Session 1. Terms & Definitions - Student Handout Incl. Appen

Energy Symposium - Worm Session
08/12/2010
Preparing to Drill
Preparing to Drill
Geophysical Exploration & Survey
Computer Assisted Exploration (CAEX)
Seismic Data Collected will be used to
create 2-D; 3-D; 4-D Images
Operational: Terms & Definitions

Michelle Dennis & Troy White
08/12/2010
Preparing to Drill
Preparing to Drill
Types of Contracts
Land & Leasing
Surface Rights
Mineral Rights
Drilling Contracts
Footage Drilling Contract

Daywork Contract
Turnkey Contract
Combination Contract
Standard Contract Language issued by:

API (American Petroleum Institute)
IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors)
Preparing to Drill
Contracts - AFE
AFE - Authority for Expenditure
Estimates of the cost of drilling and completing the
well (as a Dry Hole & a Producing Hole)
Cost Include:
Drilling & Completion Intangibles
Equipment Cost
Drilling Rig
Mud
Logging
Testing
Casing
Cementing
Well Stimulation
Pumps
Tubing
Separator
Other Well Services

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Preparing to Drill
Site Prep
Preparing to Drill
Site Prep
Stake a Well (based on prior Survey)
Register the Site Map with appropriate

Government Agencies
Clear & Level the Site
Build Lease Roads
Dig Reserve Pits
Set Tanks
Erect the Rig
Preparing to Drill
Site Prep
Reserve Pit:
An Excavation with earthen banks or lined in protective
materials that can cover 100 cubic ft near a drilling rig. The
reserve pit holds discarded drilling mud and well cuttings.

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Types of Wells

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Wildcat Wells
Types of Wells
Wildcat (Controlled Exploratory)
New Field Wildcat
Drilled in a field that has never produced
Rank Wildcat
Drilled at least 2 miles away from any known
production
Discovery Well
Wildcat well that does discover a new field
Types of Wells
Developmental Wells
Wells Drilled in a known field to determine the
extent of the field
Infill Wells
Wells drilled between producing wells in an
established field to increase the production rate
Outpost Well (aka: Step Out Wells)

Wells drilled on the edge of an existing field
Appraisal Well
Used to assess the characteristics (such as flow
rate) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation

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Classification of
Land Rigs
Light Duty
3,000
5,000 ft
Medium Duty
5,000
10,000 ft
Heavy Duty
10,000
16,000 ft
Extra Heavy Duty

16,000
25,000+ ft
Whos There?
Participants Vary by the Stage of the Well
Whos There: Exploration

Operating Company
Acquire the right to drill & produce
Pay the landowner a fee for leasing
Pay Royalties to the Mineral Owner
Prepare the Drill Site
Drilling Contractor
Owns the Drilling Rig
Job: Drill Holes to the depth specified
by the Operating Company

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Company Man
In charge of all of the operators activities on
location
Helps to plan the strategy for drilling the well,
orders the supplies & services, makes onsite decisions that affect the wells progress
They may hire a materials man to order
supplies if permitted by the drilling contract
Works Closely with the Tool Pusher

Drilling Crews:
Tool Pusher (aka: Rig Manager)
Driller
Derrickman
Roughnecks
Roustabout


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08/12/2010
Whos There: Completion & Production

Supply Companies
Expendable Items
Nonexpendable Items
Other Commodities
Service Companies
Mud Logging
Well Logging
Casing Crew
Cementing Crew

08/12/2010
Whats at the Site?
1. Crown Block and Water Table

2. Catline Boom and Hoist Line
3. Drilling Line
4. Monkeyboard
5. Traveling Block
6. Top Drive
7. Mast
8. Drill Pipe
9. Doghouse
10. Blowout Preventer
11. Water Tank
12. Electric Cable Tray
13. Engine Generator Sets
14. Fuel Tanks
15. Electric Control House
16. Mud Pump
17. Bulk Mud Components Storage
18. Mud Pits
19. Reserve Pits
20. Mud Gas Separator
21. Shale Shaker
22. Choke Manifold
23. Pipe Ramp
24. Pipe Racks
25. Accumulator
10. Blowout Preventer

One or more valves
installed at the wellhead
to prevent the escape of
pressure either in the
annular space between
the casing and the drill
pipe or in open hole (for
example, hole with no drill
pipe) during drilling or
completion operations.

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08/12/2010
16. Mud Pumps

A large reciprocating
pump used to
circulate the mud
(drilling fluid) on a
drilling rig.
25. Accumulator
The storage
device for
nitrogen
pressurized
hydraulic fluid,
which is used in
operating the
blowout
preventers.

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Additional Rig Components

26. Annulus
27. Brake Bands
28. Casing Head
29. Cathead
30. Catwalk
31. Cellar
32. Conductor Pipe
33. Degasser
34. Desander
35. Desilter
36. Drawworks
37. Drill Bit
38. Drill Collar
39. Drillers Console
40. Elevators
41. Hoisting Line
42. Hook
43. Kelly
44. Kelly Bushing

45. Kelly Spinner
46. Mousehole
47. Mud Return Line
48. Ram Blowout
Preventer
49. Rathole
50. Rotary Hose
51. Rotary Table
52. Slips
53. Spinning Chain
54. Stairways
55. Standpipe
56. Surface Casing
57. Substructure
58. Swivel
59. Tongs
60. Walkways
61. Weight Indicator
Testing the Well: Sample/Lithologic Log
Mud Logging

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08/12/2010
Directional Wells
MWD: Measure While Drilling
LWD: Logging While Drilling
Casing the Well
Cementing
Casing/Liner
DV Tools
Centralizers
Shoe
Isolation Plug
Squeeze Jobs
Plug and Abandon

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08/12/2010
Tubing & Tubing Head with Casing Head
Christmas Tree
Perforating the Wellbore

Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
Lower Gun Downhole via Wireline
Fire
Resource Flow into Wellbore

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08/12/2010
Well Stimulation
Acidizing
Acid is used to dissolve
part of the reservoir and
increase the permability
near the well bore
HCL Hydrochloric Acid
dissolves limestones
HFL Hydrofluoric Acid
dissolves some clay and
sandstones
Well Stimulation Hydraulic Fracturing

