BSPH 2-A GROUP 2

Instructor: Ms. Melanie A. Corpuz, RPh

Members:

Date: December 2, 2015

Aquino, Angelica
Basilio, James
Manalansan, Ma. Katherine
Sarmiento, Justine
Suyat, Christine
Tejada, Seth
Experiment No. 5
SODIUM CITRATE
Procedure:
Dissolve 5 grams of citric acid in 25 mL of distilled water contained in an
evaporating dish and add small quantities of sodium bicarbonate to the solution
until effervescence ceases. Evaporate on a steam bath and granulate in the usual
way.
Chemical Formula:

N a3 C 6 H 5 0 7

Questions for Research:

1. State the pharmacological action of sodium citrate when administered
orally, parentally and in-vitro.
- Sodium citrate a sodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant
-

for blood or plasma that is to be fractionated or for blood that is to be stored.

Sodium citrate used to make the urine less acidic. Urine that is less acidic
helps the kidneys get rid of uric acid, helping to prevent gout and certain
types of kidney stones (urate). This medication can also prevent and treat

certain metabolic problems (acidosis) caused by kidney disease.

Sodium Citrate-Citric Acid Solution is an effective alkalinizing agent. This
product is also useful for buffering and neutralizing gastric hydrochloric
acid quickly and effectively.(Source: http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary. com/sodium+citrate)

2. What is the purpose of adding sodium citrate to various pharmaceutical

preparations?
- Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid. It has a sour taste similar
to citric acid, and is salty as well. It is often used as a food preservative,
and as a flavoring in the food industry. In the pharmaceutical industry it
is used to control pH. It may be used as an alkalizing agent, buffering
agent, emulsifier, or sequestering agent. (Source:
http://www.drugs.com /inactive/sodium-citrate-131.html)
3. What is sequestering agent?
- A chemical agent that can "fence off" or "tie up" metal ions so they
-

cannot react with other chemicals.

A sequestering or chelating agent is a complex forming auxiliary
chemical with metals such as Iron, Copper, Nickel, Zinc and
Magnesium that are present in water and affects the textile processing
in many way.
(Source: http://www.slideshare.net/sheshir/sequestering-agents)

4. Enumerate examples of preparation which make use of sodium citrate as

sequestering agent.
- Preparation of cheese, the calcium ions in cheese's casein milk protein
are replaced with sodium ions. When this happens, the casein changes
-

structure and expose both water-loving and oil-loving ends.

Emulsifier, calcium sequestrant, acidity regulator, and preservative.
(Source: http://www.molecularrecipes.com/hydrocolloidguide/sodium-citrate/)

Experiment No. 6
EXSICCATED SODIUM PHOSPHATE
Chemical Formula:

HN a 2 O4 P

Questions for Research:

1. What is the synonym of the preparation?
-

Dibasic sodium phosphate; disodium hydrogen phosphate; disodium

orthophosphate; disodium phosphate; DSP; phosphate of soda;
secondary sodium phosphate (Source:
http://www.drugfuture.com/chemdata /sodium-phosphatedibasic.html)

2. Define exsiccation.
-

The removal of water of crystallization.

Drying up by the removal of moisture. (Source:
http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=31093)

3. Why is high temperature to be avoided at the beginning of exsiccation?

-

Exsiccation is the act of drying out and the deprival of a crystalline

substance of its water of crystallization. So, if you store it on a high
temperature, moisture will form.

4. What is the main use of the preparation?

-

It is mainly used as a laxative.

