Complex Variables 6.

9 Residue Calculus Applied to Fourier

Transforms
DEFINITION (Absolute Integrability) A function f(t) of a real variable is absolutely

integrable if

f t dt

exists.
DEFINITION (Piecewise Continuity) The function f(t) is piecewise continuous over an
interval on the t-axis if this interval can be divided into a finite number of subintervals in
which f(t) is continuous. For each subinterval, f(t) has a finite limit as the ends are
approached from the interior.
lim f (t1 ) f (t1 )

For an absolutely integrable piecewise continues (sufficient conditions) function f(t) there
exists:
DEFINITION (Fourier Transform)

Complex Variables
Inverse operation gives the pairing f(t)

and for discontinuity points:

f (ti )

1
f ti f ti
2

EXAMPLE 1 For the function

find the Fourier transform and verify the Fourier integral representation for f(t)
Solution. From the definition:

and now

Complex Variables
If t >0 we can use (v = t) :

So:

If t < 0 :
in l.h.p.

So:

If t =0 :

and

Finally
3

Complex Variables
Property:

F af (t ) bg (t ) aF f (t ) bF g (t )

For the derivative:

df/dt must be absolute integrable and piecewise continues (

Thus
If dnf/dtn is absolute integrable and piecewise continues (and vanishes when t )

For an absolutely integrable

t

g (t ) f (t )dt

So:

d
g (t ) f (t )
dt

i G() F () G() F () i

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 2 Consider the series electric circuit in the figure containing a resistor r and
inductance L . The voltage v(t) supplied by the generator is a sine function that is turned
on for only two cycles. What is the current i(t) ?
Solution. By the Kirchhoffs law

Apply the Fourier transform for the voltage:

For the equation:

And the solution:

i L r
5

Complex Variables
Result:

where

Now we evaluate the first integral. Integrand has simple poles: 0 ; i r L

We apply indentations of radius for both 0 in the upper half-plane contour (t > 0):

r
t
0
0 L
e it
L
2 i

e
2 2 i L r iL 02 2 i r L r 2 02 L2

1st+ 3rd + 5th integrals = the principal value, and 6th integral = 0 (by the Jordans lemma).
Consider the 2nd and 4th integrals.
6

Complex Variables
For the 2nd :

e it
e it
2 i
Res
,0 i
2
2
2

2 2 i L r iL 02 2

r
0 0

i i0 L r i0t
e
4 r 2 02 L2

and the 4th:

i i0 L r i t
e
4 r 2 02 L2
0

Sum:
for t 0 the same contour

When t < 0 put the contour in the lower half-plane

(pole z = ir/L is not included)

y
0

And

Complex Variables
Which gives only:
For i2 first consider t 4/0 , then the result is the same as for i1 , but t t - 4/0 . But,
and
, so:

For i2 then consider t < 4/0 (t t - 4/) put the contour in the lower half-plane again:

Finally: