiropractic College, Atlanta [1927]
Grant Chiropractic College, Columbus 1940-1949
Life Chiropractic College, Marietta 1975ILLINOIS
American Institute of Chiropractic, Rock Island [1911-1918)
American School of Chiropractic, Chicago [1915]
American University of Chiropractic, Chicago [1918-1927]
Eclectic College of Chiropractic, Inc. - 1920
Formerly American College of Mechano Therapy,
Chicago 1907-1920

Lincoln Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [1926-1968)

Oliver College of Chiropractic, Marion [1983]
O'Neil College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne 1911-1929
O'Neil-Ross Chiropractic College, Fort Wayne 1929-[1953]
Pennsylvania Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [1941-1950]
Peskin College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne [1921]
Ross College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne 1907-1929
United College of Chiropractic, Marion [1914]
United States College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis
IOWA
American School of Chiropractic and Nature Cure, Cedar
Rapids 1903-1918
Ball Sanitarium and Health School, Colfax 1919-[19-]
Branett School of Chiropractic
Chiropractic School and Cure, Davenport, lA 1897-1902
Columbia School of Chiropractic, Cedar Rapids [1903]
Davenport College of Chiropractic, Davenport 1911-1914
Davenport College of Chiropractic, Davenport 1912-1921
Formerly Sharp and Carlson School of Chiropractic 19111912

Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic,

Davenport [ <1923) -[1932]

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

34

Des Moines School of Chiropractic [1918)

International University of Chiropractic (1920)
Iowa College of Chiropractic, Des Moines L1915)
Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport 1961Formerly Palmer's School of Magnetic Cure 1896
Formerly Palmer School and Cure 1897-1902
Formerly Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute
1902-1904
Formerly Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic
1904-1921
Formerly Palmer School of Chiropractic 1921-1961
Palmer School of Correspondence, Davenport
Parker College (or School) of Chiropractic, Ottumwa 1905[ <1918]
Universal Chiropractic College, Davenport 1910-1918
Dr. AI White, Brighton [1914)
Weigert School of Chiropractic, Waterloo [1913]

KANSAS
Carver Chiropractic College, Wichita 1919-[19-??]
Formerly Carver College- 1917
Chiropractic University
Colvin Chiropractic College, Wichita [1914-1943)
Darling and Baker, Wichita [1914-1925]
Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College, Wichita
Darling and Darling Chiropractic College, Wichita 1912-[1917)
Foy's Chiropractic College, Topeka [1910)
Harris Chiropractic College, Wichita
Kansas City School of Chiropractic, Kansas City
Kansas School of Chiropractic [1917]
Kansas State Chiropractic College, Wichita [1943-1958]
Dr. H. S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc.,
Topeka [1943]
Ratledge College of Chiropractic
Wichita College of Kiropractic 1909-1910
KENTUCKY
International College of Chiropractic, Inc., Lexington 1938[1943)

MARYLAND
Columbia College of Chiropractic, Baltimore 1946-1954
Maryland College of Chiropractic, Baltimore 1925-1928
MASSACHUSETTS

New England College of Chiropractic, Boston 1914-[1918]

Riley School of Chiropractic, Boston [1925)
Washington School of Chiropractic, Boston [-<1956)
MICHIGAN
Alma Chiropractic College, Detroit 1920-[1922)
Detroit Chiropractic College, Detroit [1913-1944]
Detroit Chiropractic Institute, Detroit [1914-1918)
International College of Chiropractic, Detroit [1910)
International College of Chiropractic Spondylotherapy
[ <1922)
Michigan Chiropractic College, Detroit 1909-1911
Michigan College of Chiropractic, Grand Rapids [1910-1932)
Michigan Kiropractic College [1910)
Wells Academy of Chiropractic, Lansing, MI

MINNESOTA
Carroll School of Chiropractic [1916-1932)
Chiropractic School and Cure, Duluth - 1904Chiropractic School and Cure, St. Paul1902-1905
Duluth School of Chiropractic, Duluth [1925
Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure, Fairmont [1904-)
Hammerle Chiropractic College, St. Paul 1905International University of Chiropractic [1920)
Mankato School, Mankato -<1923
Marshoto School, Marshoto [1902]
McCandy School of Chiropractic, Minneapolis 1964-[19??]
Midwest College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [19261
Minnesota Chiropractic College, Minneapolis 1912-1946
Formerly Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy
1908-1909
Minnesota School of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [1904]
Modern School of Chiropractic, Brainderd <1956
Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Bloomington 19410rtho Chiropractic College, Minneapolis
Ramsay College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [1926)
St. Paul College of Chiropractic, St. Paul1912-1938
Wentworth Chiropractic College, Inc., Duluth [-<1923]
MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi State Chiropractic College

