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WORKSHOP PRACTICE
(3320902)
LABORATORY MANUAL
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1-1
EXPERIMENT :
Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws
Objective:
Verify Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) using mesh
and nodal analysis of the given circuit.
Equipment:
BREAD BOARD
Resistors.( 1 K (2) ,1.2 K (2), 2.4 K)
Theory:
1. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any
closed path (loop or mesh) is zero.
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law to the first and the second loops in the circuit
shown in Figure 1 yields:
Loop 1:
Loop 2:
(1a)
(1b)
Figur
e1
2. Kirchhoffs Current Law states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node is
zero. Applying Kirchhoffs current law to the first four nodes in the circuit
shown in
Figure1 yields the following equations;
Node a:
Node b:
Node c:
Node d:
-Is + I1 = 0
-I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
-I3 + I4 = 0
-I2 - I4 + I5 = 0
(2a)
(2b)
(2c)
(2d)
Procedure:
1-3
Branch
current/voltage
V [volts ]
I [mA]
R [K]
V1, I1
V2, I2
V3, I3
V4, I4
V5, I5
Vs, Is
5. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b.
6. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d.
1. Theoretically calculate the voltages and currents for each element in the circuit
and compare them to the measured values.
2. Compute the percentage error in the two measurements and provide a brief
explanation for the error.
OBJECTIVE
To calculate the voltages and currents in series
and parallel DC circuits
1.1.2
DISCUSSION
1-5
1.1.4
PROCEDURE
Using the above rules calculate the voltage and current values listed for each
of the following circuits. Show calculations as necessary.
A) 2 SERIES RESISTORS
Vs =
90
Volts
V1 = _______ Volts
V2 = _______ Volts
Is =
_______ Amps
I1 =
_______ Amps
I2 =
_______ Amps
B) 3 SERIES RESISTORS
V2 = 30 Volts
______ Volts
I2 = ______ Amps
______ Volts
V3 =
Vs =
I1 = ______ Amps
Is = ______ Amps
V1 = ______ Volts
C) 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS
1-7
I1 =
0.2
______ Amps
Amps
I2 =
V1 = ______ Volts
______ Amps
I3 =
V2 = ______ Volts
______ Amps
Is =
V3 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
D) COMPLEX CIRCUIT
I3 =
0.2
_____ Volts
Amps
V3 = ______ Volts
Volts
V2 = ______ Volts
I2 =
______ Amps
V1 =
Vs = _____
Is =
1.1.5
______ Amps
CONCLUSIONS
1) If the power supply voltage in the first circuit (1.1.4 A) were doubled,
what would happen to the other voltages and currents in the circuit?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________
If the polarity of the voltage in the first circuit was reversed, what would
happen to the other voltages and polarities in the circuit?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
1-9
_____________________________________________________________
_________
1.2.1
OBJECTIVE
1.2.2
DISCUSSION
In circuits there are junction points (nodes) where wires meet and are joined
together. According to Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) the sum of all currents at
the node equals zero. In other words, the sum of all currents entering the
node is equal to the sum of all currents exiting the node. The physical reason
behind this is that energy cannot be stored in the node, so all electrons
arriving at the junction must quickly leave. The following procedures attempt
to verify KCL.
1.2.3
EMS 8821
EMS 8311
EMS 8412
Connection Leads
EMS 8941
1.2.4
--
PROCEDURE
CAUTION! High voltages are present in this Experiment. DO NOT make any
connections with the power supply ON. Get in the habit of turning OFF the
power supply after every measurement.
The circuits for the following procedures are identical to those used in Section
1.1 DC CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS above. For each circuit, perform each of
the following:
1) Enter your CALCULATED values from section 1.1 in the spaces provided
for each procedure.
2) Wire each circuit using the equipment listed in 1.2.3 above, being careful
to observe the CORRECT metering polarities. The built-in voltmeter in the
EMS 8821 unit will be used to measure supply voltage. Always make sure
the supply switch is OFF and the output control knob is turned fully
counterclockwise (0 Volts) when making connections.
