Reversible Agar

Material

Elastic IM

Irreversible Alginate

Elastic IM

purpose

Material
Na, K alginate

15-20%

Basis of the gel

Ca sulfate dihydrate

14-20%

Creates irreversible gel with alginate

Potassium sulfate

10%

ensures set of gypsum

Trisodium sulfate

2%

Retarder to control setting

Diatomaceous earth

55-60%

Filler to increase STIFFNESS and strength

Agar
(seaweed
extract)

1215%

Colloidal particles as basis of the gel

Potassium
sulfate

1%

Ensures set of gypsum materials

Borax

0.2%

Strengthens gel

Alkyl
benzoate

0.1%

Antifungal agent

water

85%

Dispersing medium for the colloidal

suspension

Flows well and adapts readily to hard and soft tissue contours
Accurate reproduction (hydrophilic nature), however,
Poured immediately.
stored in 100% humidity for short period of time if not poured immediately
Distortion is more likely to occur if impression not poured within an hour.
Tear strength is not high.
If compressed it might rebound if compression is not too sever otherwise
deformation occurs.
Material suffers from loss or gain of water:
1.
Syneresis: a process by which the gel contracts and some of the liquid is
squeezed out, forming an exudate on the surface.
2.
Evaporation: loss of water which causes the material to shrink, and
impression is distorted.
3.
Imbibition: uptake of water, this will swell and distort the impression.

Impression making ALGINATE

1.
Fluff powder, wait 30 seconds for the dust to settle
2.
Measure powder and water according to manufacturer instruction
3.
Use spatula to stir water into powder to mix
4.
Stir vigorously to create homogenous mix (45 seconds for regular, 30
seconds for fast setting alginate)
Criteria for acceptable alginate impression
1.
All teeth and relevant soft tissue recorded
2.
No large voids
3.
Free of debris
4.
No distortion
5.
Alginate firmly attached to tray

Troubleshooting alginate impression

-buku page 207

Glycols

purpose

To keep powder from becoming airborne

Inexpensive
Easy to manipulate
Requires no special equipment
Reasonably accurate LOW SURFACE DETAIL
Common uses:
1.
Diagnostic cast (study model)
2.
Preliminary impression for complete denture
3.
Partial denture framework
4.
Custom trays for fluoride or bleaching
Setting rxn occurs when the powder is mixed with water:
Ca sulfate dihydrate + NaAlginate Ca alginate
Working time: total time from start of mixing to the final time at which an impression tray can be
fully seated without distortion
Regular set: 2-3 minutes
Fast-set: 1.25-2 minutes
Setting time: elapsed time from the start of mixing until impression material becomes firm enough
to resist permanent deformation.
Regular set: 2-5 minutes, Fast set: 1-2 minutes
Setting rxn/working time
1. Controlling water temperature shortens or lengthens setting time
2. Changing P:L has adverse effect on materials property and strength
3. Allow extra 1-2 minutes, tear strength increases, and rebound from undercuts without
deformation improves
Important considerations to ensure accurate impression
1. 2-4 mm bulk material in tray
2. Snap action removal from mouth
3. Allow extra 1-2 minutes after setting to improve tear strength
4. Stored in a moist environment to avoid loss of water and deformation
5. Disinfect in less than 10 minutes to avoid dimensional instability

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Elastic IM

Elastomers

called rubber materials

Clinical uses:
1.
Bridges
2.
Implants
3.
Partial dentures complete dentures
4.
Indirect esthetic restorations
Polymerization reaction

POLYSULFIDES

CONDENSATION SILICON

Composition:

base and catalyst=equal lengths are mixed.

Light/regular/heavy viscosities

Chemical composition of base:

80% LMW organic polymer containing

mercaptan reactive groups (-SH)

20% reinforcing agents: titanium dioxide,

silica, zinc sulfide

Chemical composition of catalyst:

Lead dioxide or copper hydroxide

Setting reaction
Mercaptan + lead dioxide polysulfide+H2O

sensitive to temperature &moisture

increase in any will accelerate the setting.

Also sensitive to correct mixing ratio

Uses
1.
2.

