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BALANCED HOMODYNE
DETECTION
Michael G. Raymer
Oregon Center for Optics, University of Oregon
raymer@uoregon.edu
M.G.Raymer_TTRL2b_V2_2005
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OUTLINE
PART 1
1. Noise Properties of Photodetectors
2. Quantization of Light
3. Direct Photodetection and Photon Counting
PART 2
4. Balanced Homodyne Detection
5. Ultrafast Photon Number Sampling
PART 3
6. Quantum State Tomography
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ES (t)
E1 =
ES + E L
dt
PD
ND
BS
PD
EL (t)
d
delay
n1
E2 =
ES - EL
dt
n2
ND
dt
n1
PD
ND
PD
dt
n2
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E
S (t)
S
BS
E
L (t)
dt
n1
n2
ND
delay
N D =
T
0
(+ )
S (r,t) = i c
overlap
integral
( )
(+)
a k v k (r,t)
wave-packet
modes
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N D
T
0
( )
N D ( ) = | L | ( a ei + a e i )
a = a k c 0 dt Det d 2 x v *L (x,0,t d ) v k (x,0,t) = a k= L
T
quadrature operators:
detected
quantity:
q = ( a + a ) / 21/2
p = (a a ) / i21/2
N D ( ) a ei + a e i
q
=
|L | 2
2
LO phase
N D ( )
q
= q cos + p sin
|L | 2
q cos sin q
=
p
sin
cos
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Conventional Approach:
Ultrafast Time Gating of Light Intensity by
NON-LINEAR OPTICAL SAMPLING
strong short
pump (p )
delay
weak signal(s )
sum-frequency (p + s )
second-order NL crystal
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N D ( )
q
= q cos + p sin
|L | 2
detected
quantity:
q = ( a + a ) / 21/2
LO phase
p = (a a ) / i21/2
LO
signal
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v L (x,0,t) L v L (x) f L (t d )
N D ( d ) = i c *L
T
0
dt f L* (t d ) S (t) + h.c.
(+)
f L (t) (1 / t)sin(B t / 2)
signal
LO
/2
+/2
+B /2 d
* *
N D ( d ) L f L ( ) B /2
exp(i d ) S ( ) + h.c.
2
L* fL* ( ) S ( d ) + h.c.
exact sampling
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Ultrafast
Laser
Signal
Source
(optical or
elect. synch.)
Spectral
Filter
Signal
Signal
Reference (LO)
Time
Delay
LO
Phase
Adjustment
mean quadrature
amplitude in sampling
window at time t
Balanced
Homodyne
Detector
n1 n2
Computer
q (t)
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scan LO
delay d
coherent
signal
Balanced
Homodyne
detector
q (t)
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q (t)
10000
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
-1
2
10
(t,t)
(2)
mean
quadrature
amplitude
<q> at
time t
Sample: Microcavity
exciton polariton
12
Time (ps)
LO delay d (ps)
coherent field --> q + /2 (t)
= p (t)
0
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N D ( )
q
= q cos + p sin ( = LO phase)
|L | 2
detected
quantity:
n = a a = ( q i p ) ( q + i p ) = q + p +
2
2
Phase-averaged quadrature-squared:
1 2
1
1 2
2
2
2
q = 0 q d =
q
cos
+
p
sin
=
q
+
p
(
)
(
)
2
2
n = q
1
2
ensemble
average
2
n (t) = q (t)
1
2
n (r )
r
r
[n(n
1)...(n
r
+
1)]
p(n)
=
(
a
)
(
a
n= 0
2 d
(r!) 2
= r
H 2r (q )
0
2 (2r)!
2
n
n
(1)
(2)
= a a =
4
= a a
2
0
2
0
d
2
4 q 2
2
d 2 4
1
2
q 2 q +
2 3
2
n (t) = q 2 (t)
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var(n) =
2
0
d 2 4
2
2
2 3
1
+
4
1-50kHz
Regen.
Amplifier
Ti:Sapphire
/2
Electronic
Delay
Trigger Pulse
Sample
/2
LO
Signal
Alt. Source
PBS1
/2
Voltage
Pulser
Charge-Sensitive
Pre-Amps
Photodiodes
Computer
AD/DA
PBS2
n1
n2
GPIB controller
Shaper
Stretcher
Shaper
Balanced Homodyne Detector
M.
Munroe
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600 m
3 m
(AR) SiO 2
p-clad layer
p-contact layer
quantum
wells
n-clad layer
~
~
n-GaAs substrate
(Sarnoff Labs)
~
~
undoped, graded
confining layers
Superluminescent
Emission
M. Munroe
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Intensity (a.u.)
1.0
25
(a)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
810
820
830
840
850
Wavelength (nm)
20
15
10
5
1.0
0
0
100
200
Intensity (a.u.)
(no cavity)
(b)
0.5
0.0
760
800
840
880
Wavelength (nm)
M. Munroe
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3.0
<n(t,t)>
(2)
g (t,t)
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.0
2.0
<n(t)>
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.5
0
10
time (ns)
15
20
g(2)(t,t)
1.8
Photon Fluctuation
is Thermal-like,
within a single time
window (150 fs)
M. Munroe
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4.0
<n(t)>
(2)
g (t,t)
14
3.5
12
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
4
2
1.0
0.5
0
10
time (ns)
15
20
g(2)(t,t)
<n(t)>
10
Photon Fluctuation
is Laser-like, within
a single time
window (150 fs)
M. Munroe
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50/50
q2 + p2 = n
BHD
/2 phase
shifter
LO2
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Measured quadratures
(continuous and dashed
line) on a 10-Gb/s
pulse train.
Waveform obtained by
postdetection squaring
and summing of the two
quadratures.
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(temporal,
spatial, or
polarization)
1 2
signal
BHD
q2
quadrature of mode 2
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t1 t2
BHD
: n (t1 ) n (t2 ):
g (t1,t2 ) =
n (t1 ) n (t2 )
(2)
D. McAlister
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source
BHD
polarization rotator
A. Funk
two-pol., two-time
second-order
coherence
g (t1,t2 ) =
(2)
i, j
: n i (t1 ) n j (t2 ):
n i (t1 ) n j (t2 )
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0-2 phase
sweeping
and time
delay
: n i (t1 ) n i (t2 ):
g (t1,t2 ) =
n i (t1 ) n i (t2 )
(2)
i, i
g (t1,t2 ) =
(2)
i, j
E. Blansett
: n i (t1 ) n j (t2 ):
uncorrelated
n i (t1 ) n j (t2 )
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: n i (t1 ) n i (t2 ):
g (t1,t2 ) =
n i (t1 ) n i (t2 )
(2)
i, i
g (t1,t2 ) =
(2)
i, j
: n i (t1 ) n j (t2 ):
anticorrelated
n i (t1 ) n j (t2 )
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