HARI OM

CHEMISTRY NOTES
TERM 1

ARVINTH NARAYANAN
XA
CVA
0

HARI OM
CHINMAYA VIDYALAYA, ANNA NAGAR
CHEMISTRY - STD X
L-1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
1. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION:

OXIDATION

REDUCTION

(i)Gain of oxygen

(i) Loss of oxygen

(ii)Loss of hydrogen

(ii) Gain of hydrogen

(iii) Loss of electrons in terms of ions.

(iii) Gain of electrons in terms of ions

Eg:
(a) 2Cu + O2

2CuO

Copper is oxidized to copper oxide because

(i) Cu GAINED OXYGEN and
(ii) Cu metal LOST ELECTRONS AND BECAME Cu2+ (ions)
Oxygen is reduced to copper oxide because
(i) O2 GOT REDUCED TO O2- BY GAINING ELECTRONS
(b) CuO + H2
Cu + H2O
CuO got reduced to Cu while H2 got oxidised to H2O
Oxidation and reduction is taking place simultaneously. Therefore it is a REDOX reaction.
(c) ZnO + C

Zn + CO ( REDOX reaction)

Zinc oxide is reduced to Zinc.

Carbon is oxidized to Carbon monoxide.
(d) DISPLACEMENT REACTION IS ALSO A REDOX REACTION. JUSTIFY.
1

Fe + Cu2+(SO4)2-

Fe2+(SO4)2- + Cu

In the above reaction Fe metal is converted to Fe2+ cation by loss of electrons. Hence Fe is
oxidized to FeSO4 and Cu2+ is converted to Cu by gain of electrons. Hence CuSO4 is reduced to
Cu metal
(e)

Name

the substance that has been oxidized in the following reaction:

Cl2 + H2S
2HCl + S
In the above reaction H2S has been oxidized to S (loss of hydrogen) .Cl2 is reduced to HCl
(addition of hydrogen)
2. OXIDISING AGENT AND REDUCING AGENT:
OXIDISING AGENT

REDUCING AGENT

Substances that supply oxygen or

gain hydrogen .

Substances that supply hydrogen or

gain oxygen . .

Substances that oxidize other substances

but get reduced itself.

Substances that reduce other substances

but gets oxidized itself.

Example: Name the oxidizing and reducing agent in the following reaction:2H2S + SO2
2H2O + 3S
H2S is the reducing agent while SO2 is the oxidizing agent
3. CORROSION:
The process of metals being attacked by the atmospheric gases such as O2, H2O, CO2,
H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) and thereby losing their lustre is called corrosion.
Eg: (i) Fe + O2 + H2O
Fe2O3 . xH2O
RUST (HYDRATED FERRIC OXIDE) {Reddish Brown}
(ii) 2Ag + H2S
Ag2S + H2
( BLACK SILVER SULPHIDE)
(iii) 2Cu + CO2 + O2 + H2O
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
[GREEN BASIC COPPER CARBONATE ]

(iv) (a) Which two metals do not corrode easily? Give an example to
support that:
(b) Corrosion of some metals is an advantage.
Ans (a) Gold and Platinum. (b) A thin impervious layer of Aluminium
oxide forms a protective layer which protects the aluminium metals underneath
from further damage.
4. What is a balanced equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?
A balanced chemical equation is one which contains an equal number of atoms
of each element on both sides of the equation.
According to law of conservation of mass can neither be created nor destroyed in
a chemical reaction. Total mass of the reactions and the products remains the same.
Hence in a chemical reaction the no. of atoms of various elements on both sides
must be equal.
5. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DISPLACEMENT AND DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT

A more reactive element displaces a less

reactive element from its salt solution.
Eg:
FeSO4+Zn
ZnSO4+Fe

Two ionic compounds react by

exchanging their ions and form two new
compounds.
Eg:
AgNO3 + NaCl
AgCl + NaNO3
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI

PbI2

+ 2KNO3

(colourless) (colourless) ( yellow

precipitate)

6. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination

reactions? Write equations for these reactions.

Ans. In a combination reaction two or more substances combine to form a

single product. Also a large amount of heat is formed.
The decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat,
light or electricity for breaking down one substance into two or more
substances.
N2 + 3H2
2NH3 + Heat; Combination Reaction
2NH3 + Heat
N2 + 3H2; Decomposition Reaction
7. Define rancidity
Ans. The oxidation of oils and fats in a food resulting in a bad taste and
smell.
8. Suggest 4 methods to prevent Rancidity.
Ans. (i) Vacuum Packing
(ii) Refrigeration
(iii) Adding Anti-oxidants to food
(iv) Flushing in N2 gas into packets.
9. Translate into chemical equations and then balance the same
(a) Phosphorus burns in oxygen to give phosphorous pentoxide.
(b) Aluminium metal replaces iron from ferric oxide,Fe2O3 ,giving
aluminium oxide and iron.
(c) Carbon disulphide burns in air to give carbondioxide and sulphur
dioxide.
(d) Barium chloride reacts with zinc sulphate to give zinc chloride and
barium sulphate.
(e) Aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide react to
form aqueous sodium sulphate and water.
(f) Phosphorus burns in chlorine to form phosphorous pentachloride.
10.When Ba(OH)2 is mixed with NH4Cl, a fall in temperature is
observed .Why?
Ans. Reaction of Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl, is an endothermic reaction and
hence fall in temperature is observed.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl + heat ------ BaCl2 +2NH4OH

