BLD 6030

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIO
AND SAFETY
SITE SITE
& SAFETY
EXTERNAL WORK
ION
FOUNDATION
1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION
2.1 SITE SAFETY

2.2 PLANTS MACHINERIES
2-6
3.1 SETTING OUT

3.2 EARTH WORK
3.3 SITE ACCOMODATION
7-13
4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE)
14-19
5.1 BEAM AND COULMN

5.2 SLAB
5.3 WALL
5.4 STAIRCASE
20-31
DOWS
DOORS AND WINDOWS
6.1 DOORS
6.2 WINDOWS
32-37
ROOF
7.1 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE)

7.2 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (REFERENCE)
38-44
SUPERSTRUCTURE
CTURE
ROOF
1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION

DESA MAS, BANGI, SUNGAI MERAB
ARCHITECT: ARKITEK HABITAS
PROJECT : 41 UNITS DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSES AND
22 UNITS 3 STOREYS TERRACE HOUSES , LOT
3675, TANAH SIMPANAN MELAYU, KG, SG. MERAB,
MUKIM DENGKIL, DAERAH SEPANG, SELANGOR
DARUL EHSAN
TYPE
:2 & 3 STOREY LINKED TERRACE HOUSE
BUILD UP
AREA
: 8886 sq.ft
Ground floor
1st floor
Type C
land area 1500sq. Ft.
Ground floor
1st floor
2nd floor
Desa Mas Access:

Easy access to Bandar Baru
Bangi, Kajang, Putrajaya,
Cyberjaya, Bandar Seri Putra
Bukit Mahkota, Nilai, Salak Tinggi,
Serdang, Seri Kembangan,
Cheras, Puchong, Kuala Lumpur
& Shah Alam.
JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951
Type A
land area 1400sq. Ft.
2. SITE AND SAFETY

BY: JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

1. Safety Clothing
Workers are required to wear appropriately in construction site to be
protected from hazards during construction activities. Below are some
of the mandatory guidelines.
2. Safety Signboards
Signboards indicating site safety requirements are located at the
entrance of construction site to ensure workers and visitors are
aware of the risk and hazards.
Safety helmets
To prevent any major head injuries from fallen
objects
Reflective clothing
It has high reflective properties and easily
discernible in any background
Protective gloves
To provide protection for the hand during exposure
to potential hazards such as sharp objects,
abrasive surfaces and chemical contact
Safety boots
To provide protection from potential foot injuries
such as sharp objects, electrical hazards and
chemical spills
Site safety guidelines
Crane Safety instruction
Ladder Usage instruction
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
Scaffolding
Temporary structure to support people and
material in construction. It is a modular
system of metal pipes or tubes.
Open Storage
Materials are placed around the site according
to its type and function.
Generators
Electric generators
are placed throughout
the site
Organisation board
Required by the Majlis.
States important information about
the project and people in charge
2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
Compactor
Used to flatten or reduce the size of
soil through compaction.
Tilting drum mixer

Consist of a rotating
drum. It is used to
produce concrete with
out segregation of the
mix.
Crane
Generally used for lifting heavy objects
and erect steel columns.
Excavator
A heavy construction
equipment consisting of a
boom, stick, bucket and
cab on a rotating platform.
It is used for digging pits,
lifting. Grading work,
excavating and loading
onto dump trucks.
Levelling instrument
Used to measure and set ground
levels. The tool works by using a
bench mark or with an arbitrary point
with known height to measure
ground level.
2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES

Drill hammers
-excel at ploughing through concrete
and other masonry
-to install electrical boxes and other
features to brick and block walls
-contain a hammer-like mechanism,
that rapidly pulses forward while the
drill bit is rotating
Paver
-lay asphalt on road, bridges, parking lots
-provides minor compaction before it is
compacted by a roller
-a material transfer unit allows for
constant material feed to the paver
without contact, providing a better even
surface
Dump truck
-used for carrying bulky materials
-4 wheeled vehicle with the load skip
in front of the driver
-payloads up to 10 tonnes
-multi-cylinder diesel engines
Air compressor
-needs to be robust, strong and reliable
-used in dusty environments
-oil injected
-powered by diesel engines
Tamping rammer
-strong impact force
-multipurpose use with flexibility
-used for confined area, trench work,
backfill and repairing work on asphalt
-suitable for compacting the roadbed
with lower water content
Concrete vibrator
-used on concrete pouring sites
-ensure that pour is even and free of air
bubbles
-essential on large load bearing projects
3. EXTERNAL WORK
BY: TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235
3.1.1 PHASE SCHEDULE
Construction timetable
Identify work zones and construction phases by analyzing proposed cut/fill

