IslamicUniversityofGazaEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment

Water Treatment
WaterTreatment
EENV4331

Lecture1: Introduction
Dr.Fahid Rabah

1.1 Water Cycle

y and Water Resources

1.2 Water Distribution on Earth

Percent of Usable Water

Usable Water quality

q
y
Is
Isthe1%usablewaterqualitysuitablefordirectuse?
the 1 % usable water quality suitable for direct use?
Surface
S f
water
t is
i mostly
tl contaminated
t i t d and
d nott suitable
it bl
for direct usage. Surface water has open surfaces,
consequently it is subjected to direct pollution from
natural and human activities.
Ground water is usually suitable for direct usage since
it is naturally protected by the geological formations of
earth. However, contamination may reach groundwater .
In this case it should be purified before usage.
5

1.3 Definition of water Pollution

Water Pollution is defined as:
The presence of impurities in water in such quantity
and of such nature as to impair the use of the water for
a stated purpose.
Pollution = pure water + impurities
Notice that pure water H2O does not exist on earth.
Water vapor can be considered as pure water.
water
However, when it rains and runs over the earth surface
or through the ground layers many impurities dissolve or
stick to it.
6

1.4 Definition of water Treatment

Water treatment is defined as:
The process of reduction or removal of impurities from
water to acceptable concentrations suitable for a
stated usage.
Types of Impurities in water
Di l d lid (
Dissolvedsolids(organicandinorganic)
i
di
i )
Suspendedsolids(organicandinorganic)
settleable
ttl bl
Nonsettleable
Colloidal solids (organic and inorganic)
Colloidalsolids(organicandinorganic)
7

1.5 Water Treatment Methods

Eachtypeofthementionedsolidsrequiresspecial
Each type of the mentioned solids requires special
methodtobereducedorremovedfromwater
Waterpurification"treatment"methodsareclassified
intothreemaincategories:
g
Physicalmethods
Chemicalmethods
BiologicalMethods

Water Treatment Methods

Examplesoneachtreatmentcategory:
Examples on each treatment category:
Physicalmethods
sedimentation
Filtration
Flocculation
Adsorption
airstripping
air stripping
Aeration
ReverseOsmosesdesalination
Reverse Osmoses desalination RO
RO

Water Treatment Methods

Chemicalmethods
Chemical methods
Coagulation
Softening
Chemicalprecipitations
DisinfectionwithchlorineandOzone
Disinfection with chlorine and Ozone
oxidationreductionreactions
DesalinationusingElectodialysis.
Desalination using Electodialysis
IonicExchange

10

Water Treatment Methods

Biologicalmethods
Biological methods
Denitrificationnitrateremovalusingbiological
reactors.
reactors

11

Water Treatment Methods

Biologicalmethods
Biological methods
Denitrificationnitrateremovalusingbiological
reactors.
reactors

12

1.6 Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent

Turbidity

Chemical Formula

-----------

Difficulties Caused

Means of Treatment

imparts
p
unsightly
g y appearance
pp
to water; deposits in water
lines, process equipment, coagulation, settling, and filtration
etc.; interferes with most
process uses
chief source of scale in heat
exchange equipment, boilers,
pipe lines, etc.; forms curds
with soap, interferes with
dyeing, etc.

Hardness

calcium and
magnesium salts,
expressed as CaCO3

Alkalinity

foam and carryover of solids

bicarbonate(HCO3-), with steam; embrittlement of
lime and lime-soda softening;
carbonate (CO322-),
) and boiler steel; bicarbonate and
acid treatment; demineralization
hydroxide(OH-),
carbonate produce CO2 in
dealkalization by anion exchange
expressed as CaCO3 steam, a source of corrosion
in condensate lines

softening; demineralization

13

Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent

Chemical Formula

Difficulties Caused

Means of Treatment

Free Mineral
Acid

H2SO4 , HCI. etc.,

expressed as CaCO3

corrosion

neutralization with alkalies

Carbon Dioxide

CO2

corrosion in water lines

aeration neutralization with

aeration,
alkalies

PH

hydrogen ion
concentration defined
as:
PH= log[H+]

14

Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent

Sulfate

Chloride

Nitrate

Chemical Formula

Difficulties Caused

Means of Treatment

SO42-

adds to solids content of

water, but in itself is not
usually significant, combines
with calcium to form calcium
sulfate
lf t scale
l

demineralization, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis,
evaporation

Cl -

adds to solids content and

increases corrosive character
of water

demineralization, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis,
evaporation

NO3

adds to solids content, high

concentrations cause
methemoglobinemia in
infants;

demineralization, reverse
osmosis, Electodialysis,
evaporation

15

Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent

Fluoride

Sodium

Silica

Chemical Formula

F-

Difficulties Caused

Means of Treatment

cause off mottled

ttl d enamell iin
adsorption with magnesium
teeth; also used for control of
hydroxide, calcium phosphate, or
dental decay: not usually
bone black; alum coagulation
g
industrially
y
significant

Na+

adds to solids content of

water: when combined with
OH-, causes corrosion in
boilers under certain
conditions

demineralization, reverse
osmosis, Electodialysis,
evaporation

SiO2

scale in boilers and cooling

water systems; insoluble
turbine blade deposits due to
silica vaporization

adsorption, demineralization
adsorption
demineralization,
reverse osmosis, evaporation

16

Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent

Chemical Formula

Difficulties Caused

Means of Treatment

Iron

Fe2+ (ferrous)
Fe3+ (ferric)

d
it in
i water
t
source off deposits
lines, boilers. etc.; interferes
with dyeing, tanning,
papermaking,
p
p
g, etc.

