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Documente Cultură
Soil
Arid
Area
Resource
Salt,
Laterite
Alluvial
Black
Forest cover 19.39%, way below 33% mark of National forest policy
Enrichment plantation single commercially valuable specie is extensively
planted leading to other being eliminated. Done by Colonial masters,.. eg:
Teak Monoculture
Biological loss marginalizes the community dependent on forest resources
Nehru called the Multipurpose dams as Temples of Modern India
-ve of Dams
Affect natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation
Rockier stream beds and poorer habitat for aquatic life
Sedimentation also means that flood plains are deprived of silt, causing land
degradation
Irrigation Salinization of soil
TN is the 1st and only state that has made roof top rainwater harvesting
structure compulsory
SEASON
SOW
HARVEST
CROPS
RABI
Winter- Oct to Dec
April to june
Wheat, barley,
peas, gram and
mustard
AREAS
Punjab, Haryana,
west UP
KHARIFF
Onset of Monsoon
Sept Oct
Paddy, maize,
jowar, bajra,
cotton, jute,
groundnut and
soyabean
Assam, WB,
Coastal Orissa, AP,
TN, Kerala and
MH, UP and Bihar
ZAID
Watermelon,
muskmelon,
cucumber and
vegetables
Pulses are mostly grown in Rotation with other crops, helps in fixing of
nitrogen
Sugarcane
Tropical + Sub
tropical, hot and
2nd largest
producer after
Oil Seeds
TEA (plantation)
humid conditions
Groundnut,
mustard, coconut,
soyabean, castor
seed
Tropical + Sub
tropical, well
drained soil, rich
in humus
COFFEE
RUBBER
COTTON
JUTE
Equatorial crop,
Moist humid
climate, temp. >
25, Rains >
200cm
High temp, light
rainfall, KHARIFF
Crop
Well drained
fertile soil, high
temp
For groundnut :
TN, AP , KTK, GJ,
MH
Assam, WB, TN,
Krl, HP, UK, AP,
MGHL, TRIPURA
Nilgiri in KNTK,
KRLA, TN
KRLA, TN, KTK,
Andaman/Nicobar,
Garo Hills MGHL
Brazil
Largest producer
Labour intensive
5th in Natural
rubber producers
IRON ore
Mangane
se
COPPER
COAL
Used in Manufacturing of
steel, paints, bleaching
powder
used in electrical cables,
electronics and chemical
industries
Peat Low carbon/Moisture
high
Lignite- Low
grade,soft,high moist
Nagalaind
PETROLE
UM
NATURAL
GAS
NULCEAR
SOLAR
WIND
Anthracite highest
quality
Photovotaic energy
converts sunglight directly
into electricity
TIDAL
INDUSTRIES
Factors for industrial location : raw material, labour, capital, power and
market
Sugar industry in MH, coir industry in kerala eg. Of cooperative industries
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
2nd largest employment generation after agri, 14% contribution to industrial
sector, 4% of GDP
Completely self reliant from raw material
COTTON TEXTILE :
Fibre
spinning
weaving
dyeing/finishing
garmets
India competitive in spinning and yarn making, not in weaving, so most of
fabric exported
Yarn trade 25% of world, garments trade only 4%
Weaving/processing sector 90% decentralized
JUTE MILLS
Largest jute producer and 2nd largest exporter
Major all mills in Bengal/ Hugli river : raw material, inexpensive water
transport, good rail network, abundant water for processing jute, cheap
labour
SUGAR
2nd largest producer
Raw material is bulky and in transit its sucrose content reduces hence
major sugar mills in UP,BH,MH,KNTK,AP,GJ along with PNJB,HAR,MP
Due to seasonal nature of industry, majorly cooperatives better
Tendency to shift in South and western states :
1. Higher sucrose content in cane
2. Cooler climate ensures longer crushing season
3. Cooperatives are more successful in these states
HINDRANCES
High cost and limited availability of coking coal
Lower labour productivity
Irregular energy
Poor infra
ALUMINIUM SMELTING
2 types
1. Inorganic sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda ash industry is wide
spread
2. Organic petrochemicals used for synthetic fibre, rubber etc plants
are located near Oil refineries
3% of GDP contribution
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
CEMENT
Requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and
gypsum
Coal and electric power needed for transportation
Strategic location of Gujarat access to Gulf markets
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989, helped the industry grow
AUTOMOBILE