work, location of proposed structures, site conditions, and site resources.
Identify and flag off areas to be protected, such as buffer zones near creeks or
sinkholes, drainage features, vegetated filter strips, mature trees, and so on.
Install construction entrance/exit and designate vehicle parking areas
Install up gradient diversion swales or berms.
Silt fence/ Hoarding
Site office
Size and install sediment barriers (e.g., silt fences), sediment traps, sediment
basins, and outlet protection.
Install inlet protection dams, dikes, filters, screens, and such.
Construct drainage / runoff conveyance system; stabilize ditches and culvert

outlets
Begin clearing, grubbing, and grading
Stabilize bare areas after final grade is reached.

Exterior drainage system
10
Construct roads, buildings, parking lots and install utilities.
11
Maintenance
TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235
Entrance/exit and parking lots
3.1.2 BOUNDARY AND LOT SURVEYING

A clear deed to the land should be established. Each site has its
own history and its own procedure for establishing absolute
ownership before starting the construction project.
1
A plot plan is drawn by
the surveyors to locate
the property on a lot.
All available evidence

(monuments, fences, roadways)
that pertain to the subject property
are found and measurements
made. Driveways, waterbodies
and wells are located too.
North point
is indicated
3
House lot
locations
are plotted
Sidewalks, utilities easements and

other things are taken into
consideration.
Buildings
location and
boundaries
Site work is defined

after boundaries are
surveyed, set and
certified.
Existing roadway
Road accesses in site with

directions indicated. Some
of them are reserved for
construction work
purpose.
Plan should be certified by registered professional land surveyor
Utilities easements include the

right to use the space to
furnish electric power, phone
service and gas.
3.2 EARTH WORK

Operations that remove vegetationsuch as clearing and grubbingand reshape the
Surface of the land through excavation or placement of fill material.
1. Vegetation Removal
Preliminary Work
There are two basic ways to clear the woody vegetation from a site:
Tree to be cut
Shrubs
1.
Remove shrubs and

undergrowth.
2. Tree ready to be cut.
1.
Fell whole trees with

roots.
2. Cut trees and then remove

stumps.
2. Surface Soil Removal

Remove the
surface soil
Surface soil
1. Surface soil has the highest

concentration of roots and
decaying organic materials. This
soil is unstable as a construction
material and cannot be used for
the foundations of any dike or
structure.
2. Stake out site as a guide for

soil surface removal.
3. Excavate to the desired

depth and transport the
surface soil away from the
construction site.
4. Loosen the soil using a tractor.
Shank
10
3.2 EARTH WORK

3. Cut and Fill
new
retaining
wall
line of
slope
new
retaining
new flat
wall
surface
fill
1. The topography map describes

the existing slopes of the land,
and allows us to draw site
elevations in our section cuts.
Terrace houses built on ground with existing slopes

are necessary to go though the process of cut and fill
before the construction work starts. This is to ensure
the land level and elevation are in desired condition.
2. Section at 0ft is drawn out of

the plan to estimate the area to
be cut and filled in the site
3. Elevation drawing out of the

section
Tractor, a machinery used

for the cut and fill process.
4. In the elevation, the land that

must be added to the site is
marked to achieve the desired
land topography.
5. On the other side, the land that

must be removed from the site
is marked to be cut and fill up
the holes of the cut part.
6. The desired land topography

would be achieved after the cut
and fill process. Construction
work could be started.
cut
During site preparation, existing slopes are measured

and levelled using the cut and fill technique. Cut is to
remove the excess land while fill is to fill the holes of
the land.
11
3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION

1. Temporary Facilities
A temporary structure of solid

construction, erected around the
perimeter of construction sites to
shield them from view and prevent
unauthorized access.
Scaffolding
A temporary structure on the
outside of a building, made of
wooden planks and metal poles,
used by workers while building.
Access and Exit
Material Storage
A steel plate structure acts as the

doorway at the entrance of site.
Colour differs from hoarding to be
easily noticed.
An open storage area for heavy

materials that are resistant to
outdoor condition and weather.
Information Site Board

A signboard with information
regarding site construction details
including project title, construction
type, construction company etc.
Waste Deposit
A huge waste bin to collect
garbage produced on site
before carried to be disposed.
Hoarding
12
3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION

2. Temporary Services
Security House
A temporary structure with basic

house facilities for workers to be
fully rested.
A small structure for security

and safety guards for patrolling
purpose and to prevent
unauthorized visitors.
Temporary Office
Portable Power
Generator
A temporary structure for office

usage and also serves as
supervisors shelter and to locate
construction drawings.
Water Supply System

A temporary water system for
builders and workers to clean
equipment during construction
period.
A steady power supply that

allows contractors to continue
working without disruption and
meet deadlines.
Transportation
Trucks are provided for
transportation including
materials, machinery and
occasionally workers. to and
from the site in daily usage.
Temporary Dormitory
13
4. FOUNDATION
BY: CHAN JIA XIN 0319565
PABLO IDRIS BIN BADRUL ILAHAN 0321895
4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION

Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located underneath the ground, it is used to support a building or structure
and transmits loads directly to the underlying soil or rock. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct
contact with the ground to which loads are transmitted.
Foundation from the site

Deep Foundation
Used to transfer the structural loads to a deeper soil strata and when the soils are subjected to scour.
Column
Column
Pile Cap
Pile Cap
Precast
Concrete
Pile
Precast Concrete Pile
Pile Foundation
Used in area of soft and undisturbed soil
Formed, cast to specified length and shape and cured before they are driven into the ground
Column
Ground
level
Pile Cap
Pile Cap

Soft soil provides a

little or no support
End bearing
Rocks
CHAN JIA XIN 0319565
Column
Load
15

Pile foundation is a type of a deep foundation, where the spread foundation is also used but
where the hard strata is laying deep beneath pile foundation is used.
Lower Density
Medium Density
Weight and number of

structure determines the
number of piles, the
heavier structure need
more piles to support.
High Density
Suitable for
Hammer
Advantages
High load capacities
High corrosion resistance
Winch
Precast pile
Disadvantages
Salt water may also adversely react with the concrete
Difficult to handle unless prestressed
High initial cost
Pile head
Crane
Soft
compressible
soil
High rise construction, commercial and industrial applications.

Steeper grounds
Corrosive soil
Leader pole used to guide

the hammer and pile into
position
16

Helical
binding in
head
Cage reinforcement ties

the piles to the pile cap
and ground beam
Ground beam
Links
Cluster of piles
Lifting
hole
Straps cast
into shoe
Cast
iron
shoe
Concrete Pile Cap Arrangement

Reinforced concrete pile cap
Triple pile cap
arrangement with four piles
arrangement
Starter bars protrude from the pile
reinforcement cage into the pile
cap
Double pile cap

arrangement
Pressed
steel forks
Reinforcement
Cover of
concrete
Mild steel
straps cast
into cast iron
shoe
Chilled
cast
iron
shoe
Section of precast reinforced concrete pile
Reinforced
concrete
pile cap
17
5. Cut
Step where the
excessive extension
pile is removed
using a pile cutter
machine.
2. Weld
This is where there is
a conjunction
between each pile of
extension
6. Excavate
The surrounding soil
of the pile cluster is
excavated by
approximately
350mm depth.
3. Apply
Bitumen is applied in
between the joint as
a water proof coat to
prevent from rust
7. Pour
Pour adhesive and
repellent material to
the cement pots for
endurance and
stabilization.
8. Cast
The pile cap is
brought in situ
for endurance.
4. Drive
The extension pile is
inserted until the
maximum bump
9. Load Test
The load test is carried
out by loading the
structure for a period.
The pile has to stand still.
PABLO IDRIS BIN BADRUL ILAHAN 0321895
1. Drive
This is the beginning part
of the pile, located until
the maximum driven pile
point.
18
4.1 FOUNDATION (ON SITE)

Foundation On Site
19
5. SUPERSTRUCTURE
BY: LAI YIK XIN 0323388
SAW HWEI YING 0318093
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Ground beam is constructed after column stump. A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists and
so on which located at or near ground level. It is either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers.
1.
After the process of the

construction of column
base, the concrete
beams are built.
4. Vibrator is used to vibrate

the concrete so that it is
well bonded with steel.
2. After constructing the

foundation, column stumps
and the ground beam fill up
the excavated area with earth.
3. Reinforcing steel bars are

tied by ties. Formwork is
erected to the sides and
ready for concrete
pouring.
5. The form are removed after