L-2
ACIDS AND BASES (QUESTION AND ANSWERS)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1 Mark Each

1. Name two constituents of baking powder.

Baking soda and tartaric acid.
2. At what pH in the mouth is tooth decay faster and why?
At pH lower than 5.5 in the mouth, tooth, tooth decay becomes faster because the acid
produced reacts with the enamel of the teeth and corrodes it.
3. Name a calcium compound which is used to make water free from germs.
Calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder)
4. Name the gas evolved when dilute sulpuric acid acts on sodium carbonate.
Carbon dioxide gas is evolved as per the equation given below:
Na2CO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)
Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
5. Write the name and the chemical formula of the organic acid present in vineger.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH).
6. Why are some perishable foods preserved in vinegar?
Vinegar kills microoganisms and thus prevents oxidation of food stuff.
7. What will happen to blue litmus when it is added to soda water?
Soda water contains carbonic acid (CO2+H2O
H2CO3). Hence, the colour of
litmus will turn red.
8. Which planet contains yellow clouds of sulphuric acid?
Venus.
9. Which will be more acidic and why?
(i) A solution with pH value of 6.0 or
(ii) A solution with pH value of 5.0
Lower the pH value, more acidic the solution is.
Hence, a solution with pH value of 5.0 will be more acidic.
10. When concentrated acid is diluted, whether the pH gets higher or lower?
pH gets higher.
11. Which by-product of chlor-alkali process is used for manufacture of bleaching
powder?
Chlorine
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12. Two solutions have pH values 8 and 2 respectively. Which solution has higher H+ion
concentration?
solution with pH value 2 has higher H+ ion concentration.
13. What is milk of magnesia? Is it a strong or mild base?
Milk of magnesia is Mg(OH)2. It is a mild base.
14. Name a metal compound that has cleansing properties.
Sodium carbonate decahydrate (washing soda).
15. Is toothpaste acidic or alkaline?
Toothpaste is alkaline. It neutralizes the acids in the mouth and prevents the decay of
teeth.
16. What is the role of tartaric acid in baking powder?
When baking powder is mixed with water, the following reaction takes place:
NaHCO3 + Tartaric acid
CO2 + H2O + sodium salt of tartaric acid.
Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction makes bread and cake soft and spongy.
17. Name an indicator which tells various levels of H+ion concentration.
Universal indicator which is a mixture of a number of indicators.
18. Whic chemical forms the enamel of teeth?
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2.
19. Which has more H+ concentration : 1 M HCl or 1 M CH3 COOH?
1 M HCl
20. Name a metal compound which is used as antacid.
Sodium bicarbonate
21. Give reasons: Sodium bicarbonate is used as antacid.
Because its aqueous solution is mildly alkaline in nature.
22. Fill in the blank:
The common name of calcium oxychloride is __________
Ans. Bleaching powder.
23. Fill in the blanks:
Baking powder contains ______ and _______
Ans. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), tartaric acid
23. What is limestone? Give its chemical formula.
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3

II

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks Each

1. Why does CO2 turn lime water milky? What happens when excess of CO 2 is passed
and why?
CO2 reacts with lime water to form insoluble CaCO 3 which appears as a white
precipitate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
Lime water
On passing excess of CO2, Ca(HCO3)2 is formed which is a soluble compound.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(HCO3)2
Calcium hydrogen
carbonate

2. Write two observations you make when quick lime is added to water
(i) a hissing sound is observed.
(ii) the mixture becomes hot and lime water is obtained.
CaO + H2O
Quick Lime

Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Lime water

3. What does pH stands for? What does a pH scale indicate?

p in pH stands for potenz in German, meaning power. H stands for hydrogen. Thus,
pH stands for concentration of hydrogen ions.
4. A blue salt becomes white on heating. With the help of a reaction, explain the change
in colour.
Copper sulphate crystals (CuSO4.5H2O) are blue in colour. On heating, they lose water
of crystallization and turn white.
Heat
CuSO4.5H2O 5H2O CuSO4
Hydrated copper
Anhydrous
Sulphate (blue)
Copper sulphate (white)

5. The formula of Plaster of Paris of CaSO 4. H2O and that of gypsum is CaSO4.2H2O. Is
it possible for a salt to have half a water molecule as water molecule as water of
crystallization? Justify your answer.
In fact two molecules of CaSO4 are associated with one molecule for H2O. Thus, P
laster of Paris may be represented as 2CaSO4.H2O.
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We can say that water molecule is associated with one formula unit of caSO4.
6. What is washing soda? State its two important properties and two important uses.
Two important properties
It is soluble in water

Two uses
Used for removing
hardness of water
Solution of washing soda in water is Used as cleansing agent
alkaline and turns red litmus blue

permanenet

7. Fill in the blanks:

(i) An aqueous solution of washing soda turns ...... litmus ....... .
(ii) The process of losing water of crystallization by a hydrated salt in air is known as
........ . Ans. (i) red, blue
(ii) efflorescence.
8. How will you test a gas which is liberated when hydrochloric acid reacts with an active
metal?
The gas produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with an active metal is hydrogen gas.
When the gas is passed through soap solution soap bubbles are formed. Hydrogen gas
being lighter than air, these bubbles rise up. When a burning candle is brought near soap
bubbles containing hydrogen gas, a pop sound is heard due to the combustion of
hydrogen to form water.
2H2 + O2
2H2O
9. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and
the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution respectively. If you are given
only red litmus paper, how will you identify contents of each test tube?
i) Put the red litmus turn by turn in each of the three-test tubes. The solution which
turns red litmus to blue will be a basic solution. The blue litmus paper formed can now be
used to test the acidic solution.
ii) Put this blue litmus paper in the remaining two test tubes, one by one. The solution
which turns the blue litmus paper to red will be the acidic solution.
iii) The solution which has no effect on any litmus paper will be neutral and hence it
will be distilled water.
10. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Ans. (a) Milk is slightly alkaline so that it may not get sour easily due to the formation of
lactic acid in it.
(b) The alkaline milk takes longer time to set into curd because the lactic acid
formed has to first neutralize the alkali present in it.

11. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd?
Explain your answer.
Ans. When mike turns curd, it becomes more acidic. Hence, its pH will decrease.
III

HOT QUESTIONS:

1. A bud of petunias becomes reddish purple after first shower of rain. What does it
indicate?
Colour of petunia becomes reddish purple in acidic medium. It indicates that first
showers of rain contained acidic impurities.
2. Dry ammonia has no action on litmus paper but a solution of ammonia in water turns
red litmus paper blue. Why is it so?
Dry ammonia produces no hydroxide ions (OH-). Therefore, red litmus paper does not
turn blue. A solution of ammonia in water contains (OH-)ions.
NH3 (g) + H2O (l)
Therefore, red litmus turns blue.

NH+4(aq) + OH-(aq)

3. How is bleaching powder prepared? Why does bleaching powder

(i) smell strongly of chlorine?
(ii) not dissolve completely in water?
Bleaching powder is prepared by the action of Cl2 on dry slaked lime.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
CaOCl2 + H2O
Bleaching powder smells strongly of chlorine because chlorine is loosely bound to
slaked lime.
Carbondioxide present in the air combines with bleaching powder liberating chlorine.
CaOCl2 + CO2
CaCO3 + Cl2
Bleaching powder reacts with water as under:
CaOCl2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2

Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
(from air)
Calcium carbonate
Clacium carbonate is an insoluble substance. Hence, bleaching powder does not
dissolve in water completely.
4. (i) An aqueous solution has a pH of 7.0. Is this solution acidic, basic or neutral?
(ii) Which has higher pH value, 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH?
Ans. (i) An aqueous solution having pH of 7.0 s neutral.
(ii) 1 M NaOH solution has a higher pH value.

5. How is chloride of lime chemically different from calcium chloride? Why does
chloride of limegradually lose its chlorine when kept exposed to air?
Calcium chloride has the formula CaCl2 while chloride of lime has the formula CaOCl2
(bleaching powder).
CaOCl2 gradually loses its chlorine when exposed to air because of the presence of CO 2
in air.

CaOCl2 + CO2

CaCO3 + Cl2

6. You are provided with four samples of bitter and sour food extracts. How can you test
the presence of acids and bases among these solutions without actually tasting them?
Presence of acids and bases in the food extracts can be detected with the help of litmus
paper.
Substances which turn blue litmus into red acidic (sour) substances and substances
which turn red litmus into blue are basic (bitter) substances.
7.Sweet tooth may lead to tooth decay. Explain, why? What is the role of toothpastes in
preventing cavities?
When a person eats too much sugary substances, we say that he/she has a sweet tooth.
bacteria present in the mouth converted sugar into acid. Acid produced affects the enamel
calcium phosphate [Ca(PO4)3] of tooth and causes cavities.
Toothpastes contain alkaline ingredients which neutralize the acid produced in the
mouth and thus prevent cavities.
8. How will you obtain bleaching powder from limestone? Write the equations of the
chemical reactions involved.
CaCO3 heat
CaO +
CO2
limestone
quicklime carbon dioxide
CaO + H2O
quicklime water

Ca(OH)2
slaked lime

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
slaked lime
chlorine

CaOCl2
+ H2O
bleaching powder water

9. Why does the flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life in
the river difficult?
When acid rain water flows into the river, it makes the river water acidic. Animals need
a pH of 7 7.8 for survival. When acid rain water flows into the river, the pH of river
water becomes less than 7. This makes the survival of aquatic life in the river difficult.

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L-3
METALS & NON-METALS (NOTES)

METALS

NON-METALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Metals are malleable, ductile and good Non-Metals are non-malleable, non-ductile and
bad conductors of heat and electricity. They
conductors of heat and electricity. They have
have low melting and boiling points.
high melting and boiling points.
EXCEPTIONS:
EXCEPTIONS:
All non-metals are either gases or solids
All metals are solids except mecury.
except bromine (liquid).
Metals like gallium and caesium have very Iodine is a non-metal which has lusture.
low melting point that they melt in our
Diamond is a non-metal and it is the
palms.
hardest substance found on earth.
Na, K, Li (alkali metals) are so soft that
they can be cut with a knife. They have low Graphite is a non-metal which is a good
density and low melting point.
conductor of electricity.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Metals can donate electrons to form (+ve)
positive ions (cations).
Na
e- + Na+
Mg

1. Non-metals gain electrons to form (-ve)

negative ions (anions)
Cl + eCl-

2e- + Mg2+

2. Metals combine with O2 to form basic

oxide.
2Mg + O2
2MgO

2. Non-metals combine with oxygen to form

acidic or neutral oxides.
ACIDIC
NEUTRAL

Red litmus turns blue with basic oxides.