15
Energy Symposium Worm Session

OIL & GAS DEFINTITIONS
Abandoned Well n: a well not in use because it was a dry hole originally, or because it has
ceased to produce. Statutes and regulations in many states require the plugging of abandoned wells
to prevent the seepage of oil, gas, or water from one stratum of underlying rock to another.
Accumulator n: 1. a vessel or tank that receives and temporarily stores a liquid used in a
continuous process in a gas plant. 2. On a drilling rig, an assembly of devices such as bottles,
control valves, pumps, and hydraulic fluid reservoirs that stores hydraulic fluid under pressure and
provides a way for personnel to operate (open and close) the blowout preventers.
Acid n: 1. any chemical compound, one element of which is hydrogen, that dissociates in solution
to produce free hydrogen ions. For example, hydrochloric acid, HCl, dissociates in water to
produce hydrogen ions, H+, and chloride ions, Cl-. 2. a liquid solution having a pH of less than 7; a
liquid acid solution turns blue litmus paper red
Acid Fracture v: to part or open fractures in productive hard limestone formations by using a
combination of oil and acid or water and acid under high pressure.
Acid Gas n: a gas that forms an acid when mixed with water. In petroleum production and
processing, the most common acid gasses are hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Both cause
corrosion, and hydrogen sulfide is very poisonous.
Acidize v: to treat oil bearing limestone or other formations with acid for the purpose of
increasing production. Hydrochloric or other acid is injected into the formation under pressure.
The acid etches the rock, enlarging the pore spaces and passages through which the reservoir fluids
flow. Acid also removes formation damage by dissolving material plugging the rock surrounding
the wellbore. The acid is held under pressure for a period of time and then pumped out, after which
the well is swabbed and put back into production. Chemical inhibitors combined with the acid
prevent corrosion of the pipe.
Acid Stimulation n: a well stimulation method using acid. See Acidize
Actuator n: a device that activates or puts into motion a process or an action by use of pneumatic,
hydraulic, or electronic signals; for example, a valve actuator opens or closes a valve
AFE - abbr: Authority for Expenditure
Authority or Authorization for Expenditure: a form that is filled out before drilling a well.
The authorization for expenditure lists all the estimated costs of drilling the well with two
results: a dry hole and a producer. It is used to analyze the economic feasibility of drilling
the well and to keep costs under control when drilling the well. An authorization for
expenditure is also made before any major purchase.
Alligator Grab n: a fishing device used to pick up relatively small objects like wrenches that
have fallen or have been dropped into the wellbore. The alligator grabs jaws are pinned open
before the tool is run into the well. The jaws snap shut over the fish when contact is made.

API abbr: American Petroleum Institute
Angle of Deflection n: in directional drilling, the angle at which a well diverts from vertical;
usually expressed in degrees, with vertical being 0
Annular adj: pertaining to the annulus. The annulus is sometimes referred to as the annular
space.
Annular Blowout Preventer n: a large valve, usually installed above the ram blowout preventers,
that when closed, forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and the wellbore or, if no pipe
is present, in the wellbore itself.
Annular Pressure n: fluid pressure in an annular space, as around tubing within casing
Annular Pressure Loss n: a reduction in the pressure of the fluid in the annulus caused by its
motion against the wellbore, which may be open or cased. As the fluid moves through the annulus,
friction between the fluid and the annular wall and within the fluid itself creates a pressure loss.
The faster the fluid moves, the greater the losses.
Annular Space n: 1. the space that surrounds a cylindrical object within a cylinder. 2. The space
around a pipe in a wellbore, the outer wall of which may be the wall of either the borehole or the
casing; sometimes termed the annulus.
API abbr: American Petroleum Institute
API Well Number n: a 12 digit number that is assigned to each well drilled in the United States.
Digits 1 and 2 are the state; Digits 3-5 are for the county/parish/or off shore; Digits 6-10 identify the
individual well, and Digits 11-12 record a property of the well such as sidetracking
Appraisal Well n: a well drilled to confirm and evaluate the presence of hydrocarbons in a
reservoir that have been found by a wildcat well.
Artificial Lift n: any method used to raise oil to the surface through a well after reservoir pressure
has declined to the point at which the well no longer produces by means of natural energy. Sucker
rod pumps, gas lift, hydraulic pumps, and submersible electric pumps are the most common means
of artificial lift.
ASME abbr: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM abbr: American Society for Testing and Materials
Automatic Driller n: a mechanism used to regulate the amount of weight on the bit without the
presence of personnel. Automatic drillers free the driller from the sometimes tedious task of
manipulating the drawworks brake to maintain correct weight on the bit. Also known as an
automatic drilling control unit

Automatic Fill-Up Shoe n: a device usually installed on the first joint of casing to regulate
automatically the amount of mud in the casing. The valve in this shoe keeps mud from entering the
casing until mud pressure causes the valve to open, allowing mud to enter.

Backflow fluid flow opposite the normal flow direction; Backflow is used in a well to remove or
return treatment fluid from a well and to clean perforations
Back-in Unit n: a portable servicing or workover rig that is self-propelled, using the hoisting
engines for motive power. Because the drivers cab is mounted on the end opposite the mast
support, the unit must be backed up to the wellhead.
Back-Pressure n: 1. the pressure maintained on equipment or systems through which a fluid
flows. 2. In reference to engines, a term used to describe the resistance to the flow of exhaust gas
through the exhaust pipe. 3. The operating pressure on a vessel such as a fractionating tower or an
oil and gas separator.
Balanced n: when the pressure of drilling fluid in the wellbore is the same as the pressure in the
formation
Barrel (bbl) n: 1. a measure of volume for petroleum products in the US. One barrel is the
equivalent of 42 US gallons. 2. The cylindrical part of a sucker rod pump in which the piston like
plunger moves up and down. Operating as a piston inside a cylinder, the plunger and barrel create
pressure energy to lift well fluids to the surface. 3. The lagging or body portion of a rope drum
Bit n: the cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells. The bit consists of cutting
element and a circulating element. The cutting element is steel teeth, tungsten carbide buttons,
industrial diamonds, or polycrystalline diamonds (PDCs). These teeth, buttons, or diamonds
penetrate and gouge or scrape the formation to remove it. The circulating element permits the
passage of drilling fluid and utilizes the hydraulic force of the fluid stream to improve drilling rates.
In rotary drilling, several drill collars are joined to the bottom end of the drill pipe column, and the
bit is attached to the end of the drill collars. Drill collars provide weight on the bit to keep it in firm
contact with the bottom of the hole. Most bits used in rotary drilling are roller cone bits, but
diamond bits are also used extensively.
Blind Ram n: an integral part of a blowout preventer, which serves as the closing element on an
open hole. Its ends do not fit around the drill pipe but seal against each other and shut off the space
below completely.
Blind Ram Preventer n: a blowout preventer in which blind rams are the closing elements
Block n: any assembly of pulleys on a common framework; in mechanics, one or more pulleys, or
sheaves, mounted to rotate on a common axis. The crown block is an assembly of sheaves mounted
on beams at the top of the derrick or mast. The drilling line is reeved over the sheaves of the crown
block alternately with the sheaves of the traveling block, which is hoisted and lowered in the derrick
or mast by the drilling line. When elevators are attached to a hook on a conventional traveling
block, and when drill pipe is latched in the elevators, the pipe can be raised or lowered in the derrick
or mast.
Blooey Line n: the discharge pipe from a well being drilled by air drilling. The blooey line is
used to conduct the air or gas used for circulation away from the rig to reduce the fire hazard as well
as to transport the cuttings as a suitable distance from the well.