seven days when the
concrete is harden .
6.
The ground beams are

done.
Ground Beam Construction Process
21
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Column is the vertical support which transfers the load to the building foundation. Columns support beams which in turn support walls
and slabs. Reinforced concrete columns are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
1.
The column steel bars

are tied to the foundation
rebar.
4. Wooden formwork is set

up around the vertical
bars and ready for
concrete pouring.
2. The vertical steel bars are

tied by ties according to
the design.
3. Before erecting formwork, the

concrete kicker is accurately
cast onto the concrete floor.
Column formwork at
the site.
5.
6. After seven to ten days, the

formwork is removed.
Accelerator is added to quicken
the curing process.
Column done at the

site.
The concrete is vibrated

using vibrator so that it is
well bonded with steels.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Column Construction Process
22
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Beam is the horizontal member of a structure which carries transverse load. It carries the floor slab or the roof
slab. Beam transfers the load from slab to the columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to
act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beam Construction
2. The columns are braced

and provided shutter for
the remaining column
height up to beam level
3. Formwork is set up.

Cover blocks are
provided for slabs and
beams.
4. Beam reinforcements are

fixed and anchored into
the column.
5. Concrete is poured
throughout the slab and
beam using mobile crane.
6. After curing process of 28

days, the formwork will be
removed.
Scaffoldings are used to

support beams and slab
shutter.
First floor beam formwork.
*Corner intersection of beams and columns should not be congested to ensure aggregates may pass through during concrete pouring.
1. Scaffoldings are erected

for beams and slab
shutter support.
23
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

First Floor Column Construction Process
2. The length of the column

reinforcement is extended
by adding vertical bars.
3. Formwork is erected
around the vertical steel
bars.
4.
5.
6. Accelerators are added to

shorten curing process of
seven to ten days. When
the concrete is harden,
formwork can be removed.
Concrete is poured into

the wooden framework.
The concrete is vibrated to

increase its strength. Over
vibration should be
avoided as it will weaken
the mix.
*The thickness of the column steel bars may be thinner as it grows higher.
Extra steel bars used to

construct first floor column.
First floor column done.
1. Extra column
reinforcement is for first
floor column construction.
24
5.2 SLAB (GROUND FLOOR)

Ground Floor Slab
Column RC bar
Concrete slab
BRC wire mesh
Ground beam
Damp proof membrane

Compacted gravel
Slab Installation
1. Prepare the site
Solid, well drained soil-concrete slab
will last longer with less cracking
Sandy soil: scrape off the sod &
topsoil and gravel fill if needed.
Clay or loam soil: remove the soil to
allow a 6-8inch layer of compacted
gravel under the new concrete
Damp proof membrane: prevents

any moisture being able to rise up
through the concrete slab
2. Assemble and erect formwork
3. Place damp proof membrane and

reinforcement
5. Strike and remove formwork

after 10-14 days
6. Ground floor slab is finished
LAI YIK XIN 0323388
4. Pour and vibrate concrete
BRC wire mesh:

Increase tensile strength of
slab to prevent cracks occur.
25
5.2 SLAB (FIRST & SECOND FLOOR)

Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly in contact with the earth. They are commonly used
to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-constructed walls to form a ground floor.
Plywood floor joist
Plywood subflooring
Square BRC mesh

200mm x 200mm
Second floor slab
The diameter of the BRC wire

mesh increases when the floor
level going up.
First floor slab
The increase of diameter of wire

mesh is to increase the tensile
strength (prevent cracks occur) of
the slab as the first and second
suspended floor slabs do not
have the support of ground.
Ground floor slab
LAI YIK XIN 0323388
Suspended plywood formwork
26
5.3 WALL
Masonry Walls
Made of piled up modular blocks, usually made of clay, stone or concrete.

They are various ways a masonry wall can be stacked and they create different patterns.
Usually they are hold together with the help of mortar that is made of sand, cement and water.
Brick Walls
Type of Brick Bonding
75mm
1. Flemish Bond
Double layer brick wall
For partition wall and fire resistance
2. Running Bond
Single layer brick wall
For room
column
Exmet is placed at every 4th

course of brickwork.
Cement mortar
RC bar is fixed
on every 4th
course of
brickwork.
Provide damp proof membrane

on all ground floor brickwork
Fibre mesh for brickwork
and column joint area
LAI YIK XIN 0323388
Cement sand brick
27
5.3 WALL
Construction of Cement Brick Walls
2. Damp proof membrane is placed

