IJETST- Vol.

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2015

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v2i8.14
ARC GIS BASED STUDY OF WATER QUALITY OF PHULELI CANAL HYDERABAD, SINDH
PAKISTAN
Authors
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi1 , Muhammad Amin Qureshi1, Zulifqar Ali Leghari3 , Zamir Ali Palh11,
Niaz Ahmed Memon 1,Khalid Hussain Lashari2 ,Imran Ali Abbasi1 ,Abdul Aziz mastoi1,
GhulamMustafa Thebo4, Suhail Rahoojo1 , Shenaz Hak ro1 ,M.Ali Bhatti1 ,Rashid Ali
Malookan11 ,M.Waseem Junejo1 ,Sher Zaman Kolachi1, Abdul.Waheed Mastoi1, Abdul Manan 1
1
Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
2
Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
3
Department of Fresh Water Biology and fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
4
Department of Energy & Environment Engineering , Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Sciences
and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan
5

Department of Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Campus Mirpurkhas Sindh, Pakistan

Corresponing Authors
Muhammad Amin Qureshi
Email: m-ameen-q@hotmail.com
Zameer Ali Palh
Email: zameer_ali110@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Phulleli canal takes off from river Indus and passes through Hyderabad city, where most of untreated sewage
of Hyderabad city is added. Five pumping stations lifting the water from Phulleli canal for agricultural
purposes were sampled and analyzed for 20 different parameters. The sampling scheme was carried out every
month for 12 months. The samples indicated increasing concentration of salts along Phulleli canal and
reached to the maximum values at sampling station III (Darya Khan Panhwar village). High concentration of
non filterable residues and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were observed, but the low concentration of
dissolved oxygen was noticeable. However sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values suggested that water could
be used for irrigation.
urbanization and industrialization are few known
Introduction
factors. Lack of awareness, lack of good
Water is fundamental component of life.
governance, corruption, lack of dedication and
Prosperity of human beings is related to
commitment, absence of implementation on laws,
availability of water sources. Food security of the
are some of practice, in less developed countries
existing world has been ensured by presence of
which one way or other, lead to increasing
water. Water pollution is one of the severe
environmental pollution including water pollution.
problem world is facing at present. Water sources
like rivers and lakes are found contaminated at
It has been reported that nearly 1.3 billion people
large scale. The pace of polluting fresh water
in the world do not have access to safe drinking;
sources is fast in less developed countries as
major ratio of affected belongs to poor countries
comparative to developed countries.
(WHO, 1993, 1996). Salinity and water logging is
another problem associated with improper use of
There are so many reasons for water pollution.
water sources. Agriculture countries are worst hit
Speedy population growth, agricultural activities,
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

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due to insufficient drainage capacities. Presently
there are so many countries like Egypt, Argentina,
Pakistan, Australia, India, China, Iran, Iraq,
Thailand, Russia, and Bangladesh etc facing
menace of salinity (Qureshi et al 2008). It had
been reported that more than 401.72 million
hectare of lands of South Asian countries is being
used for agriculture purposes (Clyma and Ashraf,
1975, Shanan, 1992). Pakistan uses nearly 70 % of
its canal irrigation water for agriculture purposes (
FAO, 2000, World Bank 1997, Jurriens and
Mollinga, 1996).
Pakistan is one of a blessed country of the world,
with biggest and largest and oldest river. Pakistan
is counted in the countries with huge canal
irrigation networking system. Indus river of
Pakistan has 970,000 km2, drainage basin area.
Indus river of Pakistan irrigates million of
hectares of land. The population more than 20
millions including mega cities are supplied with
water for domestic and industrial consumption.
Majority of population is directly or indirectly
related to agriculture and agro based industry.
Indus River starts from peaks of Himalaya
Mountains and ends into Arabian Sea (Beg, 1977).
Indus River while covering an area of more than
16 million hectares covers length of 57,000 km by
canal networking system. The system has 88,600
outlets for the irrigation of service areas. It has 17
barrages and canal diversion works, 42 major
canals, 6000 km of minor canals, 600 km of link
canals, and 78,000 watercourses. The length of the
farm channels and watercourses is about 1.6
million km. (Collins and Hasnain, 1995,
Ferguson, 1984, Milliman, 1984, Monenco, 1984;
Searle, 1991).
The disposal of municipal and industrial effluent
is a major problem in Pakistan. There is no any
proper planning for throwing away the wastes
either solid or liquid. Mostly industries do not
have treatment plants. Mega cities do not have any
proper idea to deal with municipal waste. In such
a condition very deteriorating situation develops
when polluted water is thrown away into Indus
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

