RAYMOND PILE

Raymo nd Systems, Inc. is an engineering a nd cons tructio11 company specializing in the

e ng ineering design, manufacture, and installatio n o f Raymond Piles.
Raymond Piles are unique structural foundation members used when inadequate soil
conditions require the use of piles to suppo rt heavy toads. The Raymond Pile can be
ins talled rapidly, economically, and the structural integrity iis insured.
Alfred E. Raymo nd developed lhe first Raymond Pile in 1893. Since lhe n, research and
development, along with continuing programs to improve efficiency, have resulted in
innovative pile f o undatio n design, improved installation techniques and significantly
increased design loads.
Thousands of m ajor and rniJlOr structures thro ug ho ut the world are successfully supported
by Raymo nd Piles.
Raymo nd S ystems, Inc. offers vario us servjces relative to the Raymond Pile such as;
geotechnical engineering, founda tio n engineering, specia lized piledriving equipme nt,
ma nufacturing, s upply, a nd insta llation.
Raymond" s management and engineering s taff consist of professio na l engineers who
specialize in geotechnical engineering, mechanical e ng ineering, founda tion design a nd
equipment design. Raymond" s construction management staff consists of experie nced
managers and field personnel.
Raymond remains dedicated to continue its ongoing research and development programs
to provide specialized foundation solutio ns, a nd to provide the Raymo nd Pile to the world
marke t into the 2 1st century.

FEATURES AND BENEFITS

Nominal Dimensions

188"
Detail

1TVa"

163/s"

15%"

14%"
ClOSURE PlATE
WELDED TO BOTTOM
DRIVE RING

133/s"

12:Ys"

Note Other methods of JOint waterproofing

can be used

Step-Taper piles can be manufactured in the size

and configuration required to best meet almost any subsoil condition and loading requirement. The versatile
Step-Taper pile is installed by driving a closed-end steel
shell and heavy steel mandrel to the requ1red res1stance
or penetration. The mandrel is then withdrawn and the
shell filled with concrete. The shell is helically corrugated
to resist subsoil pressures. Standard sections are 8. 12
and 16 feet long and nominal diameters range from 8 to
18 inches. Longer and larger shell sections can be
made.
Starting with the required tip diameter, sections are
joined to make up the pile length needed, with an
increase of one inch in diameter at each joint. The end
product is a tapered pile which generally provides
higher load capacities than non-tapered piles of the
same length. Within limits. different section lengths can
be combined to make a wide variety of pile shapes .
Usually, 8 to 14-inch tip diameters with 12 to 16-foot
lengths are used. By using different tip diameters and
section lengths. piles can be made to satisfy almost any
requirement.
Joints are screw connected. with a drive ring and
corrugated collar welded to the bottom of each section;
the boot section 1s closed w1th a flat steel plate During
dnv1ng a shoulder on the mandrel engages the drive
ring at each joint and at the pile tip. Hammer energy is
effic1ent1y transmitted through the rigid steel mandrel to
each section and to the pile tip. There is no possibility of
structural damage to the completed pile because of high
driving stresses, since all of the driving is actually done
on the steel mandrel.
The result is optimum pile drivability, an important
factor in the consistent success of Step-Taper piles in
realizing the maximum load-bearing potential of almost
any soil system.

11:Ys"

108"

0 00

8%"

General view of Step-Taper shell assembly area.

n:p TAP R Pll

I=

FEATURES AND BENEFITS

ADVANTAGES OF STEP-TAPER PILES

Variable Configurations
The s1ze and shape
of Step-Taper p 1es can be vaned over a w1de range
to best sat1sfy subSOil cond1t1ons and loadmg
requirements
Driving Efficiency The steel mandrel effectively
transmits hammer energy along the ent1re length of
the pile w1th m1nor elastic energy losses.
Effective Hard Driving
The heavy steel mandrel used to dnve Step-Taper shells assures effective
hard dnving for the development of pile capacity to
the lim1tat1ons of the so1l.
Flexibility
The length of Step-Taper piles can be
adjusted in the field to meet changing subsoil conditions as they are encountered Exact predetermination of length IS not necessary Waste IS mm1m1zed.
Driving Resistance Retained - All penetration
resistance developed during dnvlng is retained
because the steel shell remams in intimate contact
with surround1ng soli
Structural Damage Eliminated
The steel
mandrel absorbs all drv1ng stresses concrete IS
poured only after driVIng 1s complete and IS not subjected to poss1ble damage from dnv1ng forces.
Easy Internal Inspection - The full length of
each pile 1s eas1ly accessible for 1nspection after 1t
and adjacent p1les have been dnvcn and before concrete 1s poured
Proven Concreting Methods
Spec1al concrete mixes combmed w1th field-tested and proven
concretmg techn1ques assures the structural1ntegnty
of each p1le.
Concrete Protection - The steel shell permits
proper setting prevents d1stortton and separat1on
and ma1ntams a contmuous concrete section.
Maximum Load Capacity
Effective hard driving, full utilization of hammer energy, easy Internal
inspection and protection of concrete by steel shell
add up to h1gh load capac1ty w1th safety.
Problem Solving
Ray-Step personnel can draw
upon their vast store of collective and individual
expenence spanmng many years and situations to
exped1t1ously solve the many problems Inherent 1n the
1nstallat1on of p1le foundations.
Minimum Cost - H1gh capacity combined with
Ray-Step's t1me-sav1ng methods, eff1c1ent equipment
and expenence result m S1gn1f1cant savmgs m total
foundat1on costs
Fast Installation -Proper eqUipment, techn1ques
and expertise add up to p1le 1nstallat10n rates which
are d1ff1cult or 1mposs1ble for other contractors to
match. The results: shorter schedules, reduced overall construction and fmance costs. and earlier ava1lab1hty
of revenue-produc1ng fac1ht1es.
Dependability Step-Taper p11es have been dnven
for over s1xty years under almost every subsoil condition. The success and un1versal acceptance of StepTaper p1les by eng1neers. contractors and owners is
your assurance of cost-effectiveness and quality.

