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<7.0M
Belgium truss
COMPRESSION CHORD
COMPRESSION CHORD
TENSION CHORD
TENSION CHORD
N-GIRDER/PRATT
TRUSS
WARREN GIRDER
L=SPAN
CONFIGURATIONS:
The pitch of roof truss depends on the roofing materials.
a) Min. recommended for GI sheet1in 6.i.e h/l=1/6 h=l/6
b) For A.C sheet
-1 in 12i.e h=l/12.
Parallel chord trusses: The economical span to depth ratio =12 to 24.
Trapezoidal trusses:
The configuration shown below reduces the axial forces in the chord
members adjacent to supports.
Economical span to depth ratio is around 10. The slope is 1/5. Spacing
of trusses should be in the region of 1/4 to 1/5 of span.
Fan trusses are used when the Rafter members of the roof trusses have
to be subdivided into ODD number of panels.
Pitch =L/h=4 to 10
h=L/4 to L/10
Loadings:
False ceiling---------------------------------------------200 N/sq.m
Duct ----------------------------------------------------- 40 N/sq.m
G.I.Sheet-0.63mm thick to 1,6 mm thick-----------55 to 140 N/sq.m
Asbestos sheet -----------------------------------------171 N/sq.m.
Roofing tiles ---------------------------------------------350 to 850 N/sq.m
Bracings --------------------------------------------------12-15 N/sq.m
Purlins ----------------------------------------------------200 to 400 N/sq.m
Mangalore tiles with battens --------------------------650N/sq.m.
=18.0m
=24.0m
=30.0m
=36.0m
g=2.2+q/125
g=2.78+q/54.2
g=4.44+q/34.7
g=5.27+q/21
Light
Group of shops
Medium
Heavy
16-25
0-6
10-12
0-10
18-30
4-7
12-18
8-12
20-40
8-20
12-16
8-12
7
Ties
2.
Total
Columns with tie &
platforms
Crane
girder
with
bracing beams
Wall frame work
Miscellaneous
Grand total
3-4
30-40
10-18
3-5
45-70
18-40
8-15
50-80
70-120
0-14
14-40
50-150
0-3
35-80
5-14
0-10
75-170
12-20
3-12
200-400
Span of trusses
250
300
400
500
600
800
7.5m
9.0m
12.0m
15.0m
18.0m
25.0
trusses.
4.5m
trusses.
7.5
7.5
9.0
11.0
15.0
17.5
GRAVITY LOADS:
Gravity loading about 1kpa(including LL but excluding the self weight
of purlins and roof principals) and basic wind speed 46m/s.
Where the maximum gravity loading(DL+LL) exceeds the net uplift
loading(DL+WL) as usual in roofs of buildings, the web compression
members under gravity loading attract higher forces because of their
slope.
LIVE LOADS:
Roof slope
10
10
10
every
Access
provided
not provided
load
1500N/sq.m of plan area
750N/sq.m of plan area.
750N/s.m reduced by 10N/sq.m for
degree increase upto & including
20.
The spacing of purlins adjacent to the eaves and the ridge of a roof
may be reduced to give a more uniform moment distribution in the roof
sheets.
For fully continuous purlin configurations the larger B.Ms and the truss
loadings in the end span and at the penultimate trusses can be
reduced by making the end spans(i.e. at the end bays of the
building)smaller than the interior.
If the purlins are placed at intermediate points i.e. between the joints
of the top chord, the chord will be subjected to moments.
RECOMMENDED THICKNESS OF ROOF TRUSS GUSSETS
Max.design
forces
in
support
/diagonals(ton
s)
Thickness
of
gussets-mm
Upto
20
20-45
45-75
75-115
115165
165225
225300
10
12
14
16
18
20
MEMBER SIZES:
Common practice is to specify a minimum angle size 50x50x6mm in
the case of trusses.
Single angle tension member having twisting tendency and produce
eccentric forces in the joints. Therefore double angle cross sections are
provided.
10
SECONDARY STRESSES:
Normally the secondary stresses in roof trusses may be disregarded if
1. the slenderness ratio of the chord member is greater than 50.
(l/r>50)
2. that of the web member is greater than 100.(l/r>100).
3.
All the members of the roof truss usually do not reach their limit state
of collapse simultaneously.
The design code suggest an effective length factor between 0.7 and
1.0 for the in-plane buckling of member depending upon this restraint
and 1.0 for the out of plane buckling. Zin the case of roof trusses, a
member normally UNDER TENSION due to gravity loads(DL+LL) may
experience stress reversal into compression due to DL+WL
combination.
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
The design standard (IS800) imposes
max.slenderness ratio as given below:
Sl.n
Member type
o
restrictions
on
the
Max
limit
l/r
11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
180
180
250
350
400
For smaller or where there is net uplift loading a WARREN truss will be
lighter than PRATT-truss.
leg
is
smller
from
the
plane
of
the
truss)
Ly=2Lx
12
Other types of sections than angle are seldom employed and only if
there are specific requirements for design. Thus for example, chord
made from channels are employed when they are subjected not only to
an axial force but also to a considerable local moments originated by a
load applied between panel points of the trusses.
The verticals of trusses are designed with a T section formed of tqo
equal leg angles.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COMPRESSION ELEMENTS:
The effective length of a compression top chord in the plane of truss is
equal to its geometrical length(between panel point centres) Le=L.
For diagonals(except for the support one which is considered as a
continuation of chord) and verticals the effective length in the plane of
truss is taken equal to Le=0.8L.
When selecting angle sections for compression elements, the tendency
should be to use angles of the smallest possible thickness since their
radii of gyration have the relatively greatest value.
Limiting slenderness ratio for compression and tension elements
NAME OF ELEMENT
COMPRES
SION
ELEMENT
S
TENSION ELEMENTS
UNDER
DIRECT
ACTION OF
DYNAMIC
LOADS
STATIC
LOAD
IN BUILDING
WITH HEAVY
SERVICE
CONDITIONS
120
250
400
250
150
200
350
400
400
400
300
300
is
13
14
15
TRUSSED BEAMS:
FORMULAE FOR TRUSSED BEAMS-REF: Building engineers hand
book
Used for long spans and are built up of wooden beams and struts of
steel rods. But the wooden beams may be replaced by steel
sections.
16
Es=2.1x10^6Kg/sq.cm(steel)
Design formulae.
Sl.n
Description
o
Uniformly distributed load in Kg
1.
Tension in rod
2.
Compression in strut
3.
Compression in beam
Concentrated load over strut,Kg
1.
Tension in rod
2.
Compression in strut
3.
Compression in beam
Single strut
Double strut
0.312Wh/r
0.625W
0.312WL/2r
Wh/3r
W/3
WL/9r
Ph/2r
P
PL/4r
Ph/r
P
PL/3r
17