Blowout n: an uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or other well fluids into the atmosphere or into an
underground formation. A blowout may occur when formation pressure exceeds the pressure
applied to it by the column of drilling fluid and rig crew members fail to take steps to contain the
pressure. Before a well blows out, it kicks; thus a kick precedes a blowout.
Blowout Preventer (BOP) n: one of several valves installed at the wellhead to stop (prevent) the
escape of pressure either in the annular space between the casing and the drill pipe or in open hole
(i.e., hole with no drill pipe) during drilling or completion operations. Blowout preventers on land
rigs are normally located beneath the rig at, or slightly below, the lands surface; on jackup or
platform rigs, at the waters surface; and on floating offshore rigs, on the seafloor.
Blowout Preventer Control Panel n: controls, usually located near the drillers position on the
rig floor, that are manipulated to open and close the blowout preventers
Blowout Preventer Rams n pl: the closing and sealing components of a preventer. Corresponds
to the gate in the gate valve
Blowout Preventer (BOP) Stack n: an assembly of blowout preventers placed on top of each
other (stacked one on top of the other), which typically consists of one or two annular preventers
and three, four, or more ram preventers.
BLPD abbr: Barrels of Liquid Per Day; usually used in reference to toal production of oil and
water from a well
BOP abbr: Blowout Preventer
Bottomhole n: the lowest or deepest part of a well. adj: pertaining to the bottom of the wellbore
Bottom Water water in the pores of rock immediately underlying a gas or oil reservoir
Brine n: water that has a large quantity of salt, especially sodium chloride, dissolved in it; salt
water
Bullet Perforator n: a tubular device that, when lowered to a selected depth within a well, fires
bullets through the casing to provide holes through which the formation fluids may enter the
wellbore
Bullheading n: 1. forcing gas back into a formation by pumping into the annulus from the
surface. 2. any pumping procedure in which fluid is pumped into the well against pressure
BW abbr: Barrels of Water (used in drilling reports)
BWPD abbr: Barrels of Water Per Day

Cap a Well v: to control a blowout by placing a very strong valve on the wellhead
Carrier Rig n: a large, specially designed, self-propelled workover rig that is driven directly to
the well site. Power from a carrier rigs hoist engine or engines also propels the rig on the road.
While a carrier rig is primarily intended to perform workovers, it can also be used to drill relatively
shallow wells. A carrier rig may be a back-in type or a drive-in type.
Cased Hole n: a wellbore in which casing has been run
Cased Hole Log n: a wireline log run in a well that already has casing cemented in; Some casedhole logs are gamma ray, compensated neutron, pulsed neutron and carbon/oxygen logs. A casedhole log is in contrast to the more common open-hole logs.
Casing n: steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well to prevent the wall of the hole from cavin in, to
prevent movement of fluids from one formation to another, and to improve the efficience of
extracting petroleum if the well is productive
Casinghead Gas Wet Gas containing liquid hydrocarbons that can be removed from the gas by
reducing the temperature or pressure on the gas with an absorption plant
Casing Pressure the pressure (a) between the casing and tubing when the casing and tubing are
sealed at the top of the well, or (b) between the casing and the drillstring
Casing-Shear Rams n: usually high-capacity shear rams capable of shearing drill collars and
casing strings that are installed below the blink-shear rams in a BOP stack. Casing-Shear Rams can
be used in addition to the blind-shear rams to shear pipe.
Cement Casing v: to fill the annulus between the casing and wall of the hole with cement to
support the casing and prevent fluid migration between permeable zones
CERCLA abbr: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of
1980
Chain Tongs n pl: a hand tool consisting of a handle and chain; used for turning pipe or fittings;
The chain is looped and tightened around the pipe or fitting, and the handle is used to turn the tool
so that the pipe or fitting can be tightened or loosened
Christmas Tree n: the control valves, pressure gauges, and chokes assembled at the tope of a
well to control the flow of oil and gas after the well has been drilled and completed. It is used when
reservoir pressure is sufficient to cause reservoir fluids to flow to the surface
Coiled Tubing n: continuous string of flexible steel tubing, often hundreds or thousands of feet
long, that is wound onto a reel, often dozens of feet in diameter; The reel is an integral part of the
coiled tubing unit, which consists of several devices that ensure the tubing can be safely and
efficiently inserted into the well from the surface. Because tubing can be lowered into a well
without having to make up joints of tubing, running coiled tubing into the well is faster and less
expensive than running conventional tubing.

Company Man On Site representative of the operating company on a well being drilled who is
directly responsible for drilling operations. The company man is either employed by the operating
company or is a self-employed consultant. He oversees the well drilling, orders needed supplies
and services and has an office on the rig where he is on call 24 hours a day. The company man
verbally reports to the operator each morning and works with the toolpusher.
Complete a Well to install the production and treating equipment necessary to produce crude oil
and/or natural gas from a well
Completion a single operation involving the installation of equipment in and on a well, after
drilling and evaluating the well, to bring the well into production from one or more zones.
Completion usually starts with setting a pipe. A well completion can be conventional, in whch the
tubing is run into 4 in or larger casing, or miniaturized. The most common completion
techniques are open hole (barefoot), screen liner uncemented, gravel pack with liner, cemented liner
with perforations, and cemented casing with perforations. Completion can also include well
stimulation and production testing
Completion Fluid the liquid that is kept in the well as it is being completed. A completion fluid
is selected to control subsurface pressures, to minimize any formation damage, to prevent formation
fluids from flowing into the well, and to prevent corrosion of equipment. Completion fluids include
(a) water and oil base mud; (b) treated, produced water (salt water); (c) lease crude oil; (d) refined
oil such as diesel oil; (e) water with 2%-4% KCl; and (f) Nitrogen.
Completion Rig a rig that is a swabbing unit and is also equipped to do minor drilling. The
completion rig is used when the well is near total depth, and the target is ready to be drilled. The
completion rig is used to save money, rather than use a large rig to complete the well
Crater v: (slang) to cave in; to fail; After a violent blowout, the force of the fluids escaping from
the wellbore sometimes blows a large hole in the ground. In this case, the well is said to have
cratered
Crown Block n: an assembly of sheaves mounted on beams at the top of the derrick or mast and
over which the drilling line is reeved
Custodian n: also called a lease operator or pumper