Assembled Step-Taper shells ready for driving.

Step-Taper shells are filled w1th high-quality concrete after

internal inspection.
~n:p

_T A PI=P PI I I=C

Pipe Step Taper Piles

Typical Dimensions

Since the maximum practical length of an all-shell

Step-Taper pile is about 140 feet pipe is combined
with shells to make up exceptionally long piles where
high capacity, high quality piles are requ1red. Pipe is
used for the lower portion of the pile, and shell sections for the upper part. If the drivmg mandrel extends
only as far as the shell sections, the pipe wall1s of sufficient thickness to withstand driving forces. In some
cases, the mandrel1s extended through the p1pe portion of the pile, depending on the capac1ty of the pile
rig and other factors. However, the length of pipe
Step-Taper piles is not limited by rig capacity. Piles
can be installed in two or more stages, with the p1pe
section or sections followed by the shell portion.

Detail

Sfi( L

~
__J
w

' en

0::

c...

J.~

c...

!it.H.\!:

>-

en
VA'I.DREL CA.... STOP
At 0~1VE r:l "fG E:..
TENO NTO PIPE <1 8
HE 1 A!t f.U1Ut 011
"J SPECIAl C~S

E"ENO 10 ClOSURE
PLATE

J,.

- U.OOUHL Pt.AfE

Note: Other joint systems available.

Note. Other combinations

of pipe and shell sizes
can be used.

WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS

500

,aa!ar

en

z
0 400
>-

(.)

z
<1:

>en

300

u;
w

a:
w
>- 200
<1:

I~

t=
__J
::J
::J

100

a:

20 LB/FT
~

IV

0
0

10

15

20

BLOWS PER INCH

Assembled Step-Taper shells are ratsed to a vertical

posttion to start shell-up procedure Note closed-end boot
section in foreground.
T

TA

Typtcal Wave Equation analysts demonstrates the

superiority of a heavy stiff pile (or mandrel for StepTaper plies) in dynamtcally developtng po1nt bearmg capactty. Both 120-ft steel piles dnven with
32.500 ft-lb hammer

MANUFACTURING

INSTALLATION
Shell sections are assembled on a horizontal rack with
joints screw-connected and waterproofed, usually
with 0-rings. The assembly is then raised to a vertical
position and placed over a full-length steel mandrel.
The pile is installed by driving the internal steel man drel which carries the pile sheel to the required depth.
When the pile shell is in place, the mandrel is
withdrawn and the pile is checked internally for any
damage which may have occurred because of
subsurface obstructions encountered during driving,
and axial alignment is verified . The final step is to fill

~'

the shell with concrete to cut-off grade. Excess pile

shell lengths may be cut off either before or after
concrete is poured.
DETERMINING PILE-SOIL CAPACITY

Methods for determining the capacity of the pile-soil

system include static analyses (see Design Section),
dynamic formulas and load tests. Driving criteria are
indispensible to assure uniform loading capacity of
piles and prevention of significant differential settlement of the completed structure.

A power w1nch ass1sts in assembly of Step-Taper shells on rack.

D a

Lofting of next set of Step-Taper shells dunng dnvrng saves

1nstallatJon time
T

II

Shelling up- Mandrel tip positioned over Step-Taper shells which

are then drawn up onto mandrel.

INSTALLATION

--<

-uo

.....,"n

IHIU.

-TIOIIIO

DIU>""

...,."""
..

