Report for Research Week 2016

Submitted To

Gujarat Technological University

Area of Research:
Advances in structural engineering for Performance Based Design
Methods as alternate design process to Conventional Design
Approach

Research Topic:
Direct Displacement Based Design of ESR Supported on Hybrid
Staging

Submitted by

Sheth Devendrakumar N
(Enrollment No - 149997106007)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Harshvadan S. Patel

HOD Applied Mechanics Dept.,
GEC Patan.

BRIEF REPORT OF SEMESTER I

The first semester primarily comprises of course work with
courses Analysis and design of elevated storage reservoir and as
recommended by the guide. The written examination of the subject is
successfully completed. Apart from the course work literature review is
carried out in broad area identified in the research proposal.

1. INTRODUCTION
There are various types of loadings are considering in design of
any buildings but Earthquake forces are one of the most disastrous
forces which cannot be prevented but their effects can be minimized
with minimal causalities of lives and structural damages. So in any
type of structures seismic analysis and design is mandatory to resist
seismic forces. Elevated liquid tanks and especially the elevated water
tanks are considered as important city services and should not fail after
earthquake. Their safety performance during strong earthquakes is of
critical concern. In the past decade most of the studies related to seismic
behaviour, analysis, and design have been focused on the elevated tanks.
In the past earthquakes elevated tanks have been of the vulnerable
structures and their seismic behaviour has not been convenient being
damaged.

There

have

been

numerous

studies

analyzing

and

investigating the dynamic behaviour of fluid storage tanks, however,

most of these studies have focused on the ground level cylindrical tanks.
Very few studies have concentrated on the behaviour of elevated tanks.
Therefore, the attention is generally focused on the dynamic behaviour
of the fluid and/or the supporting structure.
During the last decade, seismic design of structures has
experienced a revaluation due to the evolution of performance-based
2

design methodologies and the encouraging analytical results given by

time history inelastic analysis. Most of the research has been conducted,
however, toward the development and verification of design methods for
RCC/Steel frames or RC structural walls, whereas less research effort
had been directed to the analysis of more complex structural systems
such as staging or supporting system of elevated water tank.
Among

the

several

performance-based

seismic

design

methodologies recently developed, Direct Displacement Based Design

(DDBD) has demonstrated to be a rational and effective technique to
control structural displacements and thus structural damage.
The fundamental principle of Direct Displacement Based Design
(DDBD) is to obtain a structure which will reach a target displacement
profile when subjected to earthquakes consistent with a given reference
response spectrum. The methodology has been originally developed for
RC frame-wall systems. Due to the versatility of the method its
recommendations should also be applicable to water tank staging or
supporting system.

2. FORCE BASED DESIGN METHOD

Force based design method practised in India, which focus on the
seismic force over the structure. In this method, the design procedure is
carried out for the seismic force acting on the system where stiffness,
time period and strength are the initial properties of the design. Force
Based Design (FBD) method is performed based on IS1893 (Part
1):2002.The existing conventional code based procedures are normative
in nature. This code needs to cover a wide range of structures and this
method usually cannot be considered as the expected performance level
and seismic risk levels are not generalized. Linear elastic analysis of the
3

structure is performed for the lateral forces calculated from the

procedure.

3. DIRECT DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN

The Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD), firstly proposed
by Priestley (1993). DDBD is extensively developing with the aim to
correct deficiencies in analysis and design of force based design
procedures. The fundamental philosophy behind the DDBD approach is
to design a structure which would achieve, rather than bonded by, a
given performance limit state under a given seismic intensity. DDBD is
based on the observation, that damage is directly related to strain
(structural effects) or drift (non-structural effects), and both can be
integrated to obtain displacements.
The fundamental difference between Force based design (FBD)
and DDBD characterizes the structure to be designed by as a single
degree of freedom representation of performance at peak displacement
response, rather than by its initial elastic characteristics.
The fundamental problems of force based design is,
When applied to concrete and masonry structures, is the selection of
appropriate member stiffness. It is important to make good
estimation of member stiffness since the earthquake induced forces
are distributed between structural elements proportionally to their
stiffness. This is especially important when analyzing concrete and
masonry structures and when one needs to decide whether to take
cracked or un-cracked member stiffness into account.
When calculating the structural period of vibration which is mostly
taken to be low. Lower natural periods lead to greater seismic forces
which again lead to oversized structural elements in the case of
4

reinforced concrete members, to a greater amount of reinforcing

steel. (Safe Design).
The underestimation of the period of vibration has just the opposite
effect since the displacements, calculated on the basis of
unrealistically small periods, are also unrealistically small (Fig. 1). If
we consider that the displacement capacity, in comparison to
strength, it is obvious that we are not on the safe side with lower
periods of vibration.