on the ground before constructing
brick wall.
4.Hook a line at both end to ensure the straight alignment of every

bricks level.
3.Place the bricks and keep the

height of all bricks same by
using spirit level.
5.Lay mortar down to connect the bricks. Push

down slightly, then use your level to check that
the brick even with the ground. Scrape any
excess mortar down the line for the next bricks
LAI YIK XIN 0323388
1. Line are drawn as shown in the

architectural drawings using ink
to ensure the position and
straight alignment of the
brickwork.
28
5.3 WALL
Construction of Cement Brick Walls
Plump line is on a weight to ensure

the verticality of brickwork.
7. Repeat the same action until the

brick wall is done.
8. Plaster & skim coating

Apply the plaster in a smooth layer over the
brick wall. The plaster will need to dry before
you can apply a second coating. Make the
second coating thinner than the first coating.
Once the second layer of plaster has dried, you
should add a finish and water trowel.
Smooth over rough or damaged walls with a

skim coat of mud, applied with a special
squeegee knife.
LAI YIK XIN 0323388
6.Continue with the next level

when the first row is done.
29
5.4 STAIRCASE
A stair is a means of providing access from one floor level to another. A concrete stair requires careful analysis of
load, span and support conditions.
Concrete Staircase Construction Process
1. Protruding steel bars

(starter bar) from the slab
and column are to
construct the staircase.
2. The starter bars are bent at

the proper angle before the
staircase formwork
(planking) is set up.
3. The lower rebars are wired

to their proper position with
the distribution bar.
4. The stringers and risers

are placed.
5. Concrete can be poured into

the formwork. Float is used
to smooth out the concrete.
6. After the concrete is

harden, the formwork can
be removed.
Staircase is done.
Protruded steel bars
30
Winder Stair
Handrail
Winder stair is used in the visited site. It is a variation of an

L shaped stair but instead of having a flat landing, it has pie
shaped or triangular steps at the corner transition. It
requires less space than many other types of stairs.
The handrail is mounted at the side of the staircase to

provide more space to the people when they are using
the staircase.
5.4 STAIRCASE
31
6. DOORS AND WINDOWS

BY: LEONG YU SHI 0322586
6.1 DOORS
Different types of doors are found on our site.
The most common doors found are hinged
door and sliding door.
Casing
Panel
Jamb
Hinged Door (Wood)

suitable for entry, rare entry, interior and
wardrobe doors
easy to install as comes in different sizes as
it can be fitted in corners
doors are affixed to a door jamb with 2
hinges
more hinges are needed to support taller
and heavier doors
Sliding Door (Aluminum)
suitable for exterior and interior
doorway is created within a small space
only 50% of the doorway is accessible
Door slide using the track on the floor
Threshold
Door Terminology
Knuckle
Lock
Box
Exterior Door
Hinge
Stile
Interior Door
Flap
Hinge is a type of
bearing that connects
2 solid objects.
Door Knob
Door Frame
LEONG YU SHI 0322586
Hinge
Pin
33
6.1 DOORS
1. Door frame is delivered to the

construction site. The location of
the door is identified by using
the drawings and a plump is
used to check the alignment of
the door frame. Plywood is used
as the support of the door
frame.
2. After the position of the door is

confirmed, brickwork is proceeded.
Plywood is still connected to the door
frame as a support.
3. 2 or 3 notches per jamb will be

found at the door frame as the
brick can cast into the door
frame. This is to stabilize the
door frame and make sure the
position and alignment of the
door frame is accurate.
4. A lintel is cast on top of the door

frame at 150mm as it helps to
support the weight of the bricks.
5. When brickworks have finished,

screeding is being carried out to
smoothen the surface and fill in the
gap between threshold and slab. This
process is done by pouring cement
with water and aggregate and wait
until its dry and hard.
6. The door frame is ready for door

installation. Hardware is installed
onto the door frame such as
hinges, locksets, door panel and
closers. The finishing is spray
paint
.
Door Installation
34
6.2 WINDOWS
Friction Break
Head
Different types of windows are found

on our site. The most common
window found is casement window.
Sash
Espagnolette
Casement Window (Aluminum)

operating sashes are side hinged
swing outwards
close on vertical mullion
allows ventilation
window hood breaks the rain and
prevents rain from sipping into the
house.
Hinge
Glass
Hinged Side
Closing Side
Rebate Edge
Sash Rebate
Jamb
Frame Rebate
Sill
Side Bolts
Windows Basic Structure

