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Exhaust Air
Warm Condenser
Water
Inlet Air
mw,1=15000 kgw/s
T1 =45 C
Va,3=8000 m /s
Tdb,3=30 C
Twb,3=20 C
Cooled
Condenser Water
mw,2 = mw,1
T2 =? C
Make-up Water
mmw =? kgw/s
T5 =20 C
H2 0
1 (sat. liq)
2 (sat. liq)
5 (sat. liq)
T (C)
45
m (kg/s)
15000
15000
h (kJ/kg)
20
Air
T db (C)
Twb (C)
ma ,3
V a ,3
v a ,3
(Eq1)
We can determine the specific volume of the air entering the cooling tower by
determining the state point of location 3 on the psychrometric chart using T db,3 =
30C and Twb,3 = 20C.
From the psychrometric chart,
va,3 = 0.873 m3/kga
Substituting this value and the given volumetric flow rate into Eq1 we can
determine the mass flow rate of dry air.
ma ,3
V a ,3
v a ,3
m 3
8000
s
= 9163.8
m3
0.873
kg a
kga/s
Answer a)
Part b)
To determine the mass flow rate of the make-up water, denoted as m mw , we can
perform a mass balance on the water entering/exiting our cooling tower control
volume. At location 1 we have the stream of water entering the cooling tower
from the condenser, which we will denote as m w,1 . At location 2 we have the
stream of water exiting the cooling tower to be returned to the condenser, which
exiting air. We will denote this as m v , 4 . The mass balance on the water is
performed in Eq2.
m w m w m v ,3 m v , 4 m mw 0 m mw m v , 4 m v ,3
(Eq2)
Note: We could have developed Eq2 immediately by reasoning that the amount
of water that needs to be made-up for will be equal to the amount of moisture
that is picked up in the cooling tower by the air and exhausted.
(Eq3)
m v ,3 w3 m a ,3
(Eq4)
m v , 4 w4 m a , 4
m mw m v , 4 m v ,3 w4 m a , 4 w3 m a , 3
(Eq5)
From our assumption that the cooling tower operates in a steady manner, the
m mw m a ( w4 w3 )
(Eq6)
Recall that we determined the mass flow rate of dry air in part a). We can
determine the humidity ratio of the air entering the cooling tower by using state
point 3 on the psychrometric chart.
From the psychrometric chart,
w3 = 10.6 gv/kga = 0.0106 kgv/kga
Unfortunately, state point 4 (T db,4 = 40C & =90%) is off the psychrometric chart
so we will have to calculate the value of w 4 using equation 13-11b from Cengel
and Boles as shown below.
From Table A-4 @ T= 40C, Pg = 7.384 kPa.
w4
0.622 4 Pg
P 4 Pg
kg
0.622(0.9)(7.384)
0.0437 v
101.3 0.9(7.384)
kg a
Substituting these values into Eq6, we can determine the mass flow rate of the
make-up water.
kg
kg
m mw m a ( w4 w3 ) 9163.8 a 0.0437 0.0106 v
s
kg a
= 303.3 kgv/s
Answer b)
Part c)
We can determine the temperature of the cooled liquid water exiting the cooling
tower by first determining its enthalpy. Since we are assuming it is a saturated
liquid we can use the enthalpy to interpolate in Table A-4 to determine its
temperature. To find the enthalpy of the water exiting the cooling tower we must
perform an energy balance on the cooling tower control volume. At location 1, the
rate of energy entering the control volume carried in by the stream of water
energy at a rate of m w hw, 2 . At location 3, the moist air carries energy at a rate of
m a h3 into the control volume. At location 4, we have moist air leaving the cooling
tower control volume carrying energy out at a rate of m a h4 . The make-up water
carries energy into the control volume at a rate of m mw hmw . Combining all of
these statements into one expression we obtain Eq7. Note: We have made use
of our list of assumptions in developing Eq7.
,1 , 2 3 4 0
(Eq7)
hw hw
m a h h m mw hmw
(Eq8)
mw
kg w
hw,1 188.45
h3
Using state point 3 on the psychrometric chart we can determine h 3.
kJ
kg a
h3 58
h4
As stated previously, state point 4 is off the psychrometric chart so we must
calculate h4. Using equation 13-1a from Cengel and Boles, we can calculate the
enthalpy of DRY AIR alone.
kJ
kJ
( 40 oC ) 40.2
1.005
ha , 4
kg
C
kg a
a
We can calculate the enthalpy of the MOISTURE in the air using Table A-4 for h g
@ T = 40C.
kJ
kg v
hg , 4 2574.3
To combine the dry air and moisture enthalpies at location 4 into one term, h 4, we
need to convert the enthalpy of the moisture to be on a per kg of dry air basis
by multiplying it by the humidity ratio, w4.
kJ
kg v
kJ
kJ
0
.
0437
2574
.
3
h4 ha , 4 w4 hg , 4 40.2
152.7
kg a
kg a
kg v
kg a
hmw
Since we have assumed saturated liquid water at location 5 we can determine
hmw from Table A-4 using T5=20C.
kJ
kg w
hmw 83.96
Substituting these values into Eq8, we can determine the enthalpy of the water at
location 2.
hw , 2
kJ
kg
kg
(303.3) w (83.96) kJ
9163.8 a (58 152.7)
kJ
s
kg a
kg w
188.45
kg
kg w
15000 w
s
kJ
kJ
kJ
56.16
132.3
kg w
kg w
kg w
hw, 2 188.45
T2 = 31.6C
Answer c)
Step 5: Summary
a) the mass flow rate of dry air is 9163.8 kga/s
b) the mass flow rate of make-up water is 303.3 kgw/s, and
c) the temperature of the cooled liquid water exiting the cooling tower is
31.6C.