I!<Ul

-.cu

CM~

INTO

To place the Step-Taper shells on the mandrel , the

assembled set is first lowered into a set of driven shells:
the mandrel lip Is positioned over the assembled set: and
the assembled set is then drawn up onto the mandrel. The
mandrel-shell assembly is now ready for positioning on the
pile location stake and driving.

..

011

IIWC)Rf&.

The steel mandrel encased by the Step-Taper shells is

driven to the required penetration ; the mandrel is
withdrawn leaving the shells in place ready lor internal
inspection and filling with concrete.
y

INSTALLATION SEQUENCE

t"T

rn

ll

Dynamic Formulas
Most dynamic formulas developed for pile driving are
empirical, and are based on an energy equation
which relates pile hammer weight and distance of
hammer fall to the distance of movement of the pile
against soil resistance. The design load is based on
the final driving resistance of the pile over the last few
inches of penetration.
These pile driving formulas are somewhat inexact,
since so many variables are involved in the hammercapblock-pile-soil system. In some cases, penetration
resistance and the pile capacity will drop off with time
(relaxation) but a more common occurrence is for
penetration resistance and pile capacity to increase
as the soil regains its shear strength after driving (soil
freeze). Indication of soil freeze usually occurs within
a relatively short time. and any type of computation
should be based on retap data. Under normal circumstances, dynamic formulas may still be applied with
reasonable confidence when experience and good
judgement are used and design loads are not heavy.

II C

Because of the limitations and possible unreliability of

most dynamic formulas. and with the development of
computer technology. the one-dimensional Wave
Equation has now been applied to establishing driving
criteria. In the absence of soil freeze or relaxation. the
Wave Equation solution indicates the final penetration
resistance (blows per inch) for the ultimate pile
capacity required. Ray-Step foundation consultants
can provide these solutions for any set of conditions.
Load Tests
Driving criteria are also established by pile load test
results which can then be applied to production pile
driving. These tests can be conducted prior to foundation design or in conjunction with installation to
verity or establish the installation criteria and the pile
design load. Procedures conducted during installation generally follow ASTM 0 1143.

DESIGN
Step-Taper piles work efficiently 1n most types of soils.
They funct1on as either friction or point-beanng piles.
or a combination of both.
Structural Design
Structural capacity for compressive axial loading is
determined by applying the allowable compressive
stress for the piling material to the cross-sectional
area of the p1le at the critical section. which normally
occurs 1n the upper third of the pile. and whrch can be
determined by load tests on Instrumented piles
Formulas for structural capacrty of Step-Taper
piles follow

Shell portion
(unconfined): Pa =0.33 f'c Ac
Shell portion
(confined): Pa

=0.40 f'cAc

Pipe portion Pa =0.33 f'c Ac + 0 35 fyAp

in which.
Pa = Allowable axial compressive load
f c = spcc1fied 28-day concrete strength
Ac = cross-sect1onal area of concrete at the
critrcal section
fy = specified yield strength of steel but not to
exceed 36 ksi for computation purposes
Ap = cross-sectional area of steel 1n pipe

The capacity of the pile-soil system may be

est1mated by static analyses. or by driving formulas
or determ1ned by load tests. A safety factor of two is
normally required , and a p1le structural capacity
safety factor of more than two is standard procedure.
Static Analysis
A static analysis can be used to estimate the required
pile length for a given load or the bearing capacity of
a pile of a given length. However. varrat1ons rn soil
characterrsllcs frequently occur within short
distances, and usually change durrng p1le driving.
Also, the static analysis must reflect the advantages
of Step-Taper piles. or the results w1ll generally be
conservative.
Bearing Capacity in Cohesionless Soils
The ultimate bearing capacities of Step-Taper piles in
cohesionless soils can be calculated based upon a
method proposed by Nordlund usrng the nomagraphs in F1gures 5-1. 5-2 and 5-3 for friction values
and a standard bearing capac1ty formula for endbeanng values using Tables S-1 . 5-11 and S-Ill.
The formula for calculat1ng the ultimate bearing
capac1ty IS.
R =Cp L+Nap oA
HOMOGRAPHS FOR DETERMINING FRICTION VALU

The confining action of the steel shell increases

the u1t1mate strength of the concrete the degree
depend1ng on the thickness and d1ameter of the
shell. An allowable stress of 0 40 f c has been established for confined concrete for shells of at least 14
gage and a nominal diameter not greater than 16
inches. Since the shell does not carry any of the axial
load. the function of the steel is to resist hoop tension.
Lateral Support
Sufficient lateral support can be prov1ded by any soil
other than a very fluid soil, to prevent buck1ng under
axial compressive loads. Unsupported pile lengths
(extending through air, water or very fluid soil) should
be des1gned as columns for the loads rnvolved.
Design vs. Driving Stresses
Dynamic drrvrng stresses are usually considerably
higher than static design stress. and could control the
structural design of the pile. Since dynamic driving
stresses are absorbed by the Step-Taper pile's steel
mandrel, only service load stresses need to be considered for structural design.
Pile-Soil Bearing Capacity
A p1le should not be selected for 1ts structural capacity
alone because the actual p1le bearrng capac1ty is
generally controlled by the soil bearing capacitynot by the p1le's structural capacity.