Casement
Frame
Windows height on Site
Sashes are arranged

side by side
Cylinder
Lock
Plastic keep
Screw to
Zinc Alloy
Frame
Casement
Fastener
Allows maximum
light penetration
Allows maximum
ventilation
Windows Lock
Open to
Limit of Stay
Safety
Stay
Open
Fully
Casement Window Safety Structure
Swing outward
Side hinged
35
6.2 WINDOWS
Window Installation
2. Sub-frame is positioned using

aluminum shin plate
Main Frame
3. A plump is used to ensure the

verticality of sub-frame.
Joint
Bolt
Head
4. Sub-frame is fixed and installed after the position of window is confirmed to ensure the
window is square, keep away from stretching of brick and fasten the fixing process of
window.
5. Bolt head and joints are sealed

using sealant for effective water
lightness. Sealant is applied if the
gap is between 7mm - 10mm
1. The exact dimension and position

of windows is determined.
Brickwork is used to shape out the
window.
36
6.2 WINDOWS
Window Installation
Cleaning
Equipment
Dust and
Debris
Sub-Frame
Measuring
Tape
1. Protection tape is applied and remained

after sealing process. It is removed
during the installation of main frame.
2. Sub-frame is cleaned when major construction has finished. It is prepared for

installation of main frame. The measurement of the main frame is double confirmed.
3. After cleaning works, main frame is

installed. This also involves sealing,
grouting and waterproofing process.
4. Window glazing is installed after

main frame is installed in subframe.
5. After fixing the accessories of window,

including handles, locking devices, etc.,
the window installation is completed.
The finishing is spray paint.
Protective Tape
37
7. ROOF
BY: TAN WEI ZHEN 0318560
7.0 ROOF
Examples of roof
Hip roof
Flat roof
Shed roof
The design of the roof, either warm or cold,

must be precise. If a warm roof is not fully
packed with insulation, yet a constant air flow
is not a achieved, condensation will form in
any unvented void. Condensation forms as
warm air (in insulated voids) hits cooler
surfaces (underside of roof decking) and can
rot the roof from the inside out.
TAN WEI ZHEN 0318560
Gable roof
Roofs can be constructed as warm roofs or

cold roofs depending on the requirement of
the owner and architect as they relate to the
building regulations regarding heat loss and
insulation. Put simply a warm flat roof has
insulation of some kind packed into every
available void and a cold flat roof allows air
to circulate between the joists. This air is
vented at either end of the roof to allow a
continuous air flow.
39
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)

Flat Roof
Types of Flat Roof
4 slope in roof
Characteristics
A roof that may be constructed
as flat. Mainly used timber,
metal or concrete material as
platform which usually
horizontally or inclined at up to
5 to the horizontal.
Cons
Flat roofs typically dont last
as long as sloped roofs since
they are more vulnerable to
harsh weather. Flat roofs need
to be recoated and resealed
every few years to maintain
their integrity and prevent
leaks.
7
2
Warm Roof
Waterproof Root Covering
Insulation
Profiled Steel Roof Deck
Structure
The basic construction of a flat roof is made
up of roofing timbers, or joists as they are
more commonly known or steels that are
laid across two uprights. The joists are then
either laid on top of the steels or cut into
them. These joists are spaced at a specified
distance apart, usually 400mm depending
on the width or span they are covering and
the surface that is to be applied.
Pros
The initial cost of installing a
flat roof is low because the
surface area of a flat roof is
less than the surface area of a
sloped roof. Flat roofs are
frequently used in arid
climates. Flat roofs are easier
to climb onto and inspect than
sloped roofs because they
offer more stability and have a
horizontal surface.
Roof Covering
Insulation
Vapour Control Layer
Timber Sub Deck
Joists
Ceiling
40
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)

Flat Roof
Roof Structure Details
Metal Cap
Coping Wedge
Rigid Insulation
Air Barried Membrane
Metal
Lath
Sealant
Exterior of Roof
Gypsum Board
with semipermeable paint
Sometimes town planners will

not allow the height required for
a pitched roof. This is because it
may obscure a neighbours view
or light. Sometimes a pitched
roof is not appropriate for an
extension because it would
mean obscuring light to the
home owners own windows.
Usually however, a flat roof is
used when an extension butts
up to an existing building.
Layering of Roof
Dimple Subfloor
Existing Floor-ceiling
Structure
Joists Bottom
Resilient Metal Channels
Cut Wool Fibers