2015

River and canals as a only option left. Almost

nearly 90 % of the wastewater with all kind of
pollutants, rich in concentrations, disposes off in
Indus River, canals and tributaries. Pollution
keeps increasing due to increasing population as
well as industrial activity.
In 1955 Kotri Barrage was constructed. It had
discharge capacity of 875,000 cusecs of water.
The command area of this barrage is distributed
by Channels, Phulleli, Pinyari and Kalari canals.
Phulleli canal starts from the left bank of the river
Indus at Ghulam Mohammad Barrage. Phulleli
canal has discharging capacity 14350 cusecs. It
covers commanded area nearly 929,358 acres. It
enters from centre of city Hyderabad city and ends
in the district Badin. Hyderabad city has
population
1.5 million (1998). This city is
second economic hub as well as second populated
city of province Sindh. Till present time not only
population but industrial and other developing
activities have been increased very fast.
Millions of people of Hyderabad living both sides
of Phulleli canal dispose of their domestic liquid
waste into canal. A huge quantity of organic and
inorganic substances from industrial effluents near
Industrial Site area, containing oil and greases,
also dispose off in to the Phulleli canal.
There are several locations at which industrial and
municipal water is being added to Phulleli canal.
The study is focused to examine quality of water
quality of Phulleli canal used for irrigation
purposes.
Geographic information system (GIS) is very
important software with so many applications.
This software application is very widely used in
research fields presently. In almost all scientific
field data is represented by GIS applications. GIS
is highly qualified technique for water quality
interpretation and mapping. GIS has been very
important tool for developing solutions for
problems related to assessing water quality and
managing water resources (Baalousha 2011). GIS
has been obligatory component of many complex

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environmental modeling systems (Arnous and ElRayes 2013).
GIS is a computer-based system. It has been
designed to geographical data for collecting and
displaying spatial data for the planning and
management of natural resources (Arnous and
El-Rayes 2013).The water related data can easily
be represented by thematic maps. GIS based
thematic maps can easily represent the original
condition of water resource and its quality.
Experimental
Five sampling points were selected at different
distances starting from Ghulam Muhammad
Barrage to Pono Kolhi villager near Zeal Pak
cement factory i.e. 15 km away from the initial
point. Mostly samples were collected from
pumping stations near after sewage water addition
being discharged into Phulleli canal. Samples
were collected from 11 hrs to 1430 hrs of the
same day. The water from these pumping stations
drop from the height of about 1 3 m in concrete
tank of 1 4 m3 capacity. A well mixed sample
was collected from each location in clean glass
bottle 2.5 L. Before sample collection bottle was
rinsed. The unfiltered water (1L) was acidified to
pH 2.0 2.5 with sulphuric acid for the
determination of metal ions.
The time and the temperature (water and air) were
noted at sampling site. The sample water was put
into wrinkle bottle. In order to remove air bubbles
excess water was allowed to flow. Manganses
sulphate (2ml, 36%, w/v) and alkali sodium iodide
sodium azide (2ml) were added. After mixing,
the bottle was sealed. The determination of
dissolved oxygen was carried out in the laboratory
on the same day (APHA, 1989).
The samples were examined for pH, conductivity,
total dissolved salts (TDS), residues (total,
filterable, non filterable, volatile and fixed),
chloride, hardness, alkalinity and nitrite within 24
h of the collection of sample. The pH was
measured with Orion model 420 A pH meter,
combined with glass electrode. Conductivity and
TDS were measured with Jenway model 4070
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