C:::TI=P _TAPI=P Pll I=C:::

in which :
Ru = estimated ultimate capacity
C = constant for Step-Taper pile shell from
Figures 5-1 . 5-2. or 5-3
po = effective overburden pressure at mid-height
of shell section or at pile tip.
L = length of shell section
NQ= bearing capacity factor from Table 5-I
A = area of pile tip from Table 5-11

Use of Nomographs
Each of Figures 5-1 , 5-2 and 5-3 show two families of
curves, one of which is used to determine the value of
the constant C for various shell sizes and shell lengths
of 8, 12 or 16 feet. The other family of curves is used to
determine the value of a limiting overburden pressure
which represents a maximum to be used in the
calculations of friction capacity for each shell size and
section length . The indicated overburden pressure
limits are based on experience and engineering
judgement and should not be considered absolute.
To enter nomographs, the Standard Penetration
Test values N are first converted to an equivalent
angle of internal friction q>. Before conversion to friction

52-<

angles. the N values determined in the field are first

multiplied by a correction factor given by the
formula :tJ
20
CN = 0.771og _

p
in which :

CN = correction factor:
p = effective vertical overburden pressure. tsf
The corrected N values are used to determine the
approximate equivalent friction angle according to
Figure 19.5 in Peck, Hanson and Thornburn.141

End-Bearing Calculation
The values of the factors used in calculating the endbearing capacity can be obtained from Tables 5-I ,
5-11 . and 5-11 1. Table 5-I is entered with the angle of
internal friction to find the corresponding value of the
bearing capacity factor NQ. The tip areas for various
Step-Taper shell sections are shown in Table 5-11.
Table 5-11 1shows the recommended limits for NQpo in
determining the end-bearing capacity.

;=:53..

....... , , .

r
/

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~

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,-J

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,-il

..........~.. .,. , , ..!

: : :--:7, ~,-;:
...

.,....,. ...

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,

..

I"

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,

./.

----Fop 5 :?o

Fy 53b

DESIGN
TABLE 5-I
Values of Nq
after Berezantzer et al [5]

10

20

TABLE 5-11
Tip Areas for Step-Taper Piles
Shell

70

40

Area

Area

Shell

Section

Section

ft2

ft 2

28

18

15

10

29

21

18

12

30

24

21

15

10

31

28

24

19

14

000

0.41

1.13

049

1.29

32

34

29

23

18

00

33

41

35

29

24

0.59

1.46

0.71

1.65

1.84

34

49

42

36

32

35

57

50

45

41

0.84

0.98

36

69

62

57

53

37

85

77

72

69

38

105

86

90

87

39

129

120

112

109

40

156

145

137

133

TABLE 5-111
Limits for end-bearing

MaxNq

41
degrees

Depth to pile tip

Pile tip diameter

Pile

SOli

100

35

200

> 38

300

-b
Po

Po (hmrt)c

ft

ksf

ksl

0.68

2 .15

18

1.66

30

Depth a

Shell

IS : 113 pet
12

Ru =

2: C p0 L + Nq p0 A
cd

Ru

ksl

f1

kipS

3 .65

0.68

12

29.8

2 .35

3 .15

1.66

12

62.8

2.26

2 .55

2 .80

2.26

12

75.9

42

2.86

2.80

2 .35

2.8oe

12

79.0

52

3.40

2.05

3.50

2.05e

57.4

60

3.88

2.25

3 .00

2.25e

54 .0

00

68

4.36

2.55

2.40

2.sse

49.0

72

4.60

Sectron

ksf

< 30

Example o f application o f bea r ing capaci t y f o rm u la:

Po

Po

4> = 32

24

11 -;

so

pel

36
48

4> = 35

56
/

64
72

l5 = 60 pet

End bearing = Nq p0 A

(41 )1 (4 .60)9 (0.49)h = (188.6)' (0.49) =

Total Ru

a.
b
c.
d.
e.

To mid -height each shell sechon and to prle trp

Calculated overburden pressures. Depth x unrt werght
Limiting overburden pressures from Frgures 5-1 band 52b
Constant from Figures 51a and 52a
Controlled by limrting overburden pressures.