Closed Cell Foam
Interior Structure of Roof
Gypsum Ceiling Board
Carpet Pad Carpet
Mass-loaded Vinyl
41
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)

Flat Roof
Panel
Point
Bottom
Chord
Interior Structure of Flat Roof
Bearing
Point Truss
Support
Web
Top
Chord
Truss
Plate
Soundproof Layering
Wall Attachment Detail
Truss Connection
Construction Details
42
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)

Flat Roof
Construction Process
Wall Installation
External
Metal Sheet
Mineral Wool
Insulation
Cleat
Copper
Counterflashing
Lap Seam
Rail
Thermal
Break Pad
Inner Liner Panel
Purlin
Metal Shoe
Anchor
Concrete
Footing
Upper Copper
Copper
Flashing Strip
Copper Edge
Strip
Bracket
43
7.0 ROOF (FROM REFERENCE)

Gable Roof
Exterior view
Interior view
Structure
The roof slopes around a triangular

extension of the end wall. This piece of
wall is the gable. Commonly used to
form extensions in Victorian times and
is still used in a similar fashion today. It
comprises a series of rafters fixed to
plates at the top of a wall and the rafter
feet are nailed to a wall plate, which
distributes the load evenly across the
supporting wall.
Construction Detail
Simplest arrangement achieved in this type of roof with

gable end trusses at both ends and common trusses sits at
the end walls and carry roof load directly into the wall below
it.
Spandrel
Upper Ridge Pole
Rafter
Under
Purlin
Collar Tie
Roof
Sheeting
Hanging
Beam
Ridge Post
Diagonal
Brace
Wall
Plate
Wall Post
Internal Wall
Corner Post
Vidge
44
SUMMARY
Throughout this project, we learnt about the basic principles

and procedures of construction process through experiential
learning during construction site visits other than book
references and online references. We were exposed to
different types of construction technology including the old
and advanced methods used. Besides, we are able to
demonstrate our understanding and analysis of the
construction processes and details through manual sketches,
diagrams and photos taken from site visit.
Construction detailing of buildings is one of the crucial part

during the design process in architecture. Through all of the
experiences and knowledge gained from this project, we
believe it is a good starting for all of us to be the future
contributors to the construction industry.
45
REFERENCES
PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
C.R. Asfahl,industrial Safety and Health Management, 5th ed. Upper Saddie River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004
EXTERNAL WORK
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley.
Miller, R., & Miller, M. (2005). Preparing the Site. In Miller's Guide to Foundations & Sitework (p. 212). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Emmitt, S., & Gorse, C. (2006). Introduction. In Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings (p. 625). Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Preparation Of The Construction Site. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from
ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/cdrom/fao_training/FAO_Training/General/x6708e/x6708e05.htm
Parsons, M. (2005). Site Planning - Phase I. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from
http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680/Parsons/MVP6690/Essay3/cutfill.html
46
REFERENCES
FOUNDATION
Emmitt, S., & A. Gorse, C. (2010). Foundation types. In Barry's advanced construction of buildings (2nd ed., pp. 101-128). Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION? (2015, January 25). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from
http://civilblog.org/2015/01/26/what-are-the-functions-of-foundation/
Foundations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from
http://www.concretecentre.com/technical_information/building_solutions/foundations.aspx
Pile Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from
http://engineeringlectures.com/pile-foundation
Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from
http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
Types of Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2015, from
http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-classification-of-piles.html
PRECAST CONCRETE PILES. (2013, January 6). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-precast-concrete-piles/7092/DRIVEN
Jia Hui, L. (2005, October 1). A Study of Building Foundations in Malaysia. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
https://eprints.usq.edu.au/635/1/Leow_Jia_Hui-2005.pdf
Excavation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/excavation.html
Precast Concrete Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles/
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm
47
REFERENCES
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Slab
Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley
Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all
Functions of Slab and Design of Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.aboutcivil.org/slab-definition-functions-design.html
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://civilengineersforum.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-two-way-slab/
(n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from

