PSCAD MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF DFIG AND

PMSG BASED WECS

PREETI VERMA1, NAMITA JAISWAL2, PANKAJ GUPTA3
1,2,3

Department Of Electrical Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad

Abstract- The objective of this paper is modeling and simulation of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based Wind Energy Conversion System in PSCAD/EMTDC. This variable speed
wind energy system has ac-dc converter which regulates the DC-link voltage at a constant value, and maintaining reactive
power generation at a pre-determined level which is zero in this study. This paper also includes controlling of DFIG and
PMSG at generator and grid side.
Keywords-DFIG,PMSG,PWM,WECS

Fig. 1. The dynamic behavior of the turbine and the

PMSG is analyzed to investigate the operation of the
different control subsystems.

I. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is known as a viable source of
renewable Energy in comparison of other renewable
sources, mainly because it is considered inexhaustible
and can be converted into electrical energy through
various conversion systems[1]. The wind energy
conversion into electric form is carried accomplished
with either fixed speed or variable speed generators.
To achieve maximum extraction of available wind
power, variable speed operation is preferred over the
conventional speed machines. The various AC
machines like, DFIGs, wound rotor synchronous
generator or permanent magnet synchronous
generator are used for variable speed wind turbines.
[2]

Figure 1 Block diagram of PMSG-based variable speed

WECS

A DFIG system, including induction generator, twomass drive train, power converters, and feedback
controllers, is a multivariable, nonlinear, and strongly
coupled system as shown in figure2. The use of back
to back frequency converter with pitch control of
rotor blades enable variable speed operation, by
which large amount of power is generate in
comparison of fixed speed wind turbine. In doubly
fed induction generator, fixed frequency electric
power is extracted from the stator while generator
rotor is fed with variable voltage and frequency.
Power electronics back to back converter consists of
two converters, in which one is used for rotor side
and other on the grid side. The rotor side controller is
used to control magnetizing and torque currents,
while grid side converter is used to control the
voltage of the dc bus. These two converters is
allowed bidirectional power flow in wind energy
system and required two stage power conversion and
need a control algorithm for the overall system. Also
large dc link capacitors are used in AC-DC-AC
converter system.[14]

In variable speed generation for wind farm it is

essential to produce constant frequency electric
power from variable speed source. Generally doubly
fed induction generator is used for generation of
electric power in case of variable speed wind turbine
system. Direct-drive PMSG raises great interest
because of its high efficiency and elimination of the
gearbox. This paper presents a detailed study of the
dynamic performance of the gearless WECS based on
PMSG and WECS based on DFIG in PSCAD. The
paper is organized as follows as section I the system
configuration and modeling of the variable-speed
PMSG and DFIG wind turbine is presented in section
II. The control of DFIG and PMSG based wecs are
explained in section III. The results are analyzed and
discussed in section IV. Finally, section V concludes
the paper.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF PMSG AND
DFIG BASED WECS
The system under consideration employs PMSGbased variable speed WECS consisting of two ac-dc
& dc-ac converters with a common dc-link.[4] The
block diagram of variable speed WECS is shown in

Figure2 Block diagram of DFIG-based variable speed WECS

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, 26th May-2013, New Delhi, ISBN:978-93-82208-94-5
43

PSCAD Modelling And Simulation of DFIG And PMSG Based WECS

A.WIND TURBINE
The wind turbine converts the wind energy into the
mechanical energy through a suitable turbine
configuration [3,5]. The wind power Pm extracted by
the wind turbine can be defined as

III. MODELLING OF PMSG AND DFIG

A. MODELING OF DFIG
This paper shows the modeling of DFIG wind turbine
shown in Figure 1.3 which is done in
PSCAD/EMTDC.

(1)
Pm = 0.5ACpVw3
where = air density(Kg/m3)
A = turbine swept area A R2
R is the blade radius,
Cp is the power coefficient which is a function of
blade pitch angle and tip speed ratio .