Figure 1 Elastic Response Spectrum

Overview of the DDBD procedure

The fundamentals of Direct DBD can be reviewed with reference to
following Figure 2, recognizing that there are four components to the
procedure:
Representation of the MDOF structure (shown in Figure 2a as a frame
building, although the procedure is the same for all structures) as an
equivalent SDOF system, characterized by an effective mass and a
target design displacement.
Consideration of the linear secant stiffness to maximum design
displacement response, rather than the pre-yield elastic stiffness, as
illustrated for the equivalent SDOF structure non-linear forcedisplacement response shown in Figure 2b.
5

 Use of relationships, such as those shown in Figure 2c, between

displacement ductility demand and equivalent viscous damping (EVD).
Such relationships appear to be a function of structural typology but to
be precise, they are set considering the structural hysteretic properties,
and are calibrated to the results of NLTH analyses
Use of design displacement spectra for different levels of equivalent
viscous damping (Fig.2d).

Figure 2 Fundamentals for DDBD

Fundamental Differences between FBD and DDBD Approaches

6

FORCE BASED DESIGN APPROACH

DIRECT DISPLACEMENT BASED

(FBD)

DESIGN (DDBD)

FBD approach characterizes a DDBD approach characterizes

structure with initial stiffness and structures by secant stiffness and an
elastic damping,
equivalent damping.
Elastic natural vibration period is Effective period is considered in
considered in FBD approach
DDBD approach
In
FBD
approach
design
acceleration response spectrum is
used to find the elastic base shear
force.

In
DDBD
approach
design
displacement response spectrum is
used to find the base shear,

In FBD approach initial stiffness is

assumed and the check for
displacement is carried out at the
end of the procedure, in order to
control if the displacement is within
limit.

In DDBD approach displacement

limit (target displacement) is
chosen, and the analysis is carried
out for that displacement.

Ductility or force reduction factor is

assumed on the bases of material
type and the type of structure, in
FBD approach, to reduce the base
shear force

In DDBD approach displacement

ductility demands (ductility ratio),
which implies ductile behaviour of
a structure in inelastic region, are
calculated.

There is no reduction of the

Then obtained base shear force is obtained base shear force.
reduced by using force reduction
factor.

4. OBJECTIVE/BROAD AREA OF RESEARCH

To verify the applicability and effectiveness of the new methodology
in terms of control of the displacements of water tank hybrid staging
or supporting system.
o A comparative study between the direct-displacement based
design (DDBD) and the force-based design (FBD).
7

o The direct displacement based design (DDBD) of elevated

water tank supported on shaft.
o A parametric study of different types of hybrid staging or
supporting system for Elevated water tank

5. PROPOSED WORK OUTLINE:

Study the Displacement Based Design (DBD)

Comparative Study of Force Based Design (FBD) and Direct

Displacement Based Design (DDBD) method

Study the behavior of the Elevated tank damage pattern
Analysis of water tank supported on shaft
Design of water tank supported on shaft with considering the

FDB and DDBD method

Development of different hybrid staging supporting systems
Parametric study of different hybrid staging supporting systems

for tank
Conclusion

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
Sr.
No.
1

Title of Paper

Name of Journal/
Volume/Year of
Publication/page no.

Work done

Conclusion/Remarks

Proceedings of the tenth

Pacific
Conference
on
Earthquake
Engineering
Building
an
Earthquake
Resilient Pacific
6-8 November 2015, Sydney,
Australia
Comparision of DDBD with WCEE (The 15th World
FBD
procedure
for Conference on Earthquake
concentrically braced steel Engineering)
frame
2012

This paper briefly shows the background

and
motivations
for
DDBD,
demonstracting that the method is
successfully varified for a range of
structural typologies.

This paper reviews the background and

motivations for DDBD, highlights the
performance of the method, identifies
current impediments to its use and
suggests and discusses possibilities for
its further development.