CO2, SO2, NO2

H2O, CO

Blue litmus turns red for acidic oxides.

Neutral oxides do not change colour of the
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litmus paper.
3..Basic oxides + H2O
K2O + H2O

Base
2KOH

3.Acidic oxides + H2O

CO2 + H2O

Acid
H2CO3

4.REACTION WITH ACIDS

Metals react with dilute HCl and dilute H2SO4 Non-metals do not release H2 gas with acids.
to release H2 gas
EXCEPTION:
When metals react with dilute HNO3 it

releases H2O instead of H2 gas. Because

HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent which
oxidises H2 into H2O and HNO3 reduced to
any of the nitrogen oxides.

But Mg and Mn release H2 gas with HNO3

Metal + HNO3
Salt + H2O + Oxides
of nitrogen

5.REACTION WITH WATER

Na and K with cold water. The H2 gas

evolved
catches
fire.
2K + 2H2O
2KOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2
Ca reacts with cold water less violently.
The heat evolved is not enough for H 2 to
catch fire. Ca floats because of the bubbles
because the bubbles of H2 gas stick to its
surface.
Ca + 2H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2
Mg reacts with hot water and floats on the
top.
Mg + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2
Metals like Al, Fe and Zn do not react with
cold water or hot water. They react with
steam to form not their hydroxide but their
oxides
and
H2
gas.
2Al + 3H2O
Al 2O3 + 3H2
3Fe + 4H2O
Fe3O4 + 4H2
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LESSON 3 REVISION QUESTIONS

II)Which of the methods given in coloumn A is applied for the extraction of the
metals given in coloumn B ?
COLOUMN A

COLOUMN B

(i) ELECTROLYTICREDUCTION

ALIMINIUM,ZINC,SODIUM,IRON

ii REDUCTION WITH CARBON

iii REDUCTION WITH ALUMINIUM

MANGANESE,CHROMIUM

III)
1. Why do silver articles become black after sometime when exposed to air?
2. What are amphoteric oxides? Choose the amphoteric oxides amongst the following
oxides: Na2O, ZnO, Al2O3, CO2, H2O.
3. (a) A white powder in an active ingredient of antacid and is used in preparation of
cakes. Name the compound and state how it is manufactured? Give chemical equation.
(b) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on this compound.
4. (a) State the physical nature of ionic compounds? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) List any two examples of metals found in native state.
(c) Metals high up in the reactivity series cannot be obtained form their compounds by
heating with carbon. Why?
(d) Name an alloy of lead which is used for welding electrical wires together and state
its constituent elements.
5. (a) A student took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. Then he collected the gas
evolved by inverting a test-tube over it as shown in the figure. Write a balanced
chemical eqution for the reaction taking place.
What will be the action of this gas on:
(i) dry litmus paper and
(ii) moist litmus paper.
(iii) What is thermite reaction? Mention its application.
6. What happens when ZnCO3 is heated in the absence of air? Give the relavant equation.
7. Write chemical equations for the reactions taking place when:
(i) Zinc sulphide is heated in air.
(ii) Calcination of zinc carbonate is done.
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8. A blue colour salt becomes white on heating. Give reason for this observation. What
happens when we add water to the salt which is obtained after heating? Also write its
formula.
9. (a) Explain with an example how the metal X which is low in reactivity series and
metal Y which is high in the reactivity series are obtained from their compounds
by reduction process.
(b) Write the electronic configurations of sodium and chlorine. Show the formation of
sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine by the transfer of electrons.
(c) List any two observations when a highly reactive metal is dropped in water.
10. Why do we use copper and aluminium wire for transmission of electric current?
11. A milkman added a small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shifted the pH of fresh milk to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a longer time to set as a curd?
12. Give reasons:
(a) Ionic compounds have high melting point.
(b) Ionic compounds are hard crystalline solids.
13. A gas is produced when conc. H2SO4 is added to solid sodium chloride taken in a test
tube. The gas coming out through the delivery tube is passed over a dry blue litmus
paper and then over a moist blue litmus paper. What would you observe. Explain
reason with the help of chemical equation.
14. Pieces of four metals A, B, C and D were one by one added to four solutions, namely
iron (II) sulphate, copper (II) sulphate, zinc sulphate and silver nitrate. The
observations made are tabulated below:
Metal

Iron (II) sulphate

Copper (II)
sulphate

Zinc sulphate

Silver nitrate

No reaction

Displacement

B
C

Displacement
No reaction

No reaction

No reaction
No reaction

Displacement

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

No reaction

Answer the following question based on the above information.