MISSOURI
Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College, Kansas City
1946-1951
Chiropractic Institute and College, St. James 1904-[19-J
Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City, Kansas City [1914]
Chiropractic University, Kansas City [1913-1927]
Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City, Kansas City
1922Formerly Central Chiropractic College 1922-1924
College of Chiropractic Research Foundation, St. Louis [1943]
Excelsior Chiropractic Sanitarium, Excelsior Springs U9341938)
Hughes College of Chiropractic, St. Joseph
Hunter School of Chiropractic, Springfield [1925)
Logan College of Chiropractic, Chesterfield 1955Formerly Logan Basic College of Chiropractic 1906-1955
Mid-West School of Chiropractic
Missouri Chiropractic College, St. Louis 1906-1964
Missouri Chiropractic Institute, St. Louis
Missouri Chiropractic Institute and College
Ratledge College of Chiropractic
St. Louis Chiropractic College, St. Louis 1909-[1922)
Spino-Neural Chiropractic College [1925)
Springfield Chiropractic College, Springfield [-1922)
Western Chiropractic College, Kansas City [1927-1943)

MONTANA
James Chiropractic College [19??-<1923)
Montana Chiropractic College
NEBRASKA

Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic, Lincoln

Lincoln Chiropractic College, Lincoln [1922-<1925)
Nebraska Chiropractic College, Lincoln 1908-[1927)
Western Academy of Science [-<1923)

HOW MANY CHIROPRACn C SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

35

NEW JERSEY
Columbia Institute of Chiropractic
Eastern College of Chiropractic, Newark (1918-1920)
First National University of Naturopathy and Allied Sciences,
Inc., Newark [1926-1930)
Mecca College of Chiropractic, Newark 1916-[1943)
Formerly New Jersey College of Chiropractic and
Naturopathy 1910.1916
National Eclectic Institute, West Hoboken [1917-1923]
Nature Science College of Chiropractic
New Jersey College of Chiropractic, Newark [1917-1918]
NEW YORK
Advanced School of Chiropractic, New York [1918]
Amalgamated Chiropractic Colleges, New York [1918)
American School of Chiropractic, New York 1905-[19311
American School of Naturopathy, New York 1896-1923
Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute, Brooklyn 1945-1964
Bronx School of Chiropractic, New York [192?-1932)
Carver Chiropractic College, New York [1920]
Carver Chiropractic Institute, New York 1919-1934
Chiropractic Institute of New York, New York [1914)
Chiropractic Institute of New York, New York 1944-1968
Formerly Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic
[1944]-1945

Continental School of Chiropractic, New York [1921-1925]

Darling and Darling Chiropractic College, New York [19151917]

Eastern Chiropractic College, Nerw York [1936-1946]

Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York [1931-1944)
Empire Institute of Chiropractic, New York 1919-[1925]
Institute of the Science of Chiropractic, New York [1931)
International College of Chiropractic, New York 192o-(19? ?)
International School of Chiropractic, Buffalo [1932)
Interstate Chiropractic School, Buffalo 1922-[19??)
Manhatten College of Chiropractic, New York [1919)
McFadden Institute of Physical Culture, New York - 1938Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic, New York [1923-1925]
National Eclectic Institute, Manhattan - 1922National Eclectic Institute, New York [1918-1926]
New York Chiropractic College, Glens Head 1977Formerly Columbia Institute of Chiropractic 1919-1977
New York College of Chiropractic, New York 1919-(19221
Formerly Chiropractic University of New York [1918)1919

New York Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, New York I1927 J

New York School of Chiropractic, Bronx [1932]
New York School of Chiropractic, New York [1919)-1944
Premier School of Chiropractic, New York
Standard School [Institute) of Chiropractic, New York [1920) 1944

OHIO
Akron College of Chiropractic, Akron 1922-[1932)
Bloodgett Chiropractic College, Cleveland [1927]
Central College of Chiropractic, Cleveland [1926]
Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic, Eaton
1941-1962

Cleveland Chiropractic College, Cleveland

Deshler College of Chiropractic, Deshler [1926)