2015

conductivity meter. The residues were determined

as reported (APHA, 1989).
The total residues were determined by weighing
the material left after the evaporation of sample
water, drying the residue at temperature 105 0C.
The residues when heated at 550 50 0C for 2 hr
in muffle furnace, carefully taken and were put
into desiccators. After weighing the volatile and
fixed residues are calculated. The alkalinity,
chlorides and hardness was determined by
titration method, using standard EDTA, Silver
nitrate, Hydrochloric acids as stock solution.
Chemical oxygen demand was determined by
dichromate reflux oxidation procedure (APHA,
1989). A portion of water sample for the analysis
of nitrate and phosphate determination was
acidified to pH 1.5 2.0 with sulphuric acid (1N)
on the sampling site. The samples for nitrate,
orthophosphate and sulphate were analyzed using
double beam Hitachi 220 (Hitachi (pvt) Ltd,
Tokyo) spectrophotometer.
Nitrate was
determined using brucine sulphate as derivatising
reagent (APHA, 1989) Ortho phosphate was
determined
by
the
sreduction
of
phosphomolybdate formed to molybdenum blue
with ascorbic acid. The sulphate was determined
by turbiditimetric method using barium chloride
(APHA, 1989).
Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were
analyzed by flame by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sodium absorption ration (SAR) was
calculated using the relation (APHA, 1989).
Na
SAR =

--------(Ca + Mg)2

Arc GIS application

Arc GIS software 9.2 was used for interpretation
after analyzing and mapping the obtained data.
Maps of sampling area of Phulleli canal were
developed by using coordinates of GPS. First of
all KMZ files were prepared by using GPS
coordinates in Google earth. In global Mapper
shape files were formed. Shape files are exported

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to GIS software. Water quality parameters of
Phulleli canal with their results were stored as
attribute table data in Arc Map as shape files. The
values obtained were categorized and symbolized
into different graduated colored circles. Sample
locations were numbered one to five from top to
down in descending order.

2015

samples were examined on the site for water

temperature, air temperature one meter above the
surface of water and Secchi depth. The average
results of physico chemical parameters with
confidence interval at 95 % and range with
minimum and maximum values are summarized
in table 1.

Results and Discussion

In order to examine the water quality of Phulleli
canal used for agricultural purposes, the water
TABLE -1 Analysis of Phulleli Canal Water Used for agricultural purposes . Average at each sampling station with confidence interval at (95%) . The
values of parenthesis are minimum and maximum .
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PARAMETER

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tem: Air C

27.67.5

28.27.36

29.77.1

28.85.6

27.76.7

(17.0 - 42.5)

(17.5 - 43.0)

(17.0 - 43.5)

(17.7 - 44.0)

24.87.4

24.6 6.10

24.7 6.14

25.4 6.5

25.5 6.8

(16.4 - 32.0)

(16.5 -33.0)

(17.0 -33.5)

(16.8 - 34.0)

(16.5 - 42.0)

Tem: Water C

Visibility cm

Total Residue (mg/L)

Fixed residue(mg/L)

Volatile residue(mg/L)

Conductivity uS\cm

6.8 7.4

7.0 3.6

5.0 5.2

7.1 4.5

6.2 3.3

(2.5 - 8.5 )

(2.8 - 8.0 )

(1.3 - 5.5)

(1.4 - 6.8)

(2.5 - 8.7)

554 172.5

531 190.4

769.1 149.7

510.3 224.0

506.23191.3

(340 - 755 )

(330 - 760)

(410 - 900)

(340 - 750)

(330 - 746)

208.2 88.9

202.6 85.7

294.4 158.1

207.7 80.6

215.4 3.5

(180 - 340 )

(115 - 340)

(165 - 760)

(196 - 320)

(103 - 380)

58.1 29.5

57.84 32.4

96.15 35.61

(20 - 120)

(15 - 110)

(60 - 140)

428.5485.9

390.8141.5

(390 - 688)

PH _ value

(17.0 - 35.0)

(374 - 660)

7.65 0.3

7.38 0.32

(7.04 - 7.8)

(7.0 - 7.9)

Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

812.5317.24
(608 - 1023)

7.817 0.35
(7.24 - 8.1)

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60.61 25.3
(30 - 115)

450.1102.7
(382 - 668)