D&A abbr: dry and abandoned
Damage Clause n: the clause in an oil and gas lease that specifies that the lessee will be liable to
the surface owner for damage to growing crops and other listed items
Day Rate n: an hourly or daily contract price the operator agrees to pay for use of rig, crew, and
specified equipment. A day rate contract allows the operator to directly supervise the daily drilling
operations
Daywork Rates n pl: the basis for payment on drilling contracts when footage rates are
suspended (as when the drilling rig is used in taking extra cores, logging, or other activities that
delay actual drilling) or when the contract calls for the entire well to be drilled at daywork rates. In
effect, daywork rates pay the drilling contractor by the hour rather than by the foot.
Derrick n: a large load-bearing structure, usually of bolted construction. In drilling, the standard
derrick has four legs standing at the corners of the substructure and reaching to the crown block.
The substructure is an assembly of heavy beams used to elevate the derrick and provide space to
install blowout preventers, casingheads, and so forth. Because the standard derrick must be
assembled piece by piece, it has largely been replaced by the mast, which can be lowered and raided
without disassembly. (Compare mast)
Derrickhand n: The crew member who handles the upper end of the drill string as it is being
hoisted out of or lowered into the hole. On a drilling rig, he or she is also responsible for the
circulating machinery and the conditioning of the drilling or workover fluid.
Derrickman Also know as Derrickhand
Directional Drilling n: 1. Intentional deviation of a wellbore from the vertical. Although
wellbores are normally drilled vertically, it is sometimes necessary or advantageous to drill at an
angle from the vertical. Controlled directional drilling makes it possible to reach subsurface areas
laterally remote from the point where the bit enters the earth. It often involves the use of deflection
tools. 2. A technique of river crossing in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under the
riverbed at depths much greater than those of conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in
the form of an inverted arc is drilled beneath the river, and the made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Directional Drilling Service Company n: a business that provides directional hole planning,
sophisticated directional tools, and on-site assistance to the oil company operator of a drilling rig.
Directional Drilling Supervisor (AKA Directional Operator) n: an employee of a directional
drilling service company whose main job is to help the driller at a well site keep the wellbore as
close as possible to its planned course.
Directional Hole n: a wellbore intentionally drilled at an angle from the vertical
Disposal Well n: a well into which salt water or spent chemical is pumped, most commonly part
of a saltwater disposal system
DOE abbr: Department of Energy
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DOI abbr: Department of the Interior

DOT abbr: Department of Transporation
DOT abbr: Directional Orientation Tool
Doghouse (1) portable, one-room shed that is used at the drill site to shelter the drilling crew and
wellsite geologist and to store equipment and records. The Geolograph or Drill-o-graph is often
housed in the doghouse. (2) the field shed or cab that houses seismic recording instruments
Doodlebug Crew Seismic Crew
Dope (1) a viscous material such as grease used as a lubricant and a corrosion-resistant covering
on the threads of pipe and tubing (2) a tar-based coating used to prevent corrosion on pipelines
Dope Brush a soft bristled brush that is designed to apply pipe dope to pipe threads
Dosing - the addition of a measured amount of chemicals to accelerate or decelerate a reaction
Drill (1) the mechanism for boring holes in earth including cable-tool and rotary rigs (2) the act of
boring a hole in the earth
Drill Collar n: a heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, placed between the drill pipe and the bit
in the drill stem. Several drill collars are used to provide weight on the bit and to provide a
pendulum effect to the drill stem.
Driller n: the employee directly in charge of a drilling or workover rig and crew. The drillers
main duty is operation of the drilling and hoisting equipment, but this person is also responsible for
downhole condition of the well, operation of downhole tools, and pipe measurements.
Drillers BOP Control Panel n: a series of controls on the rig floor that the driller manipulates to
open and close the blowout preventers
Drillers Console n: a metal cabinet on the rig floor containing the controls that the driller
manipulates to operate various components of the drilling rig.
Drillers Log n: a record that describes each formation encountered and lists the drilling time
relative to depth, usually in 5 to 10 foot intervals.
Drilling Contract n: an agreement made between a drilling company and an operating company
to drill and complete a well. It sets forth the obligation of each party, compensation, identification,
method of drilling, depth to be drilled and so on.
Drilling Contractor n: an individual or group of individuals who own a drilling rig and contract
their services for drilling wells to a certain depth

Drilling Control n: a device that controls the rate of penetration by maintaining a predetermined
constant weight on the bit; Also called an automatic driller or automatic drilling control unit
Drilling Fluid n: circulating fluid, one function of which is to lift cuttings out of the wellbore and
to the surface. It also serves to cool the bit and to counteract downhole formation pressure.
Although a mixture of barite, clay, water and other chemical additives is the most common drilling
fluid, wells can also be drilled by using air, gas, water, or oil-base mud as the drilling mud. Also
called circulating fluid, drilling mud
Drilling Foreman n: the supervisor of drilling or workover operations on a rig; Also called a rig
manager, rig supervisor, rig superintendent or toolpusher
Drowning the flowage of water from the wellbore into an oil formation
Dry Drilling Drilling in which no drilling fluid is circulated back to the surface
Dry Hole n: any well that does not producer oil or gas in commercial quantities. A dry hole may
flow water, gas or even oil, but not in the amounts large enough to justify production.
Dry Hole Clause n: a clause in an oil and gas lease that allows the operator to keep the lease if he
or she drills a dry hole. The operator has a specified period of time in which to drill a subsequent
well or begin paying delay rentals again.
Dry Pipe Drillpipe without drilling mud in it
Dump Oil Crude Oil Shipped in barrels and not a pipeline
Duster a well that did not encounter commercial amounts of oil or gas (dry hole)
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E&P abbr: 1. Exploration and Production 2. Those activities that include subsurface studies,
seismic and geophysical activities, locating underground hydrocarbon deposits, drilling for
hydrocarbon deposits and bringing hydrocarbons to the surface, well completion, and field
processing of hydrocarbons prior to entering the pipeline 3. The upstream end of the petroleum
industry
Elephant a giant Oil or gas field
Enhanced Oil Recovery artificial methods used to recover more oil after primary production by
the natural reservoir drive and possibly waterflooding
Exploration Well n: a well drilled either in search of an as-yet-undiscovered pool of oil or gas (a
wildcat well) or to extend greatly the limits of a know pool. It involves a relatively high degree of
risk. Exploratory wells may be classified as (1) wildcat, drilled in an unproven area; (2) field
extension or step-out, drilled in an unproven area to extend the proved limits of a field; or (3) deep
test, drilled within a field area but to unproven deeper zones.
Explosive Fracturing n: when explosives are used to fracture a formation. At the moment of
detonation, the explosion furnishes a source of high-pressure gas to force fluid into the formation.
The rubble prevents fracture healing, making the use of proppants unnecessary.
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Farmout n: an agreement whereby the owner of a lease who does not wish to drill at the time
agrees to assign the leasehold interest, or some part of it, to a third party who does wish to drill,
conditional on the third partys drilling a well within the expiration date of the primary term of the
lease. The assignment may include the entire interest together with dry hole money, or partial
interest together with dry hole money, or partial interest or entire interest with or without an
override. If an override is retained, the owner of the lease may retain an option to convert such
overriding royalty retained to an agreed-upon working interest. A farmout is distinguished from a
joint operating agreement by the fact that the partner farming out does not incur any of the drilling
costs. The primary characteristic of a farmout is the obligation of the third party to drill one or
more wells on the farmout acreage as a condition prerequisite to the completion of the transfer of
title to such third party.
Farm Out v: for a leasee, to agree to assign a leasehold interest to a third party, subject to
stipulated conditions.
Fingerboard n: a rack that supports the tops of the stands of pipe being stacked in the derrick or
mast. It has several steel fingerlike projections that form a series of slots into which the derrickman
can place a stand of drill pipe after it is pulled out of the hole and removed from the drill string.
Fish n: an object that is left in the wellbore during drilling or workover operations and that must
be recovered before work can proceed. It can be anything from a piece of scrap metal to a part of
the drill stem.
Fish v: 1. to recover from a well any equipment left there during drilling operations, such as a lost
bit or drill collar or part of the drill string. 2. to remove from an older well certain pieces of
equipment (such as packers, liners or screen liner) to allow reconditioning of the well.
Fishing n: The procedure of recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore.
Fishing Tool n: a tool designed to recover equipment lost in a well.
Fishing-Tool Operator n: the person (usually a service company employee) in charge of
directing fishing operations
Footage the depth of a well
Formation Fracturing n: a method of stimulating production by opening new flow channel in the
rock surrounding a production well. Often called a frac job. Under extremely high hydraulic
pressure, a fluid (such as distillate, diesel fuel, crude oil, dilute hydrochloric acid, water, or
kerosene) is pumped downward through production tubing or drill pipe and forced out below a
packer or between two packers. The pressure causes cracks to open in the formation, and the fluid
penetrates the formation through the cracks. Sand grains, aluminum pellets, walnut shells, or
similar materials (propping agents) are carried in suspension by the fluid into the cracks. When the
pressure is released at the surface, the fracturing fluid returns to the well. The cracks partially close
on the pellets, leaving channels for oil to flow around them to the well.
Frac abbr: Fractured or fracturing; used in drilling reports.
12