http://www.goldenbay.co.nz/media/1821/ccanz_residential_concrete_slab-on-ground_floors.pdf
Wall
Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley
Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis
Walls. (2012, May 4). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
https://technicalstudiescsm.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/walls/
Suspended slab subfloor. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.build.com.au/suspended-slab-subfloor
Plastering over Brick. (2006, August 30). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.onlinetips.org/plastering-over-brick/
48
REFERENCES
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Beam
Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barrys Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell.
Francis, C. D. K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. Blackwell.
Chundley, R. (1999). Construction Technology. London. Longman.
WordPress. (2011). Foundation Ground Beam. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://6dprojects.wordpress.com/2011/08/21/foundations-ground-beam/
Liza. (2015). Step to Construct the Bulding. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803107/STEP-TO-CONSTRUCT-THE-BUILDING#scribd
Karundu, A. (2009). How to do ground beams. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://www.articlesbase.com/construction-articles/how-to-do-ground-beams-1131191.html
Burke, J. (2012). 3D Animation of the construction of a Multi Story Building [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc4_5M1rhFg
Megadethigorot. (2012). Suspended slab and beam [Video file]. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLa-EiPBxDU&list=PLz5Dp09BKN4nw8hRb6RrobF3FsRFJAdCW&index=2%00
49
Stairs
REFERENCES
Starter bars in staircases. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from

http://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=70%00
Brennan, E. (2012). How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmiMzlrwtQ
Formwork for Concrete stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/uk/d/Jgtz006e/5.3.html
Keuka Studio. (2015). Types of Stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.keuka-studios.com/types-of-stairs/
Doors And Windows

Doors
Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley

Hinged doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.build.com.au/hinged-doors
Center Hinged Doors - Neuma Doors - Manufacturer of fiberglass patio doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.neumadoors.com/products_hinged_center.html
How To: Build a Door. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmwKtajnDuA
(n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.houzz.com/door-frame
50
REFERENCES
Windows
Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley
Full Frame Window Replacement Installation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from
http://www.andersenwindows.com/planning/diy-library/full-frame-window-replacement-installation
(n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from
http://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/window-installation.html
How House Construction Works. (2000, March 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from
http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/repair/house4.htm
51
REFERENCES
ROOFING
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley.
Domestic Roofs. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Domestic_roofs
Flat Roof Construction. (2014). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from
http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/proj.../building_a_flat_roof.htm
Homes, R. (2015). Pros and Cons of Flat Roof. Retrieved October 13, 2015, from
http://www.rockfordhomes.net/pros-cons-flat-roof/
How to Build a Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from
http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/building_a_flat_roof.htm
Introduction to Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from
http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof...
Sedlbauer, K, Schunck, E, Barthel, R, lartwig M. Kunzel. (2013). Flat Roof Construction. Retrieved October 18, 2015, from
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=4RLVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=construction+process+of+flat+roof&source=bl&ots=r0ZpXn
gKNR&sig=xLmxeLWcewegUYQT1L51l8r_8aY&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
52
PHOTO GALLERY
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PHOTO GALLERY
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PHOTO GALLERY
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CONTENTS

1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION

2.1 SITE SAFETY

3.1 SETTING OUT

4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE)

5.1 BEAM AND COULMN

7.1 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE)

1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION

Desa Mas Access:

JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951

2. SITE AND SAFETY

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

Site safety guidelines

Crane Safety instruction

JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951

Ladder Usage instruction

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951

2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES

Tilting drum mixer

JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951

2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES

JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951

3.1.1 PHASE SCHEDULE

Identify work zones and construction phases by analyzing proposed cut/fill

Install construction entrance/exit and designate vehicle parking areas

Install up gradient diversion swales or berms.

Silt fence/ Hoarding

Install inlet protection dams, dikes, filters, screens, and such.

Construct drainage / runoff conveyance system; stabilize ditches and culvert

Begin clearing, grubbing, and grading

Stabilize bare areas after final grade is reached.

Construct roads, buildings, parking lots and install utilities.

TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235

Entrance/exit and parking lots

3.1.2 BOUNDARY AND LOT SURVEYING

All available evidence

Sidewalks, utilities easements and

Site work is defined

Road accesses in site with

Plan should be certified by registered professional land surveyor

Utilities easements include the

TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235

3.2 EARTH WORK

Remove shrubs and

2. Tree ready to be cut.

Fell whole trees with

2. Cut trees and then remove

2. Surface Soil Removal

1. Surface soil has the highest

2. Stake out site as a guide for

3. Excavate to the desired

4. Loosen the soil using a tractor.

TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235

3.2 EARTH WORK

1. The topography map describes

Terrace houses built on ground with existing slopes

2. Section at 0ft is drawn out of

3. Elevation drawing out of the

Tractor, a machinery used

4. In the elevation, the land that

5. On the other side, the land that

6. The desired land topography

TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235