In modern DFIG designs, the frequency converters

are usually built by two, three phase self commutated
back-to-back PWM converters with an intermediate
capacitor link for DC bus voltage regularity. The
converter that is connected to the rotor called rotor
side converter and the other named 'grid side
converter The dq representation of DFIG machine
are given by[15]:

The power coefficient Cp determines the power

conversion efficiency from wind to mechanical. The
power coefficient is calculated from (2) [6]

For the stator side:

(6)
(7)

(2)

(8)
(9)

(3)

For rotor side

where is the pitch angle(degree) and is the tip

speed ratio(TSR), defined by

(10)
(11)

(4)

The electrical output power from the induction

generator is given by:

The relationship between Cp and described by (2)

for the different pitch angle the curve is shown in
Figure 2.We can see that by increasing pitch angle
value Cp value is decreasing.

(12)
(13)
(14)
Where Ps is the power delivered by the stator, Pr is
the power to the rotor, Pg is the total power generated
and delivered to the grid.
In addition, reactive power:

Figure 2 Cp versus Tip Speed Ratio

(15)
The electrical torque generated by induction machine
is given by:

The output mechanical torque is calculated from

(5)
where Wm is the rotor angular speed(rad/s)
The following figure shows the variation of
mechanical power with different wind speed.

(16)

Figure 3 Mechanical power vs Turbine speed

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, 26th May-2013, New Delhi, ISBN:978-93-82208-94-5
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PSCAD Modelling And Simulation of DFIG And PMSG Based WECS

B. MODELLING OF PMSG
Recently the PMSG is gaining a lot of attention for
WECS due to compact size,higher power density ,
reduced losses,higher reliability and robustness[6,7].
Both the brushes and the gear box can be eliminated
from WECS by using directly coupled low speed
generators. Further, the elimination of the gear box
can increase the efficiency of wind turbine by
10%.[8,9]

The capacitor voltage must be regulated to avoid

dangerous voltage rise which may damage the power
electronics switches. The main function of the gridside converter is to regulate the dc link voltage at a
constant value. Current-controlled VSIs can generate
an ac current which follows a desired reference
waveform. The firing signals are generated by the
sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. The
desired current is generated as reference which is
compared with a triangle waveform at high frequency
to create the switching signals.

The dynamic model of PMSG can be represented in a

rotating reference frame with the help of following
equations[6,8]
Vq = Rsiq + Lqdiq/ dt + rLd id + rm
Vd = Rsid + Ld did/ dt - rLqiq

(17)
(18)

The expression for electromagnetic torque in the rotor

can be written as

3 P
[(Ld Lq) iqid - miq]
2 2

Te =

(19)

Figure 5 Current Control Of VSI inverter

Where P is the number of poles, m is magnetic flux,

Ld is direct-axis inductance ,Lq is quadrature
inductance, Rs is resistance and r is rotor speed of
the generator.

Figure 6 PMSG configuration with controlled ac-dc converter

& VSI inverter

B. CONTROL OF DFIG WIND TURBINE

For the DFIG control level, vector control is used for
both the rotor- and the grid-side converters to achieve
decoupled control of active and reactive power The
DFIG wind turbine control system generally consists
of two parts: the electrical control of the DFIG and
the mechanical control of the wind turbine blade pitch
angle, as shown in Figure 6.4. Control of the DFIG is
achieved by control of the variable frequency
converter (VFC), which includes control of the rotor
side converter (RSC) and control of the grid side
converter (GSC). The objective of the RSC is to
govern both the stator-side active and reactive powers
independently; while the objective of the GSC is to
keep the dc-link voltage constant regardless of the
magnitude and direction of the rotor power. The GSC
control scheme can also be designed to regulate the
reactive power or the stator terminal voltage of the
DFIG.[16]
.
B.1 Design of the RSC Controllers
The RSC control scheme consists of two cascaded
control loops. The inner current control loop regulates
independently the d-axis and q-axis rotor current

IV. CONTROL
A. 1CONTROLLING OF PMSG BASED
WECS
The machine side converter is used to extract the
maximum power from the wind turbine and to
regulate the rotational speed. The ac power from
PMSG get converted in dc power by controlled ac-dc
converter. The three-phase line currents are compared
with stationary three-phase reference currents to
generate a current error, which is applied to a current
controller constituting a hysteresis loop to generate
variable-frequency PWM pulses. The characteristics
of HBCC can be represented as:

Where h is the hysteresis band width and 'a' is a

variable. It is important to note that the pulses used
to drive the controlled ac-dc converter.