(i)
Which is the most active metal and why?
Ans. B is most reactive
(ii)
What would be observed if B is added to a solution of copper sulphate and
why?
Ans. B will displace copper from copper (II) sulphate.
14

(iii)
Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in order of increasing reactivity.
Ans. B > A > C > D.
(iv)
Container of which metal can be used to store both zinc sulphate solution and
silver nitrate solution?
15. (i) What causes rusting of iron? Design an activity to show the conditions needed for
iron nails to rust.
(ii) Why do we paint iron articles?
16. (a) What is Galvanisation?
(b) Why Iron articles are electroplated by chromium?
17. Account for the following:
(a) Aluminium is more reactive than iron. But its corrosion is less than iron.
(b) Hydrogen gas is not involved when zinc metal reacts with dil. HNO3.
(c) Carbon is not used for reducing aluminium from aluminium oxide.
18. In what forms are the metals found in nature? With the help of examples explain how
metals react with oxygen, water and dilute acids. Also write chemical equations for
the reactions.
19. (a) How do we find whether a given element is a non-metal, if we know its electronic
configuration?
(b) With the help of a reaction show that zinc is more reactive than iron.
(c) In nature aluminium is found in combined state whereas silver is found in free
state. Give reason.
(d) Why should we not throw small pieces of sodium into a sink in the laboratory?
(e) Name any two amphoteric oxides.
20. Why is carbon not used for reducing aluminium from aluminium oxide?
21. A person is suffering from indigestion due to the intake of hot spicy food. What
remedy will you prescribe to the patient?
22. An aluminium can is used to store ferrous sulphate solution. It is observed that in a
few days holes appeared in the can. Explain the cause for this observation and write
chemical equation to support your answer.
23. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen, but are not
categorized as acids. Describe an activity to prove it.
24. (a) Atomic number of Na is 11 and Cl is 17. Show the formtion of NaCl from its
elements.
(b) How is an oxide of metal obtained from the carbonate ore and sulphide ore?
25. (a) What is thermite reaction? How it is used in joining railway tracks and cracked
parts of machine?
(b) How do we get stainless steel?
26. (a) How is copper obtained from its sulphide ore? Write balanced chemical equations.
(b) Give the electrolytic refining of impure copper with labelled diagram.
15

27. A knife, which is used to cut a fruit, was immediately dipped into water containing
drops of blue litmus solution. If the colour of the solution is changed to red, what
inference can be drawn about the nature of the fruit and why?
28. (a) Give the chemical names of acids present in:
(i) ants
(ii) lemon
(iii) milk
(iv) tomato
(b) Write the chemical names of two salts belonging to sodium family.
29. (a) Name the main ore of mecury. How is mercury obtained from its ore? Give
balanced chemical equations.
(b) What is thermit reaction? How is it used to join the railway tracks or cracked
machine parts.
(c) Name the method used to extract metals of high reactivity.
30. State two physical properties of gold which are of extreme use to jewellers.
31. You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a China dish, the surface
of copper powder becomes coated with a black colour substance.
(i) How has this black coloured substance formed?
(ii) What is that black substance?
(iii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.
32. When a sodium compound X which is also used in soda-acid fire extinguisher is
heated gives a sodium compound Y along with water and carbon dioxide. Y on
crystallization forms a compound Z.
(i) Identify X, Y and Z.
(ii) How can we obtain Y from Z?
(iii) Write two uses of the compound Z?
33. (a) What is a universal indicator?
(b) Write the chemical equation involved in the preparation of sodium hydroxide
name the process.
34. (a) State the physical nature of ionic compounds? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) List any two example of metals found in native state.
(c) Metals high up in the reactivity series can not be obtained from their compounds
by heating with carbon. Why?
(d) Name an alloy of lead which is used for welding electrical wires together and state
its constituent elements.
35. (a) How will you prove that a given salt is a carbonate of a metal?
(b) What is neutralisation reaction? Give an example.
(c) Name the acid present in ant sting.
36. Why is sodium stored in kerosene.
37. Name the products formed in each case when:
(a) Hydrochloric acid reacts with caustic soda.
(b) Granulated zinc reacts with caustic soda.
(c) Carbon dioxide is passed into lime water.
16

38. (a) Why are common salts called hydrated salts?

(b) Give two examples of white coloured hydrated salts with their chemical formulae.
39. (a) The reaction of metal X with ferric oxide is highly exothermic. Metal X is
obtained from its oxide by electrolytic reduction. Identify X and write its reaction with
ferric oxide.
(b) Give reason to justify that aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Also give
another example of amphoteric oxide.
(c) Mention constituent metals present in bronze.
40. (a) Why is medium become acidic in mouth? What is ill effects of the acidic medium?
How this can be prevented?
(b) Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen, but are not
categorized as acids. Describe an activity to prove it.
41. Using the electronic configuration, explain how magnesium atom combines with
oxygen atom to form magnesium oxide by transfer of electrons.
42. (a) Give an example of a combination reaction which is also an exothermic reaction.
(b) Complete the following chemical equation and balance it.
C6H12O6 + O2
(c) Which two gases are evolved on heating ferrous sulphate.
43. Why is hydrogen peroxide kept in coloured bottles?
44. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water
and not water to the acid.
45. Give observation and write chemical equation for reaction of sodium with water.
46. (a) What is meant by metallurgy?
(b) Why do calcium floats in water?
(c)What are the constitutents of solder alloy?
47. Write a balanced equation for the following reaction and identify the type of reaction
in each case:
(i) Potassium bromide + Barium iodide
Potassium iodide + Barium bromide
(ii) Hydrogen (g) + Chlorine(g)
Hydrogen chloride (g)
(iii) Lead nitrate
Lead oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen
48. (a) Name the main ore of mercury. How is mercury obtained from its ore? Give
balanced chemical equations.
(b) Name the method used to extract metal of high reactivity.
49. (a) Write the electron dot structure for calcium and oxygen. The atomic numbers of
calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively.
(b) Show the formation of calcium oxide by the transfer of electrons.
(c) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Ionic compounds are hard solids.
(ii) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state.
17