In this paper comparison is carried out by

designing 4 and 12-storey CBF buildings
using
both
DDBD
and
FBD
methodologies
The performance for both methodologies
is verified using nonlinear time history
analysis (NLTHA) employing eight
different accelerograms with displacement
response spectra matching the design
displacement spectrum.

Performance of force
based design versus
direct
displacement
based
design
in
predicting
seismic
demands of regular

In this paper the work is carried

out to evaluate the performance
of DDBD on a regular concrete
special moment resisting frame
compared to two variants of FBD,
equivalent lateral force procedure

The seismic base shear, from the FBD

is larger than the base shear obtained
from DDBD. This leads to the use of
larger sections for the structure
designed by the FBD approach to resist
the lateral forces.
Because
of
that,
the
lateral
displacements the structure endures in
the FBD approach are less than the
design lateral displacements used to
design the structure in DDBD
approach.
DDBD performed better than
FBD in predicting story drift.
DDBD needs no improvement
because the structures fulfill
the targeted performance while
FBD needs extra effort to

Motives for and impediments

facing Direct Displacement
Based Seismic Design
By T.J.Sullivan

Elsevier (science Direct, The

5th International Conference
of
Euro
Asia
Civil
Engineering Forum, EACEF5)
125(2015)1050-1056

concrete
moment
frames

special
resisting

and response spectrum analysis.

Direct Displacement Based Elsevier (science Direct,The

Design of Regular Steel 12th
East
Asia-Pacific
Moment Resisting Frames
Conference on Structural
Engineering
and
Construction)
14(2011)3354-3361

A regular steel frames with 4,8,12,16

stories are designed based on DDBD
approach utilizing displacement sprectum
of the iranian code.

Seismic Vulnerability of WCEE (The 14th World

Elevated Water tanks Using Conference on Earthquake
Performance Based Deign
Engineering)
2008, Beijing, China

A RC elevated tank with 900 cubic meters

under seven earthquake records have
studied and analysed using Dynamic time
history analysis

Seismic Performance of RC
Elevated Water tanks with
frame staging and exhibition
Damage Pattern

Elsevier (science Direct,The

12th
East
Asia-Pacific
Conference on Structural
Engineering
and
Construction)
14(2011)3076-3087

Obtain the damage patterns in reservour

using analytical method
A RC elevated tank with 900 cubic meters
under on earthquake record has studied
and analysed using time history analysis

Assessment
of
Direct
Displacement Based Seismic
Design
of
Reinforced
Concrete Frames

WCEE (The 15th World

Conference on Earthquake
Engineering)
2012

A set of Reinforced concrete structure is

designed according to the DDBD
procedure and their assessment is
conducted with pushover and nonlinear
time history dynamic analysis, performed
with seismostruct.

improve
the
structural
performance due to the design
procedure should be repeated
from the beginning.
The
absolute
maximum
story
displacement, maximum interstory
drifts and story ductility demands
performed satisfactorily for models and
also for tall building models.
DDBD is able to design the structure
with
quite
controlled
residual
behaviour.
Compare the results of the tanks
responses including base shear,
overturning
moment,
tank
displacement,
and
sloshing
displacement
The failure modes of shear forces in
beams and failure modes of axial force
are dominant in reservoir.

Compare the results of frame according

to FDB and DDBD method
Designed structures according to FBD
imply larger sections to fulfil the
capacity design rules and the limit
values of reinforcement ratio
10

Structural Assessment of IJEATE (Volume 4, Issue 6, Modelling of impulsive and convective

Circular Overhead Water June 2014)
water masses inside the container as
Tank Based
supported on shaft as one mass model and
two mass model as per IS:1893-2002
under different time history records using
SAP 2000

The structure response is exceedingly

influenced by different capacities of
water tank and their one mass and two
mass models
The responses include displacement at
top level and base shear of existing
model and its one mass and two mass
model under the four different time
history have been compared.

Conclusion from literature review

1. From last decades the research work had been carried out in RCC frame/wall structures, but there is no work related to
design of water tank staging system using DDBD.
2. The design of the plane frame structure considering DDBD method is rational and effective to control structural
displacements and cost effective also, so this may be true for water tank supporting staging system
3. Hybrid staging system is innovative concept and using DDBD approach realistic solution may be achieved in intended
research work.