3) Turn on the power supply and slowly turn the voltage control clockwise
until the voltmeter on the DC power supply indicates the required voltage.
111
A) 2 SERIES RESISTORS
Calculated
Values
Vs =
90
Experimental
Values
Volts
Vs = _______ Volts
V1 = _______
Volts
V1 = _______
Volts
V2 = _______ Volts
V2 = _______ Volts
Is =
_______ Amps
Is = _______
Amps
I1 =
_______ Amps
I1 =
_______
Amps
I2 =
_______ Amps
I2 = _______
Amps
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
B) 3 SERIES RESISTORS
Calculated
Values
Experimental
Values
V2 =
V2 = ______ Volts
30 Volts
I2 = ______ Amps
I2 = ______ Amps
I1 = ______
Amps
I1 = _NA__ Amps
Is = ______
Amps
Is = ______
Amps
V1 = ______ Volts
V1 = ______ Volts
V3 = ______ Volts
113
V3 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
C) 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS
Experimental
Values
Calculated
Values
I1 =
0.2
Amps
V1 = ______ Volts
I1 = _______
Amps
V1 = __NA___
Volts
V2 = ______ Volts
V3 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
I2 = ______ Amps
V2 = __NA___
Volts
V3 = _______Volts
Vs = _______Volts
I2 = ______
I3 = ______ Amps
Amps
Is = ______ Amps
I3 = ______
Amps
Is = ______ Amps
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
D) COMPLEX CIRCUIT
Calculated
Values
I3 =
0.2
Experimental
Values
Amps
I3 = ______ Amps
V3 = ______ Volts
V3 = ______ Volts
V2 = ______ Volts
V2 = _NA__ Volts
I2 = ______ Amps
I2 = ______
Amps
Is = _______ Amps
Is = _______
115
Amps
V1 = ______ Volts
V1 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
1.3.1
OBJECTIVE
To calculate the power dissipated in a direct current resistor and show that
the power dissipated in a load is equal to the power supplied by the source
(discounting any losses).
1.3.2
DISCUSSION
The power source supplies electrical energy to a load where the energy is
transformed into useful work. In the realm of electricity, useful work is
denoted by the movement of electrons (electric current) at the load. POWER
is the rate at which work is performed. An electromotive force of one volt
producing one ampere of current through a one ohm resistance produces one
watt of electric power. This relationship between voltage, current, resistance
and power is summarized with the following equations:
P = VI
P = I 2R
P = V2/R
(Watts)
1.3.3
(None)
1.3.4
PROCEDURE
The circuits in this procedure are identical to those analyzed in Section 1.1
DC CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS.
1) Enter the values calculated for each circuit in Section 1.1 in the spaces
provided.
2) Use the power formulas given above to calculate power dissipation in each
resistor in the circuit
(P1 = V1 x I1, etc.).
3) Calculate the power delivered to the circuit by the supply (Ps = Vs x Is)
and record the result.
117
4) Compare the power dissipated to the power supplied and remark upon any
discrepancies.
A) 2 SERIES RESISTORS
Power Dissipated
Calculated
Values
Vs =
90
P1 = _______
Watts
Volts
V1 = _______
Volts
P2 = _______
Watts
Ptot = _______
Watts
V2 = _______ Volts
Is =
_______ Amps
I1 =
_______ Amps
I2 =
_______ Amps
Power Supplied
Ps = _______
Watts
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
B)
SERIES RESISTORS
119
Calculated
Values
Power
Dissipated
V2 =
P1 = _______
Watts
30 Volts
I2 = ______ Amps
P2 = _______
Watts
I1 = ______
Amps
Is = ______
Amps
P3 = _______
Watts
Ptot = _______
Watts
V1 = ______ Volts
V3 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
Power Supplied
Ps = _______
Watts
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
C) 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS
Calculated
Values
I1 =
0.2
Power
Dissipated
Amps
P1 = _______
Watts
V1 = ______ Volts
P2 = _______
Watts
V2 = ______ Volts
V3 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
P3 = _______
Watts
Ptot = _______
Watts
I2 = ______ Amps
Power Supplied
I3 = ______ Amps
Is = ______ Amps
Ps = _______
Watts
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
121
D) COMPLEX CIRCUIT
Power
Dissipated
Calculated
Values
I3 =
0.2
Amps
V3 = ______ Volts
V2 = ______ Volts
P1 = _______
Watts
P2 = _______
Watts
P3 = _______
Watts
I2 = ______ Amps
Is = _______ Amps
Ptot = _______
Watts
V1 = ______ Volts
Power Supplied
Vs = ______ Volts
Ps = _______
Watts
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
1.4.1
OBJECTIVE
1.4.2
DISCUSSION
Power, P = VI
(watts)
1.4.3
EMS 8821
EMS 8311
EMS 8412
Connection Leads
DC Voltmeters and DC Ammeters
1.4.4
EMS 8941
--
PROCEDURE
CAUTION! High voltages are present in this Experiment. DO NOT make any
connections with the power supply ON. Get in the habit of turning OFF the
power supply after every measurement.