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, 26th May-2013, New Delhi, ISBN:978-93-82208-94-5
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PSCAD Modelling And Simulation of DFIG And PMSG Based WECS

components, idr and iqr, according to some

synchronously rotating reference frame. The statorflux oriented reference frame [56] is the most
commonly used one. The outer control loop regulates
both the stator active power (or DFIG rotor speed)
and reactive power (or DFIG terminal voltage)
independently. In the stator-flux oriented reference
frame, the d-axis is aligned with the stator flux
linkage vector s, namely, ds = s and qs = 0.

V. RESULTS: (PMSG)

slipLrirq

Qs

slip(Loims+slipLrird)
Vrd
Ird*
Vrd*

Qs*

Vrq

Wr*

PI

PI

PWM

2/3

Vr*

Vrq*

Exp(j
s r)

Ird
r

Vrabc*

Exp(j
s r)

PI

PI

DClink

Vr*

Ir,

2/3

Ira,b,c

d/dt
irq
ims
1/Lo

slip

sd

Exp(j
s)

encoder

Statorflux
calulatio n

Fluxangle
calculation

d/dt

IG

Vsa,b,c

Vs,
Is,

2/3

Isa,b,c

s,

Figure 7 Vector Control Of Rotor Side Converter

B.2 Design of the GSC Controllers

The GSC control scheme also consists of two
cascaded control loops. The inner current control loop
regulates independently the d-axis and q-axis GSC
ac-side current components, idc and iqc, in a
synchronously rotating reference frame [109]. The
outer control loop regulates the dc-link voltage and
the reactive power exchanged between the GSC and
the grid.

Vdc
Vdc*

DC
link

Vcd

icd*

Vc*

Vcd*

Exp(j
e)

PI

PI

Vcq

Vcq*

PI

Vc*

Vcabc*

2/3

PWM

icq*

e
We*Lc

Exp(j
e)

Voltageangle
calculation

Lc
ic,

2/3

We*Lc
icd

Exp(j
e)

ic,

2/3

icq

Figure 8 Vector Control Of Grid Side Converter

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, 26th May-2013, New Delhi, ISBN:978-93-82208-94-5
46

PSCAD Modelling And Simulation of DFIG And PMSG Based WECS

DFIG

DFIG PARAMETER
Apparent Power
Rated Stator Voltage
Base
angular
frequency
Mutual inductance
Stator
leakage
inductance
Rotor
leakage
inductance
Stator resistance
Rotor resistance

VALUES
1.5 MVA
690V
314.96
rad/sec
3.5pu
0.15pu
3.364pu
0.10 pu
0.10 pu

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, 26th May-2013, New Delhi, ISBN:978-93-82208-94-5
47

PSCAD Modelling And Simulation of DFIG And PMSG Based WECS

VI. CONCLUSION
The paper presents a detailed model for gearless
variable-speed WECS based on PMSG and DFIG.
This model is simulated on PSCAD/EMTDC
software package.

[8]

WESTLAKE A.J.G., BUMBY J.R., SPOONER E.:

Damping the power angle oscillations of a permanent
magnet synchronous generator with particular reference to
wind turbine applications , IEE Procedure Electronics
Power Application, 1996, 143, (3)

[9]

Binder A, Schneider T,Permanent magnet synchronous

generators for regenerative energy conversion-- - a survey.
European Conference on Power Electronics and
Applications, pp. 11-14 September 2005.

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International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, 26th May-2013, New Delhi, ISBN:978-93-82208-94-5
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