Dickinson Chiropractic College, Columbus [1922-1926J

Or. W. J. Haney, Cleveland [ 1914 j
International College of Chiropractic, Dayton [1948-55)
Inter-State Chiropractic College, Cleveland 1921-(1922)
Metropolitan and Cleveland College of Chiropractic
Metropolitan Chiropractic College, Cleveland [ 1927-19451
Metropolitan College of Chiropractic and Mechano-Therapy,
Cleveland [1943-1960)
Nesmith College of Potomac University
Ohio State Chiropractic College
Reaver School of Chiropractic, Dayton 1945-1952
Standard College of Chiropractic, Akron [1923-1938)
OKLAHOMA
Carver Chiropractic College, Oklahoma City 1907-1958
Formerly Carver-Denny Chiropractic College 1906-1908
Carver College of Relatolity, Oklahoma City [1940J
Chirof>ractic Institute of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City
[ 1914-<1923]

Northwestern School of Chiropractic

Oklahoma Chiropractic Univerrsity 1907-[19??]
Oklahoma College of Mechano Therapy
Palmer-Gregory College of Chiropractic, Oklahoma City
1907-1908

Ratledge College of Chiropractic, Tulsa (1908)

Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic College [-<19181
OREGON
Oregon State Chiropractic College [1925]
Pacific College of Chiropractic, Portland 1903-1913
Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy 1910.1913
Formerly D.O. Palmer School of Chiropractic [1903) -1910
Formerly Portland College of Chiropractic 1902-1910
Western States Chiropractic College, Portland 1932Formerly Pacific Chiropractic College 1913-1932
NEW MEXICO
Reaver School of Chiropractic, Roswell 1952
PENNSYLVANIA
American Chiropractic College, Philadelphia
Central College of Chiropractic
Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia [19241932]

Lafayette Institute, Philadelphia 1947-[1950)

Marchand College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia 1912-1915,
1922- [19--]

National Chiropractic College, Philadelphia [1927]

Neff College, Philadelphia -<1926
Pennsylvania College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia [19501
Pennsylvania College of Straight Chiropractic, Levittown
1984-

Formerly Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic 1977-1984

Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh [1914)-1919
Philadelphia College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia
Dr. C. H. Sheway, Connellsville [1914]
Union College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh [1925)
Universal Chiropractic College, Pittsburgh 1917-1944
Washington School of Chiropractic, Washington [1914-1918)

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE

36

SOUTH CAROLINA
Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic, Spartanburg 1973TENNESSEE
Nashville College of Chiropractic, Nashville 1925-[1943]
Tennessee Academy of Arts and Sciences, Inc.
TEXAS
Dallas Chiropractic College, Dallas [1903- 1
Fort Worth Chiropractic College, Fort Worth [1922]
Grant School of Chiropractic, Waskom
Parker College of Chiropractic, Irving 1982Richmond University of Chiropractic, Hereford 1938-[1943]
San Antonio Chiropractic College, San Antonio [ -1923]
Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences,
Dallas [1943]
Southwestern College of Chiropractic, Cisco 1978-[1983]
Southwestern Chiropractic College, Sweetwater
Texas College of Chiropractic, Pasadena 1908UTAH
Medlin School of Health, Salt Lake City [1914]
Salt Lake College (School) of Chiropractic [-<1923]
Utah Chiropractic College [1925)
WASHINGTON
Grace University, Seattle [19301
Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Seattle [1932]
Restview Chiropractic College (or Restview University of

Chiropractic), Seattle 1906- r19531

Seattle College of Chiropractic, Seattle [1927-1931]
Seattle School of Chiropractic, Seattle fl918l
Spokane School of Chiropractic, Spokane [1914-1918]
Universal Sanipractic College, Seattle [1926]
Western Drugless College
Western Therapeutic College
WISCONSIN
Antigo College of Chiropractic, Antigo [1912-1918]
Wisconsin Chiropractic College, Milwaukee [1923-1932]

CANADA
NO PROVINCE
Imperial College of Chiropractic [19??]- 1923
National University of Therapeutics
MANITOBA
Manitoba School of Chiropractic, Winnipeg
ONTARIO
Canadian Chiropractic College, Hamilton [1913-1923]
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto 1945Duval School of Toronto [1925]
Ontario Chiropractic College, Ontario [1925]
Robbins Chiropractic Institute, Sault St. Marie 1910-[ 1923)
Toronto Chiropractic College, Toronto 1920-[19?? ]