Frac Fluid n: a fluid used in the fracturing process (i.e., a method of stimulating production by
opening new flow channels in the rock surrounding a production well).
Fracture n: a crack or crevice in a formation, either natural or induced.
Fracture Acidizing n: a procedure by which acid is forced into a formation under pressure high
enough to cause the formation to crack. The acid acts on certain kinds of rocks, usually carbonates,
to increase the permeability of the formation. Also called acid fracturing.
Fracturing Fluid n: a fluid such as water, oil, or acid, used in hydraulic fracturing; The fluid
carries propping agents that hold open the formation cracks after hydraulic pressure dissipates.
13

Gathering Line (1) an oil pipeline that leads from the lease tanks to a central accumulation point
(2) the oil flowline from a well to a central lease or field facility
Gauger a person whose job is to measure the quantity and quality of oil and gas produced on
leaseholds
Gauge Tape reel of measuring tape with a gauge weight on one end; The tape is lowered through
the gauge hatch to measure the level of a liquid in a tank
Geothermal Drilling n: The boring of a well into a subsurface layer of rock that is very hot or
into a rock layer that contains steam or hot water. Once a geothermal well is completed, the heat or
the hot water or steam is used to generate electricity.
Gravel Pack n: a mass of very fine gravel placed around a slotted liner in a well
Gravel-Pack v: to place a slotted or perforated liner in a well and surround it with gravel
Gravel Packing n: a method of well completion in which a slotted or perforated liner, often wirewrapped, is placed in the well and surrounded by gravel. If open hole, the well is sometimes
enlarged by under-reaming at the point where the gravel is packed. The mass of gravel excludes
sand from the wellbore but allows continued production.
Gravel-Pack Packer n: A packer used for the well completion method of gravel packing.
Gun Barrel n: a settling tank used to separate oil and water in the field. After emulsified oil is
heated and treated with chemical, it is pumped into the gun barrel, where the water settles out and is
drawn off, and the clean oil flows out to storage. Gun barrels have largely been replaced by unified
heater-treater equipment, but are still found, especially in older or marginal fields. Also called a
wash tank.
Gun-Perforate v: to create holes in casing and cement set through a productive formation. A
common method of completing a well is to set casing through the oil-bearing formation and cement
it. A perforating gun is then lowered into the hole and fired to detonate high-powered jets or shoot
steel projectiles (bullets) through the casing and cement and into the pay zone. The formation fluids
flow out of the reservoir through the perforations and into the wellbore.
Gun The Pits v: To agitate the drilling fluid in a pit by means of a mud gun, electric mixer or
agitator.
14

Horizontal Drilling n: deviation of the borehole at least 80 from vertical so that the borehole
penetrates a productive formation in a manner parallel to the formation. A single horizontal hole
can effectively drain a reservoir and eliminate the need for several vertical boreholes.
Hydraulic Fracturing n: an operation in which a specially blended liquid is pumped down a well
and into a formation under pressure high enough to cause the formation to crack open, forming
passages through which oil can flow into the wellbore. Sand grains, aluminum pellets, glass beads,
or similar materials are carried in suspension into the fractures. When the pressure is released at the
surface, the fractures partially close on the proppants, leaving channels for oil to flow through to the
well.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) n: a flammable, colorless gaseous compound of hydrogen and sulfur
(H2S), which in small amounts has the odor of rotten eggs. Sometimes found in petroleum, it
causes the foul smell of petroleum fractions. In dangerous concentrations, it is extremely corrosive
and poisonous, causing damage to skin, eyes, breathing passages, and lungs and attacking and
paralyzing the nervous system, particularly that part controlling the lungs and heart. In large
amounts, it deadens the sense of smell. Also called hepatic gas or sulfureted hydrogen.
15

IADC abbr: International Association of Drilling Contractors
Infill Drilling increased-density drilling between producing wells in a field in order to increase
production from a field
Injection Well n: a well through which fluids are injected into an underground stratum to increase
reservoir pressure and to displace oil
Joint n: 1. in drilling, a single length of drill pipe, drill collar, casing, or tubing that has threaded
connections at both ends. Several joints screwed together constitute a stand of pipe.
2. in
pipelining, a single length of pipe. 3. in geology, a crack or fissure produced in a rock by internal
stresses. 4. a sucker rod pumping, a single length of sucker rod that has threaded connection at both
ends.
Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) An agreement between several companies to explore, drill
and develop an area called the working interest area. The joint operating agreement defines how the
cost and revenues are to be shared among the parties and who is to be the operator. The operator
must obtain approval through expenditures through an AFE. The cost estimate could be only for
dry-hole costs but are often for dry-hole and producer costs. All intangible drilling and
development costs are shown in detail.
16