1) Remove the Resistance Module EMS 8311 from the Lab-Volt Station
examine the 300, 600 and 1200 Ohm resistors inside
__________________________________________________________________
4) Connect the circuit shown below using the EMS Resistance, DC Metering
and Power Supply Modules. Make sure the power supply is OFF
before wiring. Take care to observe meter polarities.
5) Turn on the power supply and advance the voltage output until the
voltmeter across the resistor, R, indicates 120 Volts, DC. Measure the
current indicated by the ammeter.
6) Let the circuit operate for three minutes. In the meantime, calculate the
power dissipated in the resistor.
A) A SIMPLE DC CIRCUIT
CALCULATIONS AND
MEASUREMENTS
Vr =
120
Volts
Ir = _______ Amps
Pr = Vr x Ir = ______ x ______
= _______ Watts
7) Return the voltage control to zero and turn OFF the power supply.
Remove the resistance module from the console. Place your hand near the
300 Ohm resistor inside the module, but DO NOT TOUCH! The resistor
should be quite warm since it is designed to operate at 350 C. Replace
the module in the rack.
125
9) Change the value of the resistor to 600 Ohms and repeat steps 5)and 7)
above.
10) Return the voltage control to zero and turn off the supply.
11) Calculate the power dissipated in the 600 Ohm resistor by three
methods:
Explain: ________________________________________________________________________
12) Connect the new circuit, B), shown below. Make sure the power supply is
OFF.
13) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the source
voltage is 110 Volts, DC.
15)
Return the voltage control to zero and turn OFF the supply.
B) A SERIES CIRCUIT
Vs =
110
Volts
Is = _______ Amps
Watts
P1 = ______
V1 = ______ Volts
Watts
P2 = ______
V2 = ______ Volts
Watts
P3 = ______
V3 = ______ Volts
Ptot = P1+P2+P3
127
Ps = Vs x Is = ______
Watts
16) Calculate the power dissipated in each resistor using the equation, P =
VI.
17) Add the three powers and compare with the power supplied by the
source, Ps = VsIs.
18) Could P1, P2, and P3 be determined without using the three voltmeters
across the resistors? In other words, if the resistor values are known (and
are accurate) and the source value is known, would the ammeter provide
sufficient information to determine the power dissipated by each resistor?
______________
What equations would be used to calculate P1, P2, P3?
______________________________________________________________________________
___
19) Connect the circuit, C), shown below, but DO NOT turn on the power
supply at this time.
20) Using the input voltage of 90 Volts, DC, calculate the power dissipated by
each resistor. Add them to determine the total power dissipated.
21) Knowing that the power supply must deliver all the dissipated power,
determine the supply current, Is.
C) A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Calculations
Vs =
Measurements
90
Volts
P1 = (Vs)2/R1 =
______ W
Vs =
Volts
90
Is = _______
Amps
P2 = (Vs)2/R2 = ______
W
Ptot = P1 + P2 =
______ W
Is = Ptot/Vs
______ A
22) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the supply
voltage is 90 Volts, DC. Measure and record the ammeter reading for Is.
129
23) Return the voltage control to zero and turn OFF the supply.
Explain:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________