92.4
500.3kips

f. Beanng capacity factor from Table 5-1

g Calculated overburden pressure at pile tip
h. Prle tip area lrom Table 5-11
1. Lrmrtrng N q p0 = 200 ksf from Table 5-111. Use calculated

Tt:D

Dl

r::

Pile Drivability
Pile drtvabtlity often determines the ultimate load
capacity which can be achieved by dynamic driving.
Pile stiffness largely determines dnvability.
The stiffness of a pile is expressed as T = AE/L;
modulus of elastictty is E. cross-secttonal area is A
and pile length is L.
Stiffness or drtvabtlity is not a function of steel
yield strength. Modulus of elasticity of steel piles
rematns constant despite any 1ncrease 1n yteld strength.
When ptpe 1s driven without an internal mandrel.
or for steel ptles. stiffness factors and limitattons become
Important constderattons. and piles with adequate wall
thickness or cross-sectional area must be used
Group Capacity
For predominantly point-bearing piles and for friction
piles in granular soils. group capacity can be considered at least equal to the sum of individual pile
capacities. For cohesive soils, factors such as shear
strength. beanng capacity of the soil, support by
shear on the periphery and by end-bearing on the
base area of the group. should all be considered.
Group reduction formulas based on spactng and
number of ptles are not recommended.
Uplift Capacity
Uplift capac1ty can be estimated using pile and soil
properties For friction piles. it can usually be considered to be at least 50 percent of the pile bearing capacity. If uplift capacity is critical it should be determined by
field test The Step-Taper shape has proven eHect1ve in
developing uplift as well as bearing capac1ty
Lateral Capacity
Although batter piles are usually used to carry large
honzontal loads, vertical piles can be des1gned to
accommodate lateral loading. Analysis of lateral loading capacities should be based on factors such as
axial compressive loads. passive soil pressures and
methods using soil modulus and the beam-on-elastic
foundation theory
The Dcsrgn Gu1dc Charts (Figs. 5-4 to 5-12 inclusive) can provide a preliminary estimate of re1nforcing
steel needed in Step-Taper piles for the conditions
shown
Internal Reinforcement
Reinforc1ng steel is required only when the concrete
in the pile may be under tension from such conditions
as uplift. high lateral loads. or for unsupported pile
lengths.
For uplift loads. steel is bundled if more than one
bar is requ1red . and installed in the port1on of the p1le
under tension The amount. of course is dictated by
the magnitude of the load . Steel Installed to resist
bending of for unsupported pile lengths should be
placed in a Circular pattern using four to six bars.
Depth requtred for reinforcement to res1st bending 1s
rarely more than 15 feet below ground surface. The
use of high strength bars is generally most practical.
CTCD T II DC:O 011 C:C'

Logg1ng the p1le

References
1. Recommendations for Des1gn Manufacture, and
InstallatiOn of Concrete Piles" Amencan Concrete Institute
Manual of Concrete Pract1ce Part 3, 1974
2. "Report on Allowable Stresses 1n Concrete Piles.
Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., June 1971.
3 "Bearing Capacrty or Piles In Cohesronless Sorls" by R.L.
Nordlund. Journal of the Soil MechaniCS and Foundallon
DIVISIOn. ASCE Vol. 89 No. SM3 May 1963
4 Foundat1on Engrneenng" by R 8 Peck. W.E Hanson
and T.H. Thornburn. Second Ed1t1on John Wrley & Sons.
Inc. New York. NY.. 1974.
5. Load Beanng Capacrty and Deformatron of Pile
Foundatrons" by V. Berezantzev V Khnsoforov and V.
Golubkov. Proceedrngs Fifth International Conference on
Sotl Mechan1cs and Foundation Eng1neenng. Pans. 1961.

DESIGN
Design Guide Charts for Laterally Loaded Step Taper Piles
Ftg 54 Case 1 loose Sand (submerged).

These Design Guide Charts can provide an esbmate of re1nforc1ng

steel reqwed 1n Step-Taper p1les under lateral loading for the
conditions shown The charts are based on the COM622
computer program and the follow1ng
Pile Step-Taper, 5 sections@ 12 feet= 60 feet
Butt No.5 section- nominal diameter 15 J~ tnches
Concrete strength 4000 ps1
Butt fixity 50 percent
Re-steel yield strength 60 ks1
Re-steel cage diameter 10 I tnches
Load factor 1 7
Pile predrilled yes
The charts are not applicable for piles that cannot be considered fixed at some po1nt beneath the ground surface. For top
sections one size smaller (No. 4) or one size larger (No.6) the
required steel areas indicated by the charts will be within 10%.