Kelly n: on drilling rigs that do not use a top drive to rotate the bit, a heavy steel tubular device,
four or six-sided, suspended from the swivel through the rotary table and connected to the top joint
of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns. It has a bored passageway that permits
fluid to be circulated into the drill stem and up the annulus, or vice versa.
Kelly Bushing (KB) n: a special device placed around the Kelly that mates with the Kelly flats
and fits into the master bushing of the rotary table. The Kelly bushing is designed so that the Kelly
is free to move up or down through it. The bottom of the bushing may be shaped to fit the opening
in the master bushing or it may have pins that fit into the master bushing. In either case, when the
Kelly bushing is inserted into the master bushing and the master bushing is turned, the Kelly
bushing also turns. Since the Kelly bushing fits onto the Kelly, the Kelly turns, and since the Kelly
is made up to the drill stem, the drill stem turns.
Kelly Cock n: Originally, a term that referred only to the heavy-duty valve made up between the
Kelly and the swivel, which, when closed, kept back-pressure that was flowing up the drill stem
from reaching the swivel and rotary hose. Today, on rigs that use a Kelly and rotary table system to
rotate the drill stem and bit, two Kelly cocks are often employed: one between the Kelly and the
swivel the upper Kelly cock and the other between the Kelly and the first joint of the drill pipe
the lower Kelly cock. The lower Kelly cock is also called a drill stem safety valve because, when
closed and the Kelly is removed from the drill stem, it keeps mud from falling out of the Kelly. In
any case, when a high-pressure backflow occurs inside the drill stem, and the Kelly is made up in
the drill stem, either valve may be closed to keep pressure off the swivel and the rotary hose.
Kelly Driver n: In a rotating head, a device that fits inside the head and inside of which the Kelly
fits. The Kelly driver rotates with the Kelly.
Kick An entry of water, gas, oil or other formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling,
workover, or other operations. It occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of drilling or
other fluid in the wellbore is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in a
formation exposed to the wellbore. If prompt action is not taken to control the kick, or kill the well,
a blowout may occur.
Kick Fluids Oil, gas, water, or any combination that enters the borehole from the permeable
formation.
Kick Intensity A relative measure of the severity of a kick, which is based on the amount that the
mud weight must be increased to control the kick.
Kill In drilling, to control a kick by taking suitable preventative measures (eg, to shut in the well
with the blowout preventers, circulate the kick out, and increase the weight of the drilling mud). (2)
In production, to stop a well from producing oil and gas so that reconditioning of the well can
proceed. Production is stopped by circulating a kill fluid into the hole.
Kill Fluid Mud or other fluid in a wellbore whose weight, or density, creates pressure great
enough to equal or exceed the pressure exerted by formation fluids.
17

Land Department the section in an oil company that monitors the development of leased
properties and supervises the distribution of royalties and other payments
Landman A person in the petroleum industry who negotiates with landowners for oil and gas
leases, options, minerals, and royalties and with producers for joint operations relative to production
in a field. Also called leaseman
Land Rig Any drilling rig that is located on dry land
Lease (1) A legal document executed between a landowner, as lessor and a company individual,
as lessee, that grants the right to exploit the premises for minerals or other products; the instrument
that creates a leasehold or working interest in minerals. (2) The area where production wells, stock
tanks, separators, LACT units, and other production equipment are located.
Lease Operator The oil company employee who attends to producing wells. He or she attends to
any number of wells, ensures steady production, prepares reports, tests, gauges, and so forth. Also
called a custodian, pumper, or switcher.
Lease Superintendent The oil company employee who supervises one or more lease operators.
Log A Well To run any of the various logs used to ascertain downhole information about a well.
Logging Devices Any of several electrical, acoustical, mechanical, or radioactivity devices that
are used to measure and record certain characteristics or events that occur in a well that has been or
is being drilled.
Logging While Drilling (LWD) Logging measurements obtained by measurement-while-drilling
techniques as the well is being drilled.
Lost Circulation The quantities of whole mud lost to a formation, usually in cavernous, fissured,
or coarsely permeable beds. Evidenced by the complete or partial failure of the mud to return to the
surface as it is being circulated in the hole. Lost circulation can lead to a blowout and, in general,
can reduce the efficiency of the drilling operation. Also called Lost Returns.
Lost Hole A well that cannot be drilled further or produced because of a blowout, unsuccessful
fishing job, and so forth.
Lost Pipe Drill pipe, drill collars, tubing, or casing that has become separated in the hole from the
part of the pipe reaching the surface, necessitating its removal before normal operations can
proceed; i.e., a fish.
18

Measured Depth (MD) The total length of the wellbore, measured in feet along its actual course
through the earth. Measured depth can differ from true vertical depth, especially in directionally
drilled wellbores.
Measurement While Drilling (MWD) (1) Directional and other surveying during routine drilling
operations to determine the angle and direction by which the wellbore deviates from the vertical. (2)
Any system of measuring downhole conditions during routine drilling operations.
Measurement-While-Drilling System A system in which downhole conditions are monitored
during the drilling of a well
Mill Out To use a mill on the end of a work string to remove a permanent tool or fish.
Mineral (1) A naturally occurring inorganic crystalline element or compound with a definite
chemical composition and characteristic physical properties such as crystal shape, melting point,
color and hardness. Most minerals found in rocks are not pure. (2) Broadly, a naturally occurring
homogeneous substance that is obtains from the ground for human use (e.g., stone, coal, salt, sulfur,
sand, petroleum, water, natural gas)
Mineral Owner Owner of the rights and interests in a mineral estate (where interests in a landed
estate have been severed).
Mineral Rights The rights of ownership, conveyed by deed, of gas, oil and other minerals
beneath the surface of the earth. In the United States, mineral rights are the property of the surface
owner unless disposed of separately.
Mobile Rig A drilling Rig mounted on a truck-type vehicle that was designed for moving the rig.
They are used for relatively shallow wells
Monkeyboard The derrickhands working platform. As pipe or tubing is run into or out of the
hole, the Derrickhand must handle the top end of the pipe, which may be as high as 90 or higher in
the derrick or mast. The monkeyboard provides a small platform to raise the Derrickhand to the
proper height for handling the top of the pipe.
Motorhand The crew member on a rotary drilling rig, usually the most experienced rotary helper,
who is responsible for the care and operation of drilling engines. Also called motorman.
Mousehole An opening in the rig floor, usually lined with pipe, into which a length of drill pipe is
placed temporarily for later connection of the drill string.
Mousehole Connection The procedure of adding a length of drill pipe or tubing to the active
string. The length to be added is placed in the mousehole, made up to the Kelly, then pulled out of
the mousehole and subsequently made up into the string.
Move In the transportation of a drilling rig onto a well location before rigging up
Move Out the transportation of a drilling rig off the well site after rigging down
19