Crown and bridge impressions

Partial and complete denture impressions

Clinical considerations when used

1.
Used with custom trays
2.
Allow 2mm thickness
3.
Use tray adhesive
4.
Dry field
Properties of clinical interest
1.
Setting time: 8-14 minutes
2.
Higher tear strength than hydrocolloids
3.
Accuracy improves if poured within 30 minutes
4.
unpleasant taste and odor
5.
Messy (orange solvent to remove stains)
6.
Can be irritant to oral mucosa
For all these reasons, Polysulfides have been largely
replaced by other rubber materials

General properties:
1.Not as sensitive to water as hydrocolloids
2.Rebound:
[addition silicon and polyethers] >
condensation silicon > Polysulfides
3.(hydrophobic) & solution: surfactants

[silicon rubber]

Has more desirable qualities in comparison:

1.
Easy mix
2.
Better taste and odorless
3.
Shorter setting time (5-7 minutes)
Composition:

Light/medium/heavy viscosity

Base: dimethylsiloxane + filler (silica)

Catalyst: stannous octoate + alkyl silicate

Condensation reaction produces ethyl alcohol (evaporates)=Dimensionally instable

continues to contract=poured within minutes

ADDITION SILICON (PVS)

[silicon rubber]

POLYETHERS

Desirable clinical qualities:

Dimensional stability

Accuracy

Clean , Easy to mix, No foul odor or taste

the most expensive

Composition:

Light/regular/heavy viscosities & putty

cartridge with 2 chambers (pastes), or two putty- system

Base: LMW silicon with vinyl groups (paste system)

or LMW silicon with silane hydrogens (putty) + silica filler

Catalyst: chloroplatinic acid

Composition:

Base: LMW polyether with cation

reactive group

Catalyst: aromatic sulfonic acid

*clinical tip: mix well to avoid irritation from
unmixed catalyst.

Polymerization produce stable silicon rubber

No ethyl-alcohol by product

Some produce hydrogen as by product solution=palladium powder

absorbs hydrogen

setting time: 3-7 minutes

Putty/wash technique = One step/Two step

Stiff, difficult to remove from undercuts

Short working and setting times
Setting time 3-5 minutes
Sensitive to moisture and temperature
More hydrophilic (must not be stored in water or
disinfectant)
Accurate (crown & bridge)

Clinical
1.
2.
3.

crown and bridge work

Because very accurate & more hydrophilic
than other silicons
supplied in pouches of base and catalyst placed
in mechanical mixer.

use
Crown and bridge work
Bite registration (rapid setting 1-2 minutes)
Indirect composite inlays (silicon die technique)
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Inelastic Impression Materials

IMPRESSION COMPOUND
softens with heat, hardens in the mouth.

IMPRESSION PLASTER

seldom used

Clinical uses
1.
Sheets:

Primary impression in metal trays

To make custom trays

2.
Sticks for border molding

Composed of plaster gypsum (Ca hemihydrae)

Used for primary impression (high P:L)
Scored with a knife in the mouth then removed and
reassembled in the lab (distortion)

Composition
1.
Thermoplastic resin and waxes2.
Fillers to reduce flow-stronger
3.
Plasticizers-les fluid/easy manipulate
4.
Organic acids or oils less brittle
5.
Pigments-colours

Wash impression
Easy to use
inexpensive

Properties
1.
Softened at 60C, remains plastic at 45C, firm at 37C
2.
Heated in water not by flame
3.
Should be poured ASAP to avoid distortion

IMPRESSION WAX
Clinical uses
1. Preliminary impression for edentulous patients
2. Bite registration
3. Baseplate wax used to be used for provisional crown and bridge work
4. Melted to correct voids in gypsum casts

ZINC OXIDE EUGENOLE (ZOE)

Secondary impression
complete dentures or wash impression (mucostatic impression)
Composition
Two tube paste system, different colors
1. Zinc oxide (80%), oil (15%) & inert fillers (5%)
2. Eugenol (15%), oils (65%), resins, filler & accelerator (zinc acetate or magnesium chloride )
Dispensed in 2 equal lengths and mixed to homogenous color forming ZINC EUGENOLATE
Initial set: 3-6 minutes
final set:10 minutes
To accelerate:
a drop of water or zinc acetate is added.
Properties
1. Brittle-not suitable for undercut
2. Flows readily
3. Accurate
4. Eugenol can be irritant (burning sensation)
5. Once set, dimensionally stable

DISINFECTING IMPRESSIONS
1.
2.

3.
4.

should be compatible
After taking the impression
1. it should be rinsed with water, excess water shaken
off, and disinfectant sprayed (2 disadvantages)
2. or impression immersed in disinfectant
Protective gloves should be worn
Rinse after disinfection is complete

DISINFECTING CASTS
1.
2.

3.

Maybe necessary if impression was not properly disinfected, or

if immersion of impression adversely affects the impression
Casts should be set and stored for 24 hours before
disinfection.
Solution used
Na hypochlorite
Iodophors

STERILIZING TRAYS
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