7.41 0.4
(7.06 - 7.9)

55.0 26.95
(25 - 120)

441.6104
(379 - 631)

7.38 0.3
(7.07 - 7.9)

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m - Alkalinity (mg/L)

Hardness (mg/L)

90.6 9.44

113.4 11.24

181.9 61.21

121.6 18.4

121.6 18.4

(105 - 135)

(100 - 142)

(170 - 245)

(98 - 150)

(98 -150)

231.7 17.24

147.5 18.9

143.0 20

123.9 53.3
(115 - 168)

Chlorides. (mg/L)

D.O (mg/L)

37.9 15.3

(20.5 - 85.4)

(18.8 - 72.4)

7.154 20.5

o - phosphate - P (mg/L)

(205 - 283)

68.53 21.8

62.33 11.5

(52 - 215)

1.21 2.10

(0.14 - 2.103)

(0.24 - 2.15)

(0.86 - 8.15)

(0.15 - 7.55)

6.81 1.91

6.74 1.64

Potassium (mg/L)

(5.91 - 8.3)

Sodium(mg/L):

Calcium(mg/L):

Magnesium: (mg/L)

34.19 10.6

34.12 9.3

(25.8 - 24.10)

58.152 51.8
(52 - 215)

1.25 0.594
(0.31 - 2.61)

12.42 19.8
(0.17 - 8.0)

(11.97 - 18.3)

1.21 0.460
(0.318 - 2.23)

1.61 2.71
(2.5 - 6.21)

10.60 7.40

(4.9 - 8.7)

(6.3 - 7.7)

61.674 24.8
(52 - 215)

1.21 0.48

(1.4 - 7.45)

7.0 0.533

(6.1 - 6.77)

1.17 0.45

1.31 2.407

(20.5 - 76)

6.70.533

240.26 31.2

(52 - 215)

41.2 16.7

(22.5 - 78)

1.30 2.22
(0.0 - 4.1)

(105 - 175)

43.5 16.4

(78 - 155)

7.11 0.50

1.31 2.34

(107 - 180)

109.96 21

(6.4 - 7.7)

(52 - 215)

Nitrate - N (mg/L)

(114 - 170)

39.51 17.2

(6.4 - 7.9)

COD (mg/L)

135.5 17.2

1.425 2.80
(0.15 - 9.12)

6.96 1.66
(6.7 - 9.4)

6.8 1.66
(6.8 - 7.3)

59.46 14.7

5. 42 11.0

8.2 13.21

(24.8 - 26.90)

(38.8 - 84.60)

(20.8 - 84.88)

(21.8 - 84.88)

45.7 16.14

42.42 9.33

78.5 13.6

(35.9 - 45.1)

(33.31 - 44.3)

34.19 10.6
(23.8 -18.88)

34.125 9.33
(23 -18.3)

(43.8 - 84.9)

59.461 14.73
(124.8 - 254.4)

46.7 14.231
(36.8 - 43.8)

35.42 11.041
(21.6 - 18.66)

2015

47.43 15.80
(35.5 - 44.5)

38.17 13.217
(22.6 - 17.58)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1- Near CIA Center Hyderabad
4- Near Nara Jail Hyderabad

2- Near Bhatti Village

3- Near Darya Khan Panhwar Village
5- Near Pono Kolhi Village

Result and discussions

Temperature is an important parameter which
affects the biological activity and dissolved
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

oxygen in water body. The results of temperature

(figure 1) of air and water were in the range of
16.5 to 35 0C respectively. The observed
temperature of canal water was lower than the

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temperature of surrounding air. The canal water

attained its maximum temperature in June
Transparency is a measure of the degree to which
light is penetrating through the water body. Light
in water is scattered by the suspended particles
including algae and results in decreasing the water
transparency. The transparency was measured by
Secchi disc and the water with smaller Secchi
depth indicated presence of high concentration of
suspended solids and is considered as inferior in
water quality. The results of Secchi depth (table 1)
ranged from 1.3 cm to 8.8 cm throughout the
study.
The results of total residues as shown figure 01
are represented by graduated circles using arc GIS
application. By selecting symbology color was
given to circles. The results of the total residue
ranged from 510 to 769 mg/L. The highest values
were found at sampling station 3( Near Darya
Khan Panhwar Village).Residue may affect water
quality. The term residue refers to an aggregate
amount of entire floating, suspended, stable and
dissolved solids present in water. Water with high
residue contents elevate the density of water,
influence osmo regulation of fresh water
organisms and reduce the solubility of oxygen.
Water with high residue is considered inferior in
palatability.