Mud The liquid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling and workover operations.
In addition to its function of bringing cuttings to the surface, drilling mud colls and lubricates the bit
and the drill stem, protects against blowouts by holding back subsurface pressures, and deposits a
mud cake on the wall of the borehole to prevent loss of fluids to the formation. Although it
originally was a suspension of earth solids (especially clays) in water, the mud used in modern
drilling operations is a more complex, three-phase mixture of liquids, reactive solids, and inert
solids. The liquid phase may be fresh water, diesel oil, or crude oil and many contain one or more
conditioners.
Mud Acid A mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids and surfactants used to remove wall
cake from the wellbore.
Mud Additive Any material added to drilling fluid to change some of its characteristics or
properties.
Mud Analysis Logging A continuous examination of the drilling fluid circulating in the wellbore
for the purpose of discovering evidence of oil or gas regardless of the quantities entrained in the
fluid. When this service is utilized, a portable mud logging laboratory is set up at the well. Also
called mud logging
Mud Box A hinged, cylindrical metal device placed around a joint of pipe as it is being broken
out during a trip out of the hole. It keeps mud from splashing beyond the immediate area. Also
called mother hubbard, mud saver, splash box, or wet box.
Mud Circulation the process of pumping mud downward to the bit and back up to the surface in
a drilling or workover operations
Mud Column The borehole when it is filled or partially filled with drilling mud
Mud Duck Drilling Mud probe that monitors H2S and ph
Mud-Gas Separator A device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a well when a kick
is being circulated out or when the well is being drilled underbalanced and gas must be removed
from the liquid part of the drilling fluid
Mud Hose Also called Kelly hose or rotary hose.
Mud Engineer An employee of a service company, drilling contractor or operator on a drilling
rig who is in charge of the drilling mud. The mud engineer prepares, tests and adjusts or conditions
the drilling mud as the well is drilled. A drilling-fluid engineer works with drilling mud and other
drilling fluids such as air, natural gas and foam. Also known as a Mud Man.
Mud Pit Originally, an open pit dug in the ground to hold drilling fluid or waste materials
discarded after the treatment of drilling mud. Today, a mud pit is a steel rectangular tank, usually
open at the top, in which drilling fluid is placed on the rig. Several mud pits are used and are named
according to their use in the circulating system. For example, the mud pump takes in mud from a
suction pit, sediments in the mud fall out in a settling pit, and mud is stored in a storage pit.
Although mud pits are steel tanks, they are often referred to as pits. However, mud tanks is the
preferred terminology.
20
Mud Return Line A trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore
and the shale shaker and through which drilling mud flows on its return to the surface from the hole.
Also called a flow line
Mud Tank One of a series of open tanks, usually made of steel plate, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to remove sand and fine sediments. Additives are mixed with the mud in the tanks,
and the fluid is temporarily is temporarily stored there before being pumped back into the well.
Modern rotary drilling rigs are generally provided with three or more tanks, fitted with built-in
piping, valves, and mud agitators. Also called mud pits.
Mud Weight A measure of the density of a drilling fluid often expressed as a weight per unit
volume, such as pounds per gallon, pound per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic metre. Mud
weight is directly related to the amount of pressure the column of drilling mud exerts at the bottom
of the hole.
21

Natural Completion A well completion with no stimulation such as fracing or acidizing in
contrast to a stimulated completion
Natural Flow the flow of formation fluids out of a well without artificial lift. The reservoir
pressure is enough to lift the fluids to the surface.
Natural Gas - A mixture of light hydrocarbons ranging from C1 to C4 that occur as a gas under
standard pressure and temperature conditions of 1 atm and 60oF. Natural gas is primarily methane
gas (CH4) with no or lesser amounts of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10) gases.
Natural Well A well that flows without any well stimulation such as acidizing or fracing
22

Off Production A well that is temporarily not producing
Open Hole Completion A type of well completion in which the well is drilled to the top of the
producing formation and casing is cemented. The producing formation is then drilled. An open
hole completion is used primarily with hard producing formations such as sandstones, limestones,
and dolomites.
Operating Agreement A contract between working interest owners of a gas or oil well that
established the conditions for drilling, developing, operating and accounting for that well
Operating Clause A provision commonly found in oil and gas leases that provides for the
continuation of the lease as long as gas and oil development is occurring on the lease. Variations of
the clause include well completion and continuous operating clauses.
Operating Company The company that is responsible for maintaining the wells and producing
the petroleum
Operating Expense The direct operating costs plus district overhead plus employee benefits for a
specific producing property
Operating Interest (1) money left from gas and oil production after operating and developing
costs and all nonworking interests such as royalty, overriding royalty, and production payment
interests have been subtracted. Some types of operating interests include carried, reversionary,
individual, disproportionate and checkerboard. (Working Interest) 2) The exclusive rights granted
in an oil and gas lease to explore for, develop and product oil and gas from land. Operating Interest
also includes the full costs of those Operations.
Operator A party that holds all or a part of the working interest on a lease and has been
designated as manager for exploration, drilling, and/or production on that lease. The operator is the
party that is responsible for (a) initiating and supervising the drilling and completion of a well
and/or (b) maintaining the producing well or wells.
Operators Agreement a contract made by the working-interest owners in a pooling or
unitization agreement that defines the rights and obligation of the unit operator and the other parties
Orphan Well a well that has been abandoned but not plugged
23

P&A Plug and Abandoned
Pad the surface area on which the drilling rig sits
Participating Interest the proportion or percentage that a certain party has in the total working
interest in a unit operating agreement, leasehold or well
Pay Formation the formation in a well that produces commercial amounts of gas and/or oil
Pay Zone the vertical extent of the reservoir producing gas and/or oil in a well
Perforate to shoot holes or perforations in casing or liner, cement and producing formation to
complete or recomplete a well
Petroleum Engineer (PE) a professional trained in the drilling, completion and production of oil
and gas. Types of petroleum engineers include: drilling, completion, and reservoir engineers
Petroleum Rock any porous rock, such as sandstone, limestone or dolomite, in which gas or oil
can be found
PLM Petroleum Land Management
Plug (1) to place cement in a well and/or a metal plate over it to abandon the well (2) cement
filling an area of the well; Plugs are used primarily for well abandonment, plugback and deviation
Plug a Well the sealing of a well usually with cement in order to prevent fluids from flowing
from one subsurface strata to another or to the surface in the well
Plug and Abandoned (P&A) to place a surface cement plug in a dry or depleted well. Cement
plugs are required at specific depths in the well by law to prevent pollution of fresh water
reservoirs. Usually the top 100 ft of the well is cemented and the casing is cut to six feet below
ground level
Plugged and Suspended (P&S) the state of a well that has been temporarily abandoned with a
bridge plug but can be reopened
Power Tongs mechanical wrench used on the floor of a drilling rig to make up and break out
joints of drillpipe, casing and tubing as it grips the tubular.
Produced Water Water that is produced from a well along with oil and gas; The subsurface water
associated with gas and oil reservoirs is called oilfield brine. The waters are often described by
their dissolved salts in both concentration, usually in parts per million and chemical composition.
Proppants small, well-sorted grains that are hard and granular or spherical shaped. Proppants are
suspended in a liquid (frac fluid) and pumped down a well during a frac job to hold the fractures
open when the frac fluid is flowed back
Pumper the person employed to operate the equipment such as pumpers, separators and stock
tanks on a lease. The pumper is responsible for accurately recording the amounts of oil sold. The
pumper can also be assigned to make minor repairs and maintenance on the equipment, gauge the
oil in stock tanks, test the wells and make reports
24
Pumping Well an oil well in which the oil is lifted to the surface by artificial methods in contrast
to a flowing well
Pumpjack a surface pumping unit that is not operated by its own power unit; Several pump jacks
are operated by a central power unit using rods or cables
25