5. What is the main use of sodium phosphate?

-

It is mainly used as a sequestrant, emulsifier and buffer in foods. As

mordant in dyeing; for weighting silk; in tanning; in manufacture of
enamels, ceramics, detergents, boiler compounds; as fireproofing agent;

in soldering and brazing instead of borax; as reagent and buffer in

analytical chemistry.
6. Explain the mechanism of action of saline laxative.
-

The saline laxatives draw large amounts of water from the body into
the intestine, which in turn increase the pressure on the intestinal walls
and stimulates the movement of bowel contents. (Source:
http://pharmacy.utah.edu/pharmtox/common_meds/icm15.html)

Experiment No. 7
POTASSIUM ACETATE
Chemical formula:

C H 3 C O2 K

Questions for Research:

1. Define Deliquescence.
Deliquescence is a process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the
atmosphere until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution.
Deliquescence occurs when the vapor pressure of the solution that is formed is
less than the partial pressure of water vapor in the air. (Source: http://www.
britannica.com /science /deliquescence)
2. What are the pharmacological actions of potassium acetate?
Potassium acetate is used as an electrolyte replenisher and systemic and urinary
alkalizer. Maintains acid-base balance, isotonicity, and electrophysiologic
balance throughout body tissues; crucial to nerve impulse transmission and
contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. Also essential for normal
renal function and carbohydrate metabolism (Source: http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/potassium+acetate)
3. Why is this drug not prescribed in dry state?
Potassium in its ionic salt form reacts violently with water because of the
evolution of hydrogen as it decomposes in water. Hence, it is not prescribed in
dry state to protect the patient from the violent reaction in potassium acetate
preparation. (Source: https://www.americanelements.com/potassium-acetatesolution-127-08-2)

Experiment No. 8
POTASSIUM BITARTRATE
Chemical Formula:

K C4 H 5 O 6

Questions for Research:

1. Give the synonym of potassium sodium tartrate and potassium bitartrate.
Potassium Bitartrate - [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-dihydroxy-Butanedioic acid,
monopotassium salt; Cream; cream of tartar; L(+)-Potassium hydrogen tartrate;
Monopotassium tartrate; Potassium acid tartrate; Potassium Hydrogentartrate;
Tartaric acid, monopotassium salt
Potassium Sodium Tartrate - Rochelle Salt; Seignette Salt; sodium potassium
tartrate; 2,3-dihydroxy-[R-(R*,R*)]-butanedioic acid, monopotassium
monosodium salt tetrahydrate
2. Why is the precipitate washed with alcohol and not with water?
The precipitate is washed with alcohol since it increases the concentration of
potassium bitartrate and it also decreases its solubility hence it increases the
potential tartrate deposits. (Source: http://www.monashscientific. com.au /
PotassiumBitartrate.htm)
3. State the 3 uses of Potassium Bitartrate in medicine and in the industry.
- It is used in metal industry as coloring and galvanic tinning of metals.
- It also functions as an acidulant in food products has antimicrobial effect
and it acts as buffers to control pH during processing.
- In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a laxative, diuretic, and for
cathartic effect.

Experiment No. 9
POTASSIUM NITRATE
Chemical Formula:

KN O 3

Procedures: Dissolve 4.25 grams of sodium nitrate and 3.75 grams of potassium
chloride in 5.25 ml of distilled water and boiled for 15 minutes maintaining the
original volume by the occasional addition of water. Strain the hot solution through a
filter paper and cool the filtrate to 10 degrees Celsius. Collect the crystals, wash them
with cold water and then dry them.
Questions for Research:
1. Give the synonym of potassium nitrate
Potassium Nitrate; Saltpeter; Nitre; Nitrate of potash; Saltpetre; Niter
2. Define the uses of potassium nitrate
It has many applications, including use as a fertilizer and as a component of
gunpowder. It is still used today in artillery shell primers, hand-grenade fuses,
and fireworks.
3. What is methermoglobinemia?
Methermoglobinemia is a condition which occurs when RBCs contains
methemoglobin at levels higher than 1%. Methemoglobin results from the
presence of iron in the ferric form instead of the usual ferrous form. This results
in a decreased availability of oxygen to the tissues.
4. Why is potassium nitrate added to stramonium leaves? What is the use of the

drug? The smoke of burning stramonium leaves has been widely used by
inhalation for the relief of asthma. Potassium nitrate is commonly added to
secure a more uniform combustion.