125

100

t zt
0.,.11 .. Gto.M - - 0

o.,,,. " "'- c.~ " o

25

Use of Design Charts

1. Enter the design chart for the applicable soil condition with
the axial and lateral work1ng loads Judgement should be
used in selecting the ax1al compressive load that will be
acting with the lateral load
2. Read or mterpolate for the reqUired area of remforc1ng steel.
As, 1n square inches. as 1nd1cated by the curved lines If the
point falls w1thin or on the dashed curve, no steel is
required
3. Read the required length of reinforcing steel as ind1cated
by the enc~rcled numbers. If the potnt falls between encircled
numbers. interpolate either vertically or horizontally or both
to obtain the approximate cut-off depth of the reinforcing
steel.
4 The vertical dashed lines indicate a specific pile butt
deflection 1n mches. If the point falls to the left of one of
these lines the pile butt should not deflect more than the
value 1nd1cated Approx1mate deflections can be determined by interpolation for intermediate points. The maximum
butt deflections are Indicated for axial loads of zero and 125
tons at the max1mum lateral load shown on each chart
Example
Estimate the area and length of longitudinal reinforcing steel
and the approximate butt deflection expected for the following
conditions:
Given:
Pile: Step-Taper
Top Section: No. 5
Section lengths 12 feet
Concrete strength f'c = 4 ks1
Rebar yield fy = 60 ks1
Axial load (working) 60 tons
Lateral load (working). 9 tons
Soil Medium st1ff clay Cu = 800 psf
Solution
1 Use CaseS (Fig 5-11)Medium Stiff Clayw1thCu= 750~.
2 Enter chart with an axial load of 60tons and a lateral
load of 9 tons
3. Interpolate between the curved lines to obtain the
required retnforcmg steel area As of 0.6 in 2
4. Interpolate both horizontally and vertically between the
surrounding encircled numbers to get the required
length of 9.2 feet for the retnforctng steel.
5. Interpolate between the vertical dashed lines to get an
approximate butt deflection of 0.67 1nches.

0
0

LAT11AL I.J)AO

K TONS

Fig 5 7 Case 4 loose Sand

125

---- .... - ...

--.....; -!:._0

_.._

100

..

"'z

...

Q.

75

.~ .

tt

o.t'" ,. .,..,.. .,,., .ao''

c.,., ,. ",

c~ .~ ,

lOft

.... so

--~

c
x
c

'?

..
0

25

1'

0
0
L ATE RAL LOAO

H TONS

Ftg 510 Case 7 Soft Clay

125

100

.,

...:.z

..

75

"~0

.. ,

'

....
c so
~

a
0

------+---.....o.t-, ..,.o

25

_!.---

~-.--'
'

'
I

0
0
LATERAL LOAD

H TONS

~n:p. T API=R

Pll

I=~

. . ..

r
Fig 55 Case 2 Med1um Dense Sand (submerged)
125

...... -:-......

.........

100

~o

"'

..
z

I
I

...0
...'

75

'

;-;'"))

Fig 56 Case 3 Dense Sand (submerged)

125

.
...

.;:..

...0
...'

..J

il

7~

..J

c
ii
c

!:!

O.pt" Oftwf\4 ...., 0

0.'" .. ,,.. c .., . .,, .

...

100

eo

..J

::

.."

eo

ii

;.

0
0

s.o

2S

LATERAL LOAD

75

,..._

...~I

...

100

75

c.,,..

..c... .., .

-.Of....
1\4

Iff ...

..

...
0

_...

0
0

25

75

~~

~:

---- ----0

c
0

'/

25

so

75

100

12 5

15.0 16 5

H TONS

100

~
?

..

..

...':"

75

eo

::0

..J

..J

..
..J

.
.
"'

50

"0

ii

;c
c

Fig 512 Case9StlffCiay

125

. :;

Cv 7)()flf

LATERAL lOAD

60

HTONS

~/

75

eo

100

100

_J_

0
$0

Fig 5-11 Case 8 Med1um St1ff Clay

125

...

M OU

OttO._'''* C.toft 2 0"

25

LATERAL LOAD

o. ... ,.c;,.~ -. "-'

..J

~)

75

eo

" \

0,,

.
...

..
...'

,2 0"

....

100

3"

25

10.0

........

..J
..J

75
HTONS

Fig. 59. Case 6 Dense Sand

12S

:!

so

LATERAL LOAD

))"

Otttfil ..

---

25

HTONS

Fig 58 Case 5 Med1um Dense Sand

12S

..

"'

2~

25

'

25

25

25

$0

LATERAL LOAD

75
H- TONS

100

2.5

so

75
LATERAL LOAD

100
HTONS

12 5

15.0

16.5

CONCRETE CONTENTS -STEP TAPER SHELLS

(CUBIC YARDS)

12' STEP SHELLS

000

BR
.01
.03
.04
.05
.06
.08
.09
.10
.12
.13
.14
- .15
.17
19
.20
.22
.23
.25
.26
.28
.30
.31
.33
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
.44
.46
.48
.50
.51
.53
.55
.57
.59
.62
.64
.66
.69
.71
.73
.75
.78
.80
.82
.85
87
.90
.93
.96
.98
1.01
1.04
1.06
1 09
1.12
1.15
1.17