50. All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores. Justify the statement with
examples.
51. (i) Account the following:
(a) White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
(b) Brown coloured copper powder on heating in air turns into black coloured
substance
(ii) What do you mean by:
(a) Displacement reaction
(b) Reduction reaction
(c) Combination
Write balanced chemical equation.
52. (a) Which type of ores are calcined? Explain giving suitable examples.
(b) What would you observe when calcium reacts with water. State the reason for the
observation.
(c) Name a solvent in which electrovalent compounds are soluble and a solvent in
which they are insoluble.
L-1,2,3

CHEMISTRY REVISION QUESTIONS FOR SA1

1. Name the type of chemical reaction represented by the following equations:

heat
(i) CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(ii) CaO(s) + H2O(l)

Ca(OH)2(aq)

(iii) Zn(s) + H2SO4

ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

2. (a) Equal lengths of Mg ribbon are taken in test-tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid is
added to test-tube A. While acetic acid is added to test-tube B. In which case the
reaction would occur more vigorously and why? Write the chemical equations for
reactions in test-tube A and B.
(b) Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How will the pH change as it turns into curd? Give
reason
for your answer.
3. (a) Write one equation each for a decomposition reaction when energy is supplied in
the form of:
(i) heat
(ii) light
(b) Account for the following:
(i) Paint is applied on iron articles.
(ii) Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen.
(iii) When an iron nail kept in copper sulphate solution, blue colour of the solution
fades and iron nail becomes brownish.
4. Balance the following chemical equation:
heat
FeSO4(s)
Fe2O3(s) + SO2 (g) + SO3(g)
18

5. Write the chemical equation for reaction that taken place when lead nitrate and
potassium iodide solutions are mixed.
6. Give three difference between displacement and double displacement reactions.
7. With the help of a suitable example, explain oxidation and reduction in terms of again
or loss of oxygen.
8. Which one is a chemical change-rusting of iron or melting of iron?
9. What is baking soda chemically called? Give reaction involved in its preparation. Write
one of its uses.
10. What are strong acids and week acids? Give an example for each.
11. Write the chemical name and formula of washing soda. How is it prepared? Write
balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
12. What are exothermic and endothermic reactions? Explain with the help of one
example
each.
13. The colour of copper sulphate solution changes when an iron nail is dipped in it. State
the reason giving chemical equation for the reaction involved.
14. Write observation with reaction for the following:
Granulated zinc reacts with dil sulphuric acid.
15. (a) Identify the substance oxidized, substance reduced, oxidizing agent and reducing
agent in the following reaction:
ZnO + C
Zn + CO
(b) Packets of potato chips are flushed with nitrogen gas, why?
16. Describe an activity to show that rusting of iron requires air and water.
17. Give reason why do chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as
nitrogen.
18. Write the chemical name and formula of washing soda. How is it prepared? Write
balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
19. (a) What happen chemically when quick lime is added to water?
(b) Balance the following chemical equation:
MnO2 + HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
(c) What is decomposition reaction? Explain it with suitable example.
20. (a) What is meant by rancidity?
(b) What happens when a strip of zinc is dipped into a copper sulphate solution?
Write
the balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
(c) Using a suitable chemical equation, justify that same chemical reactions are
determined by:
19

(i) change in colour

(ii) change in temperature

21. When is a chemical reaction categorised as a precipitation reaction? Explain with two
examples.

Class: X
CHEMISTRY - MCQ 1ST TERM
1. A student tested the pH of distilled water using pH paper and observed green colour.
After adding a few drops of dilute NaOH solution, the pH was tested again. The colour
change now observed would be:
(a) blue
(b) green
(c) red
(d) orange
2. Four solutions I, II, III and IV were given to a student to test their acidic or basic
nature by using pH papers. He observed that the colour of pH paper turned to red, blue,
green and orange respectively when dipped in four solutions. The correct conclusion
made by the student would be:
(a) I, II and III are acidic
(b) I and IV are acidic
(c) II, III and IV are acidic
(d) II and IV are acidic
3. A metal powder was added to dil HCl and dil NaOH solution taken in separate testtubes. On mixing the contents react in both the test-tubes. Hydrogen gas was formed in
both the cases. The metal used will be:
(a) Cu
(b) Zn
(c) Fe
(d) Pb
4. On adding a few drops of universal indicator to three unknown colourless solutions
(P), (Q) and (R) taken separately in three test-tubes, a student observed the changes in
colour as green in (P), red in (Q) and violet in (R).
The decreasing order of pH of the solutions taken is:
(a) P > Q > R
(b) R > P > Q
(c) Q > P > R
(d) R > Q > P
5. A fruit juice is tested for its pH value. What would be its possible pH if the colour is
changed to yellow:
(a) less than 3
(b) more thatn 7.5
(c) 7
(d) between 6.5 and 7.5
6. When CO2 is passed through lime water, the solution becomes milky due to formation
of:
(a) CaCO3
(b) Ca(OH)2
(c) Ca(HCO3)2
(d) CaO
7. Solid sodium bicarbonate was placed on a strip of pH paper. The colour of the strip:
(a) turned blue
(b) did not change
(c) turned green and suddenly yellow
(d) turned light pink
8. A little dilute hydrochloric acid is dropped on a pH paper. The colour of the pH paper
turns to:
(a) dark pink
(b) light green
(c) light blue (d) bright yellow
9. Reddish brown deposit observed on iron nails, when these are kept in aqueous solution
of CuSO4, is that of:
20

(a) CU2O

(b) CuO

(c) Cu

(d) CuS

10. Four students performed the reactions of dil hydrochloric acid and a solution of
sodium hydroxide with zinc metal and solid sodium carbonate separately. They
reported the possible reaction by ( ) and no reaction by (x). In which of the
following sets all observation are correct?

