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DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROOF STEEL TRUSS


INTRODUCTION:
Steel trusses are being used for both buildings and bridges. But the
design principles are different for different uses. Many books are
course oriented and not with a practical principles. Now an attempt has
been made to gather information on the design principles from various
references ON THE LAYOUT AND OTHER DESIGN PRINCIPLES.
Steel roof trusses are used for mainly for the Industrial buildings where
free space requirement are essential for more working areas. The span
of truss varies from 10-0 to 300-0 depending on the type of
requirement and the available spaces.
The following steps should be considered when designing a truss:
1. Select the general layout of truss members and truss spacing.
2. Estimate external loads to be applied including self weight of
truss, purlins and roof covering together with wind loads.
3. Determine critical (worst combination) loading. It is usual to
consider Dead loads alone and then Dead and Imposed loads
combined.
4. Analyze the frame work to find forces in all members.
5. Select material and section to produce in each member a stress
value which does not exceed the permissible value. Particular
care must be taken with compression members (struts) or
members normally in tension but subject to stress reversal due
to wind uplift.
For span up to about 20.00 m, the spacing of steel trusses is likely to
be about 4.00m i.e. 1/5 of span.
A slope of 22(degree) is common for corrugated steel and asbestos
roofing sheets.
For economic spacing of roof trusses, the cost of truss should be equal
to twice the cost of purlins +the cost of roof covering. As a guide the
spacing of the roof trusses can be kept :
a. of span upto 15.0m.
b. 1/5 of span upto 15m to 30m.
Trusses with parallel chords are often referred to as LATTICE GIRDERS.

DIFFERENT SHAPES OF TRUSSES FOR DIFFERENT SPANS.


7.0M TO 11.0m

<7.0M

Belgium truss

COMPRESSION CHORD

COMPRESSION CHORD

TENSION CHORD

TENSION CHORD

N-GIRDER/PRATT
TRUSS

WARREN GIRDER

L=SPAN
CONFIGURATIONS:
The pitch of roof truss depends on the roofing materials.
a) Min. recommended for GI sheet1in 6.i.e h/l=1/6 h=l/6
b) For A.C sheet

-1 in 12i.e h=l/12.

Parallel chord trusses: The economical span to depth ratio =12 to 24.
Trapezoidal trusses:
The configuration shown below reduces the axial forces in the chord
members adjacent to supports.

Economical span to depth ratio is around 10. The slope is 1/5. Spacing
of trusses should be in the region of 1/4 to 1/5 of span.
Fan trusses are used when the Rafter members of the roof trusses have
to be subdivided into ODD number of panels.
Pitch =L/h=4 to 10

h=L/4 to L/10

The mass per sq.m of :


a) Fink trusses is lowest for spans from 15m upwards.
b) Pratt trusses from 10 m to 20m.
c) And of Portal frames from 10m to 20m.
The roof slope is normally chosen to 1:16 or 1:10 depending on type of
roofing. A slope less than 1:16 should be used with caution since the
deflection decreases the inclination and if the actual roof slope
becomes too small trouble with water run-off can give problems with
water accumulation(Ponding). The smallest possible slope depends on
the size of the snow load.
A rough estimate of section height for a gabled truss is that for roof
slope 1:16, H=L/25 to L/30.

For slope 1:10, H=L/35 to L/40 where H is the depth at support.


For parallel trusses the relation is approximately H=L/20.
The most advantageous angle between the diagonals and the bottom
chord is 45-50 in a triangular lattice and 35 -45in a diagonal one.

In the practice of designing industrial and residential buildings, the


most frequent case is use of support diagonals upwards.
Triangular trusses are employed only in roofs with steep pitches.

Loadings:
False ceiling---------------------------------------------200 N/sq.m
Duct ----------------------------------------------------- 40 N/sq.m
G.I.Sheet-0.63mm thick to 1,6 mm thick-----------55 to 140 N/sq.m
Asbestos sheet -----------------------------------------171 N/sq.m.
Roofing tiles ---------------------------------------------350 to 850 N/sq.m
Bracings --------------------------------------------------12-15 N/sq.m
Purlins ----------------------------------------------------200 to 400 N/sq.m
Mangalore tiles with battens --------------------------650N/sq.m.

Self weight of truss:


Various Handbooks and text book furnish different formulae for the self
weight of steel truss. One has to make use of it judiciously and with
engineering judement.

Welded sheeted roof trusses is given approximately as:


A. W =1/100(5.37+0.0534A)Kn/sq.m where A is the plan area in
sq.m.
From the HB for Building Engineers in Metric system,
a) Fink type roof truss(From Ketchums structural engineers HB)
W=0.0222P.A.L(1+0.3622L/A)in Kg where
P= capacity of truss in Kg/sq.m in horizontal projection of
roof(150- 400Kg/sq.m)
A= spacing c/c of truss in m.
L= span of truss in m.
b) for steel truss in general
W= o.4(4.42VL+L) Kg/sq.m of horizontal covered area.
L= span in m.
B. DL of truss=(Span/3+5)*10 N/sq.m
Refering to page 273 of Design of Metal Structures by k.Mukhanov-MIR
publication.
The Minimum weight of truss is approximately obtained when the
weight of the chords equal to that of the lattice(including the gusset
plate) which will be the case with comparatively large truss depth to
span ratio.(h/L1/5).
The weight of standard trusses g in kg/sq.m area covered depending
up on the design load q(in Kg/sq.m) is:
Span
g(Kg/sq.m)
L
L
L
L

=18.0m
=24.0m
=30.0m
=36.0m

g=2.2+q/125
g=2.78+q/54.2
g=4.44+q/34.7
g=5.27+q/21

Ref:P391Design of Metal structures by K.Mukhanov.


Approximate weights of elements of steel Industrial building framework
in Kg/sq.m of building area:
Sl.# Element
of
steel
frame work
1.
Roof:
Roof trusses
Secondary trusses
Purlins
Skylights

Light

Group of shops
Medium

Heavy

16-25
0-6
10-12
0-10

18-30
4-7
12-18
8-12

20-40
8-20
12-16
8-12
7

Ties
2.

Total
Columns with tie &
platforms
Crane
girder
with
bracing beams
Wall frame work
Miscellaneous
Grand total

3-4
30-40
10-18

3-5
45-70
18-40

8-15
50-80
70-120

0-14

14-40

50-150

0-3
35-80

5-14
0-10
75-170

12-20
3-12
200-400

Ref: Table 2A-Reynolds handbook on RC Design:


Roof Trusses:

Span of trusses

250
300
400
500
600
800

7.5m
9.0m
12.0m
15.0m
18.0m
25.0

Weights(apprx) of steel roof


Lbs/sft or Kg/sq.m
Spacing of truss
10
15
3m
Weights(apprx) of steel roof
Lbs/sft or Kg/sq.m
2
1.5
10
2.5
1.5
11.5
2.75
1.75
14.0
3.0
2.25
15.0
4.25
3.0
21.0
5.0
3.5
25.0

trusses.
4.5m
trusses.
7.5
7.5
9.0
11.0
15.0
17.5

GRAVITY LOADS:
Gravity loading about 1kpa(including LL but excluding the self weight
of purlins and roof principals) and basic wind speed 46m/s.
Where the maximum gravity loading(DL+LL) exceeds the net uplift
loading(DL+WL) as usual in roofs of buildings, the web compression
members under gravity loading attract higher forces because of their
slope.
LIVE LOADS:
Roof slope
10
10
10
every

Access
provided
not provided

load
1500N/sq.m of plan area
750N/sq.m of plan area.
750N/s.m reduced by 10N/sq.m for
degree increase upto & including

20.