FEET
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

BR

BR

BR

BR

BR

02
.03
.05
.06
08
10
11
.13
.14
16
17
19
21

.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
13
.15
.17
.19
.21
.23
.25

.02
.05
07
.09
. 12
. 14
16
. 18
.21
.23
.25
.28
.30

03
06
.08
.11
14
17
19
.22
25
.28
30
33
.36

.?3

.?fl

.::13

::19

25
.27
.29
30
.32
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
44
.46

.30
.32
.34
37
.39
.41
44
.46
48
50
53
56

.36
.39
.41
.44
.47
.50
.52
.55
.58
.60
.64
.67

43
.46
.49
52
56
59
62
.65
.69
.72
.76
.79

03
07
10
13
16
.20
23
.26
.29
.32
36
39
43
46
50
54
.58
.61
.65
69
73
77
.80

00

~49
.51
.53
.56
.58
.60
.62
.65
.67
.69
.72
.75
.77
.80
.83
.86
.88
.91
.94
.97
.99
1.02
1.05
1.09
1.12
1.15 _
1.18
1.21
1.25
1.28
1.31
1.34
1.38
1.41

~
I

.73
.87
5~+70+83
77
91

.61
.64
.67
70
.72
.75
.78
.8 1
.83
86
.90
.93
96
.99
1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
1.16
1.19
1 22
1.26
1.29
1.33
1.37
1.41
1 45
1.48
1.52
1 56
1.60
1.63
1.67

.80
.83
.86
.90
.93
.96
99
1.03
1.07
1.10
1.14
1.18
1.22
1.25
1.29
1.33
1.37
1.41
1.44
1.49
1.53
1.57
1.62
1.66
1 70
1.75
1.79
1.83
1.88
1.92
1.96

I
t

.94
98
1.02
106
1.09
1.13
1.17
1 21
1.26
1.30
1.34
1 39
1.43
1.47
1.52
1.56
1 60
1.64
1 69
1.74
1 79
1.84
1 89
1.94
1 99
2.03
2.08
2.1 3
2.1 8
2.23
2.28

.84
88
93
.97
1.01
1.06
1.10
1 14
1.19
1.23
1.27
1.32
136
1 41
1.46
1.51
1.56
1 61
1.66
1.71
1.76
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.01
207
2.12
2 18
2.23
2.29
2.35
2 40
2 46
2.51
2 57
2.63

000

00

BR

FEET

BR

BR

BR

04
08
12
15
.19
23
27
.30
34
38
.42
.45
50
.54
.58
.63
.67
.71
76
80
.84
.89
.93
.97
1 02
1 07
1.12
1 17
1 22
1.27
1.32
1.37
1 42
1 47
1.52
1.57
1 62
1.68
1.73
1.79
1.85
1.90
1.96
2.01
2.07
2.13
2.18
2.24
2.30
2.37
243
2.49
2.56
2 62
2.68
2.74
2.81
2.87
2.93
3.00

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

1.21
1.24
1.27
1.30
1.34
1.37
1.40
1.43
1.46
1.50
1.53
1.56
1 60
1.64

1.45
1.48
1.52
1.56
1.60
1.63
1.67
1.71
1.75
1.78
1.82
1.86
1 90
1.95
1.99
2.03
2.08
2. 12
2.16
2.21
2.25
2.29
2.34
2.38
2.43
2.48
2.53
2.58
2.63
2.68
2.73
2.77
2.82
2.87

75+1.67

76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

1.71
1.75
1.79
1.82
1 86
1.90
1.94
1.98
2.01
2.06
2.10
2.14
2.19
2.23
2.27
2.32
2.36
2.40
2.45
2.49
2.53
2.58
2.63
2.68
2.73
2.78
2.83
2.88
2.93
2.98
3.03
3.08
3.13
3.18
3.24
3.29
3.35
3.41
3.46
3.52
3.57
3.63
3.69
3.74
3.80

1.71
176
1.80
1.84
1.89
1.93
1 97
2.02
2.06
2.10
2. 15
I 2. 19
I 2.24
2.29
234
2.39
2.44
2.49
2.54
2.59
2.64
2.68
2.73
2.78
2.84
2.90
2.95
3.01
3.06
3. 12
3.18
3.23
3.29
3.34

BR

BR

2.01
2.06
2. 11
2.16
2.21
2.26
2.31
2.36
2.41
2.46
2.51
2.56
2.6 1
2.67
2.72
2.78
2.84
2.89
2.95
3.00
3.06
3.12
3.17
3.23
3.29
3.36
3.42
3.48
3.55
3.61
3.67
3.73
3.80
3.86

2.34
2 39
2 45
2.51
2.56
2.62
2.67
2.73
2 79
2.84
2.90
2.95
3.01
3.08
3. 14
3.20
3.27
3.33
3.39
3.45
3.52
3.58
3.64
3 71