Figure 01 Map Showing Total Residues

Figure 2 Map Showing Volatile Residues

Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

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carbonates indicate p- alkalinity, which was not

observed at the sampling stations investigated.
The m- alkalinity corresponds mostly due to
bicarbonates but is reported as Ca CO3 .The
results of alkalinity obtained were divided into
four classes and highlighted by measured circles.
The results as shown in figure 4 were found in the
range of 90.6 to 181.9 mg/L.The high value is
visible in Figure at sampling location 3 near
Derya khan.

Figure 3 Map Showing Results of Fixed Residues

Results of volatile residues and fixed residues are
shown in figure 2 and 3 respectively. The results
were interpreted by using graduated circles. Color
symbology was also selected. The volatile
residues were found in the range of 55 to 96.15
mg/L represented in yellow color. Highest results
were found at sampling station 3. The result of
fixed residues obtained was divided into four
classes. It was ranged from 202 to 294.4 mg/L.
The increased values were observed near sample
station number three.
Alkalinity is mostly a measure of carbonates and
bicarbonates present in surface water, where
pH indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the natural
water in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. pH
has ecological importance because the behavior of
cations and anions and organic compounds are
directly related with pH. The result of pH was also
represented by thematic map using GIS
application. The obtained results of Ph as shown
figure 5, divided into four classes, ranging from
7.38 to 7.8.all values were in safe limits for
drinking purposes (WHO 1989; Beg 1977).

Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

Figure 4 Map Showing Alkalinity Concentrations

Water is counted soft if it has hardness below 75
mg/L. if hardness 75 to 150 mg/L and 150 300
mg/L termed as moderately hard to hard
respectively. Hardness above 300 mg/L is known
as very hard. The guideline values for waste water
are 500 mg/L by WHO (WHO 1996). The
observed values of hardness were divided into
four classes as indicated in figure 6, ranging from
123 to 231 mg/L. all values are found within safe
limits.

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Analysis of dissolved oxygen (DO) is an

important test and depends on the physical and
biochemical activity in the water body. The
volume of oxygen present in water is of great
importance. Availability of oxygen in water is due
to process of photosynthesis of aquatic life. The
presence of oxygen in the water is related with
temperature and salinity. If the concentration of
DO decreases, it may cause suffocation in the
water and may be lethal for the life inhabiting in
the water.

Figure 5 Map Showing Ph

The results of D.O shown in figure 7, divided into

four classes. The circles were presented by yellow
color. The results found were ranging from 1.3 to
7.15 mg/L. The reduced D.O was found at
sampling station 3. The water samples were
collected after these were lifted and droped from
certain heights. Therefore the water samples
mixed with air and sufficient amount of DO was
observed throughout the study except at station 3.
The primary cause of overall depletion in oxygen
in the water may be due to addition of oxygen
demanding wastes. Hence DO may have been
utilized in oxidation of sewage and causing deficit
of DO levels. The improved condition of DO at
sampled water at 5 may be due to self purification
process and mixing of atmospheric oxygen.

Figure 6 Map Showing Hardness

Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

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Figure 7 Map Showing D.O concentrations

Chlorides in natural water are generally present in
widely varying concentrations. Human excretion
added to sewage water, particularly the urine
contains chloride in an amount approximately
equal to the chloride consumed. This amount is on
the average of about 6 gram of chloride per person
per day. The natural water with high contents of
chloride is considered to be an indicator of
pollution may be due to organic waste of animal
origin. The results of chlorides as shown in figure
8 were divided into four classes by selecting
yellow color from symbology option. The high
values of chlorides were observed at sampling
station 3.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an important
parameter in determining the level of organic
pollution of natural waters. The amount of oxygen
required to oxidize the organic matter present in
the water is called COD. It is determined by
potassium oxidation in strong acidic medium. The
NEQS guideline values for COD for surface water
are 150 mg/L. The results of C.O.D as shown in
figure 9 divide into four classes and represented in
red graduated circles. The results were ranging
from 58 to 240 mg/L. The maximum results of
COD were found at sample location three.
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

Figure 8 Map Showing Detection Of Chlorides.