Set

HCl + Zn

HCl + Na2CO3

NaOH + Zn

NaOH + Na2CO3

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

11. On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to granulated zinc placed in a test-tube, a student
would observe that:
(a) the surface of the metal turns shining
(b) the reaction mixtures turns milky
(c) the reaction mixture gives odour of chlorine
(d) a colourless and odourless gas evolves with bubbles.
12. When sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution are mixed together, the
colour of precipitate formed is:
(a) Yellow
(b) Green
(c) White
(d) Red
13. If some solid sodium carbonate is dissolved in a sample of distilled water the pH of
the solution will be:
(a) very much less than 7
(b) more than 7
(c) exactly 7
(d) less than 7 but very close to it
14. Four students (A), (B), (C) and (D) measured the pH values of water, lemon juice and
sodium bicarbonate solution. The correct descending order of pH values is:
(a) water, lemon, juice, sodium bicarbonate
(b) lemon, juice, water, sodium bicarbonate
(c) sodium bicarbonate, water, lemon juice
(d) water, sodium bicarbonate, lemon juice
15. Dilute HCl is added to solid sodium carbonate. It is observed that:
(a) no change takes place
(b) a loud sound is produced immediately
(c) immediately a brisk effervescence occurs
(d) the solution turns blue black
16. A student added some copper sulphate crystals in water in a beaker and observed the
colour of the solution obtained. The colour of the solution observed by him must be:
(a) Green
(b) Blue
(c) Yellow
(d) Pink
21

17. When a drop of an unknown solution X is placed on a strip of pH paper, a deep blue
colour is produced. This solution should be:
(a) NaOH
(b) lemon juice
(c) water
(d) HCl
18. While doing an experiment a student observed that the blue colour of the aqueous
copper sulphate solution was changed to pale green by immersing a metal rod in it.
The metal of the rod used by the student is:
(a) Iron
(b) Zinc
(c) Silver (d) Aluminium
19. Two solutions A and B were found to have pH value of 6 and 8 respectively. The
inference which can be drawn is:
(a) the strength of solution B is higher than that of A.
(b) a is an acid while B is base
(c) both are acidic solutions
(d) both are basic solutions
20. To show that iron is more reactive than copper, the correct procedure is to:
(a) prepare ferrous sulphate solution and dip copper strip in it.
(b) prepare copper sulphate solution and dip iron strip in it.
(c) add dil nitric acid on both strips
(d) heat iron and copper strips both
21. Four students studied reactions of zinc and sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide solutions and presented their results as follows. The ( )
represents evolution of gas and (x) represent absence of any reaction.
Zn

Na2CO3

HCl
NaOH

x
(A)

Zn
HCl
NaOH

Na2CO3
x

Zn

HCl x
NaOH

(B)

Na2CO3
x

Zn
HCl
NaOH
x

(C)

The right set of observations is that of student.

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C

Na2CO3

x
(D)

(d) D

22. In an experiment to test the pH of a given sample using pH paper, four students
recorded the following observations for the sample tested by each one of them:
Sample taken
pH paper colour turned to
I. Water
Blue
II Dil HCl
Red
III Dil NaOH
Blue
IV. Dil acetic acid
Orange
The student who took the incorrect observation is:
(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV
23. A student took solid quick lime in a China dish and added a small amount of water to
it. He would hear a:
(a) pop sound
(b) a cracking sound
(c) a hissing sound (d) no sound at all
24. Which one of the following cannot be used to find the pH of a solution?
22

(a) pH paper
(c) universal indicator

(b) litmus paper

(d) standard pH value chart

25. When dil HCl reacts with zinc metal, the gas liberated is:
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Chlorine
(d) Hydrogen
26. The correct method of finding the pH of a solution is to:
(a) heat the solution in a test-tube and expose the pH paper to the vapours formed.
(b) pour the solution on the pH paper.
(c) dip the pH paper in the solution.
(d) put a drop of the solution on the pH paper using a dropper.
27. A light green solution of ferrous sulphate was taken in four separate test-tubes
marked I, II, III and IV. Strips of Cu, Fe, Zn and Al were placed in these solutions
respectively. In which two test-tubes a black mass will be deposited on the surface of
the metal and the green colour will fade.
(a) test-tube I and II
(b) test-tube II and III
(c) test-tube III and IV
(d) test-tube I and IV
28. Which of the following will turn pH paper to red?
(a) milk of magnesia
(b) baking soda
(c) oxalic acid solution
(d) NaCl solution
29. When an iron nail rubbed with sand paper is dipped in copper sulphate solution, we
observe that copper gets deposited:
(a) first on the lower part of the nail and proceeds to the upper part.
(b) first on the upper part of the nail and proceeds to the lower part.
(c) on the entire surface of the nail.
(d) on the nail in small patches.
30. Rahul adds aqueous solution of Barium chloride to an aqueous solution of sodium
sulphate. He would observe that:
(a) A pungent smelling gas is evolved
(b) the colour of the solution turns red
(c) a yellow precipitate it formed after sometime
(d) a white precipitate is formed almost immediately
31. The pH value of a solution is 6. What is the colour developed when a student add 3
drops of universal indicator in the solution:
(a) Red
(b) Blue
(c) Green
(d) Orange
32. A few drops of liquid X were added to distilled water. It was observed that pH of
the water is increased. The liquid X could be:
(a) lemon juice
(b) NaCl solution
(c) Na2CO3 solution
(d) dilute HCl
33.The colour of ferrous sulphate crystals is:
(a) Blue
(b) Yellow
(c) Green