Reduced by 20N/sq.m for


each one
degree increase above 20.
But not less than
400N/sq.m.
The loads on truss can be taken 2/3 as per IS code 875. This
reduction is not for the design of Purlins.
WIND LOADS:
On roof trusses, unless the roof slope is too high, would be usually
uplift force perpendicular to the roof , due to suction effect of the wind
blowing over the roof. Hence wind load on roof truss usually acts
opposite to the gravity load and its magnitude can be larger than
gravity loads, causing reversal of forces in truss members. (Ref:
Teaching resources on structural steel design-chapter-27).
For buildings up to 10.0m in height, the intensity of wind pressure may
be reduced by 25% for stability calculations and for the design of
frame work.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS:
Since Earthquake load on a building depends on the mass of the
building, earthquake loads usually does not govern the design of LIGHT
INDUSTRIAL STEEL BUILDINGS. Wind loads usually govern.(Ref:
Teaching resource on structural Design-Chapter 27).
DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

The spacing of purlins adjacent to the eaves and the ridge of a roof
may be reduced to give a more uniform moment distribution in the roof
sheets.
For fully continuous purlin configurations the larger B.Ms and the truss
loadings in the end span and at the penultimate trusses can be
reduced by making the end spans(i.e. at the end bays of the
building)smaller than the interior.
If the purlins are placed at intermediate points i.e. between the joints
of the top chord, the chord will be subjected to moments.
RECOMMENDED THICKNESS OF ROOF TRUSS GUSSETS
Max.design
forces
in
support
/diagonals(ton
s)
Thickness
of
gussets-mm

Upto
20

20-45

45-75

75-115

115165

165225

225300

10

12

14

16

18

20

MEMBER SIZES:
Common practice is to specify a minimum angle size 50x50x6mm in
the case of trusses.
Single angle tension member having twisting tendency and produce
eccentric forces in the joints. Therefore double angle cross sections are
provided.

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The width of the members should be kept minimum as far as possible


because wide members have greater secondary sresses.
Two angles back to back or a structural tee form the most common
section for members of a roof truss. When the load is light and the
span is short, a single angel section will often suffice and may be used
in spite of its lack of symmetry. This is true for web members to carry
only nominal stresses
SUBDIVISION OF THE MAIN PANELS:

SECONDARY STRESSES:
Normally the secondary stresses in roof trusses may be disregarded if
1. the slenderness ratio of the chord member is greater than 50.
(l/r>50)
2. that of the web member is greater than 100.(l/r>100).
3.
All the members of the roof truss usually do not reach their limit state
of collapse simultaneously.
The design code suggest an effective length factor between 0.7 and
1.0 for the in-plane buckling of member depending upon this restraint
and 1.0 for the out of plane buckling. Zin the case of roof trusses, a
member normally UNDER TENSION due to gravity loads(DL+LL) may
experience stress reversal into compression due to DL+WL
combination.
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
The design standard (IS800) imposes
max.slenderness ratio as given below:
Sl.n
Member type
o

restrictions

on

the

Max
limit

l/r

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Member under COMPRESSION under loads other


than Wind/EQload
TENSION members undergoing reversal due to loads
other than WL
Members normally under TENSION but may have to
resist COMPRESSION under Wind load
Members designed only for TENSION even though
they may experience stress reversal
Members always under TENSION

180
180
250
350
400

For smaller or where there is net uplift loading a WARREN truss will be
lighter than PRATT-truss.

Ref: Design of Metal Structures by K.Mukhanov.


Selection of sections and type of sections:
The top chord if unequal angle section is chosen then the short leg
should project downwards as shown to have more r xx. (outstanding

leg

is

smller

from

the

plane

of

the

truss)

Ly=2Lx

Equal angle section is


preferred.