Relief Valve A valve that is designed to open when the pressure on a liquid or gas reaches a
specific level; The relief valve is used to prevent excessive pressure buildup.
Relief Well A well that is drilled to stop a wild well blowing out of control; The relief well is a
directional well drilled at a safe distance from the wild well. A straight kick is used for most relief
wells but some are S-shaped. The relief well approaches the wild well in the subsurface near the
bottom or top of the well and is used to pump control fluids directly or indirectly into the wild well
annulus. A relief well is used when a surface kill is not possible. The wild well is then cleaned out
and either a cement plug is set for abandoning or casing is set. (killer well)
Reserve Pit an excavation with earthen banks that covers about 100 ft3 near a drilling rig; The
reserve pit is a waste pit that holds discarded drilling mud and well cuttings. The shale slide carries
well cuttings into the reserve pit. Drilling mud in the reserved pit can be used in emergencies.
Reservoir Engineer A petroleum engineer who oversees the overall production from a field and
coordinates pressure maintenance, waterflood, and enhanced oil recovery
Rework a general term for any operation on a completed well that is designed to maintain,
restore, or improve production from a reservoir that is currently producing. Reworking can include
well stimulation but excludes routine repair and maintenance that is generally covered under well
servicing. Sand cleanout, removal of scale or paraffin buildup, acidizing and facing, deeping, and
plugging back are common reworking procedures and are often don with a workover rig
Reworking Clause a provision in an oil and gas lease that allows the lease to be extended without
production during periods of workover on the well
Rheology the science of flowing fluids and their change of shape; Circulating drilling mud is an
important aspect of rheology
Rig Builder a person who assembles the derrick on a drilling rig
Rig Floor the elevated platform on a drilling rig on which the derrick sits. The rig floor is
supported by the substructure. The rotary table, drawworks, drillers console, and other equipment
are located on the floor, and the well is located in the center. The rig floor is where the drilling
operations occur.
Rigging Down to dismantle the drilling or workover rig right after drilling or servicing the well
Rigging Up the erection of a drilling or workover rig for drilling or servicing a well
Rig Jack one of three or four hydraulic jacks that are used to raise each a corner and level the
drilling rig
Rig Mechanic a crew member who is responsible for maintaining the rigs machinery
Rig Set-Off removing the rig from a well that has just been drilled so that the well can be
completed
26

Rotary Table a rotating steel-alloy platform that transfers motion to the Kelly through the master
and Kelly busing on a drilling rig; The rotary table sits on ball or tapered roller bearings in an oil
bath on the drill floor and is supported by beams, posts and braces.
Roughneck a junior member of a drilling crew, an assistant to the driller, who works on the floor
on a drilling rig. The roughnecks set the slips, manipulate the tongs, latch and unlatch the elevators,
and handle other equipment on the drill floor. Two to four roughnecks are commonly used on each
tour
Round Trip Pulling out (tripping out) and then putting in (tripping in) drillstring or tubing in a
well
Roustabout (1) general laborer on producing wells and well-service units. A head roustabout or
gang pusher is responsible for the supervision and training of roustabout crews (2) a general laborer
used with a drilling rig to maintain the area and unload supplies
27

Sack Room - a storage room near the mud pumps on a drilling rig that contains dry drilling mud
and additives
Saltwater Disposal Well an injection well used to dispose of the oilfield brine (salt water) that is
often produced with oil
Scout an employee of an oil company who gathers information in the field on leasing, exploration
and drilling activities of other companies. Scouts can also be independents and sell their
information.
Service Company a company that specializes in some aspects of drilling, completing or working
over wells. The service company can log the well, cement it or perforate it along with many other
possible services
Service Tools downhole equipment supplied by service companies for use during the drilling,
evaluation, completion or workover of wells
28

Well A hole made by the drilling bit, which can be open, cased, or both. Also called a borehole,
hole or wellbore.
Wellbore A borehole; the hole drilled by the bit. A wellbore may have casing in it or it may be
open (uncased); or part of it may be open. Also called a borehole or hole.
Well Completion (1) The activities and methods of preparing a well for the production of oil and
gas or for other purposes, such as injection; the method by which one or more flow paths for
hydrocarbons are established between the reservoir and the surface. (2) The system of tubulars,
packers, and other tools installed beneath the wellhead in the production casing; that is, the tool
assembly that provides the hydrocarbon flow path or paths.
Well Control the methods used to control a kick and prevent a well from blowing out. Such
techniques include, but are not limited to, keeping the borehole completely filled with drilling mud
of the proper weight or density during all operation, exercising reasonable care when tripping pipe
out of the hole to prevent swabbing, and keeping careful track of the amount of mud put into the
hole to replace the volume of pipe removed from the hole during a trip.
Well-Control Equipment An assembly of several components, such as ram preventers, annular
preventers, a choke and kill system, trip tanks, and mud-gas separators. On offshore floating rigs,
well-control equipment also includes a marine riser system and diverter system.
Wellhead The equipment installed at the top of the wellbore. A wellhead includes such
equipment as casinghead and tubing head. Adj. pertaining to the wellhead (e.g., wellhead pressure)
Well Logging The recording of information about subsurface geologic formations, including
records kept by the driller and records of mud and cutting analyses, core analysis, drill stem tests,
and electric, acoustic, and radioactivity procedures.
Well Service and Workover Contractor A company specializes in offshore well repair.
Well Servicing The maintenance work performed on an oil and gas well to improve or maintain
the production from a formation already producing. It usually involves repairs to the pump, rods,
gas-lift valves, tubing, packers and so forth.
Well-Servicing Rig A portable rig, truck-mounted, trailer-mounted, or a carrier rig, consisting of

a hoist and engine with a self-erecting mast
29

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Whats at the Site?

1. Crown Block and Water Table

10. Blowout Preventer

Operational: Terms & Definitions

Energy Symposium - Worm Session

16. Mud Pumps

Operational: Terms & Definitions

Energy Symposium - Worm Session

Additional Rig Components

44. Kelly Bushing

Testing the Well: Sample/Lithologic Log

Operational: Terms & Definitions

Energy Symposium - Worm Session

Casing the Well

Operational: Terms & Definitions

Energy Symposium - Worm Session

Tubing & Tubing Head with Casing Head

Perforating the Wellbore

Lower Gun Downhole via Wireline

Resource Flow into Wellbore

Operational: Terms & Definitions

Energy Symposium - Worm Session

Well Stimulation Hydraulic Fracturing

Operational: Terms & Definitions

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Energy Symposium Worm Session

DOI abbr: Department of the Interior

Energy Symposium Worm Session

Session 1. Terms & Definitions - Student Handout Incl. Appen

Session 1. Terms & Definitions - Student Handout Incl. Appen