aeration; coagulation and

filtration; lime softening; cation
exchange

Manganese

Mn2+

same as iron

same as iron

AI3+

usually present as a result of

floc carryover from clarifier;
can cause deposits in cooling
systems and contribute to
complex boiler scales

improved clarifier and filter

operation

Aluminum

17

Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent

Chemical Formula

Difficulties Caused

Means of Treatment

Oxygen

O2

corrosion of : water lines,

heat exchange equipment,
boilers, return lines, etc.

sodium sulfite; corrosion

inhibitors

Hydrogen
Sulfide

H2S

cause of "rotten
rotten egg
egg" odor;
corrosion

aeration; chlorination; highly

basic anion exchange

NH3

corrosion of copper and zinc

alloys by formation of
complex soluble ion

cation exchange with hydrogen

zeolite; chlorination;

Ammonia

18

Impurities in Water
Constituent

Chemical Formula

Dissolved Solids

none

Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
refers to total amount of
dissolved matter, determined
lime softening and cation
by evaporation; high
exchange by hydrogen zeolite;
concentrations are
demineralization, reverse
objectionable because of
osmosis, electrodialysis,
process interference and as a
evaporation
cause of foaming in boilers

Suspended
S
d d
Solids

none

refers to the measure of

undissolved
di
l d matter,
tt
determined by filtration and
drying

Total Solids

none

refers to the sum of dissolved

and suspended solids,

filtration,
filt
ti
usually
ll preceded
d db
by
coagulation and settling

see "Dissolved Solids" and

"Suspended Solids"

19

1 7 Water
1.7
W t quality
lit characteristics
h
t i ti
a. Physical characteristics:

Turbidity
Color
Taste and odor
Temperature

b Chemical characteristics:
b.

Many dissolved chemicals exist in water and many of them are

of concern such as:as:
Chloride, fluorides, Iron, lead, manganese, sodium, sulfate, zinc,
toxic inorganic substances, toxic organic substances,

c. Microbiological characteristic:Pathogens: viruses

viruses, bacteria
bacteria, protozoa
protozoa, helminthes (warms)
20

1.8 Drinking Water Quality Standards

See also the EPA Primary drinking water standards

21

22

Drinking Water Quality Standards (WHO)

Symbol
y

p
Level ((mg/l)
g )
Acceptable

MCL ((mg/l)
g )

TDS

500

1500

TH (CaCO3)

100

500

Detergents

ABS

05
0.5

Aluminum

Al

0.2

0.3

Iron

Fe

0.3

M
Manganese

M
Mn

01
0.1

02
0.2

Copper

Cu

1.5

Zinc

Zn

15

Sodium

Na

200

400

Nickel

Ni

0.05

0.1

Chloride

Cl

200

400

Fluoride

1.5

Sulfate

SO4

200

500

Nitrate

NO3

45

70

Silver

Ag

0.01

0.05

Magnesium

Mg

50

120

Calcium

Ca

100

200

Potassium

10

12

Element/Compound
p
Total Disolves Solids
Total Hardness

23

Drinking Water Quality Standards (WHO)

Chemical Standards
(Toxic elements)
Parameter

Symbol

MCL (mg/l)

Lead

Pb

0.01

Selenium

Se

0.01

Arsenic

As

0 05
0.05

Chromium

Cr

0.05

Cyanide

Cn

0 05
0.05

Cadmium

Cd

0.005

Mercury

Hg

0.001

Antimony

Sb

0.005

Nickel

Ni

0.05
24

Palestinian Water Quality Standards

Element/Compound
Total Dissolves Solids
T t l Hardness
Total
H d

Symbol

MCL (mg/l)

TDS

1500

TH (CaCO
(C CO3)

600

Alkalinity
g
Detergents

400
ABS

0.5

Sodium

Na

200

Chloride

Cl

600

Fluoride

1.5

Sulfate

SO4

400

Nitrate

NO3

70

Nitrite

NO2

0.1

Ammonium

NH4

0.5

Magnesium

Mg

150

Calcium

Ca

100- 200

12

Potassium
Residual chlorine

0.2- 0.8

25

1.9 Most common water treatment plants

Watertreatmentplantscanbeclassifiedas:
A) Simple disinfection: (Ground water )
Itisadirectpumpingandchlorineinjection.Usedtotreat
high quality water
highqualitywater.
B) Filtration plants: (surface water)
Removes:color,turbidity,taste,odor,andbacteria
ifthesourcewaterhasbetterqualitywithlowersolids,
flocculationandsedimentationcanbeomitted,this
modification is called direct filtration.
modificationiscalleddirect
C) softening plants: (ground water)

26

1.9 Most common water treatment plants

Ground
Water
well

Disinfection

Storage

Distribution

Simple Disinfection Treatment Plant

27

1.9 Most common water treatment plants

S
Screen
Surface
water
Coagulation

Filtration

Disinfection

Flocculation

Storage

Sedimentation

Distribution

Filtration Treatment Plant

28

1.9 Most common water treatment plants

S
Screen
Surface
water

Filtration
Coagulation

Disinfection

Storage

Distribution

Direct Filtration Treatment Plant

29

1.9 Most common water treatment plants

Ground
Water
Rapid Mixing

Filtration

Flocculation

Disinfection

Sedimentation

Storage

Recarbonation

Distribution

Softening Treatment Plant

Single stage softening

30

1.9 Most common water treatment plants

Ground
Water
well

Aeration

Disinfection

Filtration

Storage

Distribution

Simple Disinfection Treatment Plant

31