If each joint of the top chord is fixed in someway by ties or roof


slab(Ly=Lx) equal stability of the chord is ensured by section formed of
unequal leg angles installed with their short legs outstanding from the
plane of the truss.
The remaining compression diagonals and verticals between whose
effective lengths there is insignificant differences(Lx=0.8L,Ly=L) are
most frequently designed of equal leg angles.
For tension members the type and arrangements of the angles is not
so importance since here the determining factor is the net sectional
area.

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Other types of sections than angle are seldom employed and only if
there are specific requirements for design. Thus for example, chord
made from channels are employed when they are subjected not only to
an axial force but also to a considerable local moments originated by a
load applied between panel points of the trusses.
The verticals of trusses are designed with a T section formed of tqo
equal leg angles.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COMPRESSION ELEMENTS:
The effective length of a compression top chord in the plane of truss is
equal to its geometrical length(between panel point centres) Le=L.
For diagonals(except for the support one which is considered as a
continuation of chord) and verticals the effective length in the plane of
truss is taken equal to Le=0.8L.
When selecting angle sections for compression elements, the tendency
should be to use angles of the smallest possible thickness since their
radii of gyration have the relatively greatest value.
Limiting slenderness ratio for compression and tension elements

NAME OF ELEMENT

Chords, support diagonals &


verticals of trusses, transmitting
support reactions
Other truss elements
Roofing ties(except brace rods)

COMPRES
SION
ELEMENT
S

TENSION ELEMENTS
UNDER
DIRECT
ACTION OF
DYNAMIC
LOADS

STATIC
LOAD

IN BUILDING
WITH HEAVY
SERVICE
CONDITIONS

120

250

400

250

150
200

350
400

400
400

300
300

Lecture notes by Dr.L.S.Jeyagopal, a leading structural consultant


given below for further guidence:

is

1. A truss is a beam which is bent to the shape of the bending


moment diagram in opposite direction.

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The shape shown is better to take care of the Bending moment.


H= rise of the truss which is 1/8 for AC sheet.
2. As suggested earlier the top main chord (rafter) is divided into
main divisions which in turn subdivided to suite the roof covering
sheets.

3. Nowadays it became obsolete to use the rivets but customary to


make use of welding as well as high tension bolts. There are four
types of bolts available. Bolt G98 means bolt is having a strength
of 9 Mpa 8 is % of strength used for calculation.
4. The structural design procedure consists of six principal steps.
a. Selection of type and layout of structure.
b. Determination of loads on the structure.

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c. Determination of internal forces and moments in the


structural components.
d. Selection of material and proportioning of members and
connections for safety and economy.
e. Checking the performance of the structure under service
conditions, and
f. Finial review.
5. Fabrication: Ease of fabrication and erection has an important
influence on
the economy of the design.
In general, small and medium trusses of symmetrical design are
lifted at the ridge during erection. In order to prevent buckling of the
bottom chord, it is necessary to proportion it to carry the
compressive stresses developed during hoisting. An empirical
relation is given by b/L =1/125. where b is the width of the bottom
chord at its centre and L the span length.
For example a 50 m span truss shall have the top chord and bottom
chord width =span/125.i.e. 50x1000/125=400mm. (8times spanin mm).

This is to avoid bending of truss on either side during erection.


The shape of a truss :

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TRUSSED BEAMS:
FORMULAE FOR TRUSSED BEAMS-REF: Building engineers hand
book
Used for long spans and are built up of wooden beams and struts of
steel rods. But the wooden beams may be replaced by steel
sections.

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Es=2.1x10^6Kg/sq.cm(steel)
Design formulae.
Sl.n

Description

o
Uniformly distributed load in Kg
1.
Tension in rod
2.
Compression in strut
3.
Compression in beam
Concentrated load over strut,Kg
1.
Tension in rod
2.
Compression in strut
3.
Compression in beam

Single strut

Double strut

0.312Wh/r
0.625W
0.312WL/2r

Wh/3r
W/3
WL/9r

Ph/2r
P
PL/4r

Ph/r
P
PL/3r

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