11

DIRECT DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN METHOD

The Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD) by Priestley et. al. 2007
provides a complete design procedure. It calculates base shear corresponding to
secant stiffness at effective displacement of an equivalent SDOF system using
substitute structure approach. It facilitates the use of elastic displacement spectra at
equivalent damping when structure behaves in-elastically under the design
earthquake.
In this procedure, an inelastic system is modeled as an equivalent linear
elastic analogue having the substitute properties of effective stiffness, , effective
damping, eff, and effective displacement, eff. The effective period of the equivalent
SDOF system is estimated by using the substitute properties together with an elastic
displacement spectrum.
Design Displacement Profiles:
DDBD relies on determining the fundamental inelastic mode shape, and
accounting for the influence of higher modes on displacement amplification, where
significant, by the incorporation of design displacement reduction factors. Design
profiles are defined in the Model Code for regular structures by Priestley et.al. 2007,
based on the results of Non linear Time History Analysis. For regular frame
structures, the design displacement profile is

Where,
= 1.15 0.0034 1.0 is a reduction factor for higher mode
amplification of drift,
is total building height,
1 are the heights of level i and 1 respectively
is the code drift limit for the limit state considered
12

Design Displacement:
The design displacement of the equivalent SDOF structure is given by

Where, are masses and displacements of the i th storey respectively. For

multistory buildings, these will normally be at the n floors of the building.
Effective Mass and Height:
From consideration of the mass participating in the first inelastic mode of vibration,
the effective system mass for the substitute structure is given by

Typically, the effective mass will range from about 70% of the total mass for multistorey cantilever walls to more than 85% for frame buildings of more than 20
storeys.
Effective height of SDOF system is given by

Where, is the height of ith storey.

13

Yield Displacement and Ductility:

For SDOF systems, the yield displacement is required for calculating the equivalent
viscous damping and displacement ductility which depends on yield displacement.
Yield curvature is essentially independent of reinforcement and axial load level and
is a function of yield strain and section depth alone.
For reinforced concrete frames, yield drift can be developed from the yield
curvature as below:
= 0.5 * /
Where, are length and depth of beam.
Yield displacement will be y = He
Displacement ductility is given by = d/y

Equivalent Viscous Damping:

The design procedure requires relationships between displacement ductility and
equivalent viscous damping. The equivalent damping is the sum of elastic and
hysteretic damping:

Where, hysteretic damping depends on the hysteresis rule appropriate for the
structure and elastic damping for concrete structure is taken as 0.05.
Equivalent damping for Concrete Frame building is given by

14

Time Period:
The effective period Te, corresponding to d and is to be obtained from the
design displacement spectra.
Base Shear and Lateral Load Distribution:
The effective stiffness , of the substitute SDOF structure, derived from its
effective mass and effective period Te is given by

The base shear can be determined from the relation

The base shear force is distributed to the floor levels in proportion to the product of
mass and displacement, as:

Where, = 0.1 at roof and = 0 at all floors.

7. REFERENCES
[1] Dohadwala Alefiya T., Sheth Rutvik K., Dr. Indrajit N. Patel, A State of Art
Literature Review on Direct Displacement-Based Design for Seismic Structural
Analysis IJESRT-2014
15

[2] Damir Daki, Ivan Kraus, Dragan Mori Direct Displacement Based
Design of regular concrete frames in compliance with Eurocode 8, Tehniki
vjesnik 19, 4(2012), 973-982
[3] Calvi G.M., Priestley M.J.N. and Kowalsky M.J. (2008), Displacementbased Seismic Design of Structures
[4] Cardone D., Dolce M. and Palermo G. (2008), Force based vs. Direct
Displacement-based Design OF Buildings with Seismic Isolation, The 14th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
[5] Omidinasab F., Shakib H., Seismic vulnerability of Elevated water tanks
using Performance Based Design, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering
[6] S. Malekpour, H. Ghaffarzadeh, And F. Dashti, Direct Displacement Based
Design of Regular Steel Moment Resisting Frames Elsevier (science Direct,
The 12th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and
Construction) - 14(2011)3354-3361
[7] Report to the Canterbury Earthquake Royal Commission, Structural Design
For Earthquake Resistance: Past, Present And Future, Associate Professor
Rajesh P Dhakal, Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering,
University of Canterbury
[8] Massena B., Bento R., Degee H., Assessment of Direct Displacement
Based Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Frames, 15 WCEE
[9] D. K. Landge and Dr. P. B. Murnal, Structural Assessment of Circular
Overhead Water Tank Based on Shaft Staging Subjected to Seismic Loading
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014, IJEATE

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