(d) Brown

34. A pH paper is first dipped in distilled water and then in the dilute solution of lemon
juice. The colour of pH paper changes from:
23

(a) indigo to green

(c) green to blue

(b) indigo to orange

(d) green to orange

35. When drops of blue litmus solutions are added to dil HCl and aqueous NaOH taken in
two different test-tubes A and B respectively. What will be the colour changes
occurring?
(a) blue to red in both A and B
(b) no change in both A and B
(c) blue to red in A and no change in B
(d) blue to red in B and no change in A
36. 10 mL of freshly prepared iron sulphate was taken in each of four test-tubes. Strips of
copper, iron, zinc and aluminium were introduced each metal in a different test-tube.
A black residue was obtained in two of them. The right pair of metals forming the
precipitates is:
(a) Copper and Zinc
(b) Aluminium and Copper
(c) Iron and Aluminium
(d) Zinc and Aluminium
37. The colour of metal deposited when iron nails are dipped in aq. Solution of copper
sulphate is:
(a) reddish brown
(b) no metal is deposited
(c) grey
(d) silvery white
38. Four groups of students were assigned separately the experiment of inter-action of
iron nail with a solution of copper sulphate. Each group recorded the observations as
given below in the table. Which group of students recorded all the observations
correctly.
Group of
Initial colour
Final colour
Change in
Students
of solution
of solution
the iron nail
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Blue
Green
Blue
Blue

Colourless
Green
Blue
Light green

Grey coat
Brown coat
Brown coat
Brown coat

39. Copper turnings were added to a colourless salt solution. After 10 minutes it was
observed that the colourless solution turned to a coloured solution and shiny metal
deposition appears. The colour of the solution and that of metal would respectively be:
(a) Yellow and Zn
(b) Green and Fe
(c) Red and Zn
(d) Blue and Ag
40. A student was observing a pH chart. He observed that the two colours at the extreme
ends of the pH chart are:
(a) red and green
(b) red and blue
(c) green and blue
(d) orange and green
41. When a student added zinc granules to dil HCl a colourless and odourless gas
evolved. On testing with a burning match stick it was observed that the match stick:
(a) continued to burn brilliantly.
(b) burnt slowly with a blue flame
24

(c) extinguished and the gas burnt with pop sound.

(d) continued to burn brilliantly and the gas burnt with a pop sound.
42. On introducing a strip of pH paper in 1.0 ml of the given solution the pH paper
changed to light red. The given solution could be of :
(a) sodium hydroxide
(b) sodium bicarbonate
(c) a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate
(d) ethanoic acid
43. Which one of the following solutions would you use to test the pH of a given sample?
(a) blue litmus solution
(b) red litmus solution
(c) universal indicator solution
(d) mixture of red and blue litmus solution
44. Four students used the following four combinations of reactants to observe the
properties of HCl and NaOH.
I. Zn and dil NaOH solution.
II. Zn and dil HCl solution.
III. Na2CO3 and dil NaOH solution.
IV. Na2CO3 and dil HCl solution.
There would be a rapid evolution of a gas in cases stated by response:
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) II and IV
(d) I and IV
45. When a student added zinc granules to dil HCl, a colourless and odourless gas was
evolved, which was tested with a burning matchstick, it was observed that:
(a) the matchstick continued to burn brilliantly.
(b) the matchstick burnt slowly with a blue flame.
(c) the matchstick extinguished and the gas burnt with pop sound.
(d) the matchstick burnt with an orange flame.
46. Bottle A contains oxalic acid and bottle B contains sodium carbonate solution. When
pH paper is dipped in each of the solutions, the colour seen in A and B respectively be
(a) orange, blue
(b) blue, orange
(c) green, blue
(d) orange, green
47. A colourless liquid sample was tested with pH paper strip. The colour of the strip
changed to reddish pink. The sample could be:
(a) tap water
(b) sodium hydroxide solution
(c) distilled water
(d) ethanoic acid solution
48. Which one of the following can be used to test the pH of a neutral solution?
(a) red litmus paper
(b) blue litmus paper
(c) phenolphthalein
(d) universal indicator
49. A dilute solution of sodium carbonate was added to two test-tubes are containing dil
HCl (A) and the other containing dilute NaOH (B):
The correct observation was:
(a) a brown coloured gas liberated in test-tube A.
(b) a brown coloured gas liberated in test-tube B.
(c) a colourless gas liberated in test-tube A.
(d) a colourless gas liberated in test-tube B.
50. When student dipped pH paper in the given solution, he found green colour. The
given solution may be:
25

(a) NaOH solution

(b) NaCl solution

Answer Key:1

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

10

35

11

36

12

37

13

38

14

39

15

40

16

41

17

42

18

43

19

44

20

45

21

46

22

47

23

48

24

49

25

50

26

(c) dilute HCl

(d) Na2CO3 solution