Figure 9 Map Showing C.O.D

Nitrogen is also an important primary nutrient.
The enrichment of nitrogen content in waters for

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long period of time may cause eutrophication with
increase of unicellular green and blue green algae
and floating filamentous algae particularly in slow
moving water, which reduces the penetration of
light and restrict re-oxygenation of water. The
concentration of nitrate was evaluated. Nitrate is
the final oxidation product of nitrogen and is
highest oxidized form in water. The concentration
of nitrate (table1) in sampling stations ranged
from 0.21 to 8.15 mg/l. The concentration of
nitrate observed at sampling stations is within
maximum permissible limits for surface water
(WHO1989).
Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for all forms
of biological life and is the eleventh most
abundant mineral in the earths crust and does not
exist in a gaseous state. The phosphorous
pollution in surface water may result in excessive
growth of algal and aquatic weeds. The
phosphorous present in the surface and sewage
water may be soluble or insoluble phosphate. Its
main forms are ortho-phosphate, condensed
phosphate and organic bound phosphate. Different
forms of phosphates find in their way in waste
water from industrial effluents, domestic sewage,
soaps, detergents and fertilizers, but only
inorganic orthophosphate play a dynamic role in
aquatic ecosystem. The levels of orthophosphates were evaluated and the concentration
of ortho-phosphate (Table 1) in the sampling
station ranged between 1.4 to 9.12 mg/L.
Metals sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium
(Mg) and potassium (K) are found in water in
ionic form. These elements are released from
industrial activities and domestic waste water
through households activity like cooking,
bathing, washing. Calcium is micro nutrient in
aquatic environment and is needed in large
quantities by molluscus and vertebrates. The
calcium together with magnesium contributes to
the hardness of water. The magnesium is a
constituent of chlorophyll. Sodium is relatively
present in high concentration in brines, sea water
and hard water. Its highest content causes
puddling of soil, reduces intake of water from soil
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi et al

2015

and germination of seeds become difficult.

Potassium occurs in natural waters in lesser
concentration than calcium, magnesium and
sodium, though found in small amounts it plays a
vital role in the metabolism in fresh water
environment and it is considered to be an
important macro nutrient. Potassium varied from
5.85 to 18.3 mg/L.
Sodium was recorded as 23.8 to 84.0 mg/L. The
calcium contents from 23.8 to 84.88 mg/L. The
magnesium was recorded between 23 and 54.4
mg/L .The study of major cations (Na, Ca, Mg
and K) revealed that sodium was dominant cation
and
potassium
contributed
the
lowest
concentration in water. The major cations showed
the following decreasing pattern of concentration
i.e. Na > Ca > Mg > K (Table1).
The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) was calculated
from the concentrations of Na, K, Ca and Mg in
milli equivalent. The values of SAR varied within
the range of 2.11 to 3.49. Values of SAR less
than 10 in case of irrigation water is considered as
low sodium content water, between 10 18 as
medium, 18 26 as high and greater than 26 is
classified as very high content of sodium and is
treated as poor and unsuitable for irrigation. In
view of this classification the SAR value of
Phulleli canal water was in the permissible limits
and rendered suitable for irrigation purposes
(Table1).
Conclusion
A detailed study of quality of water of Phulleli
canal was conducted in order to understand
contaminated situation of canal as all industrial
and municipal liquid wastes are disposed off in to
it. Arc GIS application was used to interpret that
results. Thematic maps were developed to
visualize the existing situation by using circles
and different colors. The most of parameters
studied were within safe limits. The average
results of COD were found exceeding at sample
location three 240.26 mg/L than the defined
limits150 mg/L. Present study revealed that water
is fit for irrigation purposes.

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