2.92
3.~~92
.?-n-1- 3.46
3.99
3.03
3.08
3.14
3.20
3.25
3.31
3.36
3.42
3.48
3.53
3.59
3.64
3.70
3.77
3.83
3.89
3.96
4.02
4.08
4.14
4.21
4.27
4.33
4.40

3.52
3.59
3.65
3 71
3.78
3.84

390+
3.96

II

4.03
4.09
4.15
4.22

+-

SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEP TAPER PILES

1. GENERAL
1.1 All piles shall be installed by a
piling contractor qualified to
install the type of pile specifications used, in accordance with
the plans and specifications.
1.2 The pile contractor shall furnish
and his prices shall include all
necessary tools, equipment,
material, labor and supervision
to install and cut off the piles in
accordance with the plans and
specifications.
1.3 The general contractor shall
provide: all necessary excavation, sheeting and bracing or
other adequate maintenance of
excavation banks; suitable runways and ramps as necessary
for pile driving; control of
ground and surface water as
necessary to keep the work
area sufficiently dry; suitable
access roads for movement of
equipment and materials to and
from pile locat1ons; field layout
required for pile work including
setting and maintaining a location stake for each pile and giving cut-off grades on all piles ;
and removal of all overhead and
underground obstructions as
required.
1.4 Except for operations, equipment and personnel directly
under the control of the pile contractor, the general contractor
shall be responsible for complying with the requirements of all
Federal and State safety and
health regulations applicable to
this work.
1.5 The results of test borings made
at the site are shown on the
drawmgs. Soil samples recovered are available for ins pection. This information is to be
considered as indicalfve of subsoil conditions and is made
available to the contractors to
use
at
their
discretion.
Contractors may make their own
subsurface investigation at the
site.
1.6 Each pile shall consist of a steel
shell driven in intimate contact

II

with the soil, using an internal

non-mechanical steel mandrel.
The mandrel shall be withdrawn
leaving the steel shell in place .
The steel shell shall be filled with
concrete as specified herein.

2. PILE SHELLS
2.1 Pile shells shall be step-tapered
with a tip diameter of _ _
inches. The increase in diameter at each step shall be not
greater than one inch.
2.2 The lower one-third of the pile
shell shall be minimum No. 14
gage (0.075 inches) and the
pile contractor shall assume
responsibility for providing
shells of sufficient strength and
thickness to withstand driving to
the required penetration and to
resist harmful distortions due to
soil pressures.
2.3 Step -Taper shells shall be
closed at the point with a flat
steel plate having a diameter
not more than 3/ inch greater
than the diameter of the shell to
which the plate is attached. The
plate thickness shall be 1/ inch.
The driving mandrel shall
extend the lull length of the pile.

3. PILE CONCRETE
3.1 Concrete fill for the piles shall
have a 28 day strength of not
less than __ psi and shall be
composed
of
approved
Portland cement, clean, sharp
sand and gravel or crushed
stone having a 3/ inch maximum
size. Concrete shall have a
slump of 4 to 6 inches. The Pile
Contractor shall submit to the
Engineer for approval, a mix
design developed from the
results of having broken 3 and
7 -day tests on standard cylinders all as per applicable
current ASTM standards.
3.2 No concrete shall be placed
until the pile shell has been
inspected and is free of all

foreign matter and contains no

more than 4 inches of water.
3.3 Concrete shall be poured into
the shell at the top through a
steep-sided funnel having a discharge opening of not more
than 10 inches in diameter.
Concrete in the top six feet of
the pile shall be rodded .

4. PILE INSTALLATION
4.1 The Pile Contractor shall have
performed by a competent
Eng ineer a Wave- Equation
Analysis of the pile-hammer-soil
system which is proposed . The
Wave - Equation solution shall
determine the Ultimate Pile
Compressive capacity as a
function of driving resistance,
and the maximum compressive
and tensile stresses in the mandrel as the pile reaches final
anticipated penetration . These
solutions shall be submitted to
the Engineer prior to commencement of pile driving.
4.2 The pile shall be driven to at
least the resistance indicated
by the Wave-Equation Analysis
for an Ultimate Load of 200% of
the design load of __ tons.
However, if the pile does not
conform to the settlement criteria set forth in the section of
specifications entitled "Load
Tests", then the pile shall be driven to such greater resistance
as may be required.
4.3 The piles shall be driven with a
steam, air, hydraulic or diesel
hammer having a rated energy
of not less than
footpounds per blow.
4.4 All piles shall be driven with a
hammer operating in fixed leaders or other methods shall be
used to hold the hammer and
pile in accurate alignment.
4.5 All piles shall be cut-off to within
one inch of the required pile butt
elevation.