Well Drilling Engineering

Drilling Hydraulics (contd)

Dr. DO QUANG KHANH

10. Drilling Hydraulics (contd)

Effect of Buoyancy on Buckling
The Concept of Stability Force
Stability Analysis
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
2

READ:
ADE, Ch. 4

HW #:
ADE # 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.21

Fh

Buckling
of
Tubulars

Fh - Fb

Neutral Point
l

Slender pipe
suspended
in wellbore

Partially
buckled
slender
pipe

Neutral Point
Fb

Buckling of Tubulars
Long slender columns, like DP,
l

Neutral
Point

have low resistance to

bending and tend to fail by
buckling if...
Force at bottom (Fb) causes
neutral point to move up
What is the effect of buoyancy
on buckling?
What is NEUTRAL POINT?

Neutral
Point

Fb

What is NEUTRAL POINT?

One definition of NEUTRAL
POINT is the point above
which there is no tendency
towards buckling

Resistance to buckling is
indicated, in part, by:

Neutral
Point

The Moment of Inertia

Neutral
Point

I=

(
d
64

4
n

) { in }
4
6

Consider the
following:
19.5 #/ft drillpipe
Depth = 10,000 ft.
Mud wt. = 15 #/gal.
PHYD = 0.052 (MW) (Depth)
= 0.052 * 15 * 10,000
PHYD = 7,800 psi
Axial tensile stress in pipe at bottom
= - 7,800 psi
What is the axial force at bottom?
7

What is the axial force at bottom?

Cross-sectional area of pipe
= (19.5 / 490) * (144/1) = 5.73 in2

Axial compressive force = pA

lbf
2
= 7,800
5.73 in
2
in
= 44,700 lbf.
Can this cause the pipe to buckle?
8

Axial Tension:
FT = W1 - F2

FT

FT = w x - P2 (AO - Ai )
At surface, FT = 19.5 * 10,000 - 7,800 (5.73)
= 195,000 - 44,700
= 150,300 lbf.
At bottom, FT = 19.5 * 0 - 7,800 (5.73)
= - 44,700 lbf
Same as before!

F2

Stability Force:
Ai

FS = Aipi - AO pO
FS = (Ai - AO) p

(if pi = pO)

At surface, FS = - 5.73 * 0 = 0
At bottom, FS = ( - 5.73) (7,800) = - 44,700 lbs
THE NEUTRAL POINT is where FS = FT
Therefore, Neutral point is at bottom!
PIPE WILL NOT BUCKLE!!
10

Compression
44,700

Tension
150,300

FS

FT

Zero Axial Stress

Neutral Point
Depth of Zero Axial Stress Point =

150,306
= 7,708
11 ft
19.5

Length
of
Drill
Collars

Neutral Point

Neutral Point

12

Length of Drill Collars

In Air:

In Liquid:

In Liquid
with S.F.:
(e.g., S.F =1.3)

L DC

L DC =

L DC

FBIT
=
w DC
FBIT

w DC
1

lbf

lbf / ft
lbf

lbf
/
ft

FBIT * S.F.
=

f
w DC
1
s

13

Steel Elemental Volume

State of stress in pipe at the neutral point 14

At the Neutral Point:

The axial stress is equal to the average
of the radial and tangential stresses.

r + t
Z =
2

15

Stability Force:

FT

FS
FT

FS = Ai pi - Ao po
If FS > axial tension then
the pipe may buckle.
If FS < axial tension then
the pipe will NOT buckle.
16

At the neutral point:

FS = axial load
To locate the neutral point:
Plot FS vs. depth on
axial load (FT ) vs. depth plot
The neutral point is located where the
lines intersect.
17

NOTE:
If pi = po = p,

2
2
do di p
then Fs =
4
or,

AS

Fs = - AS p
18

Axial Load with

FBIT = 68,000 lbf

19

Stability
Analysis with
FBIT = 68,00020 lbf

Nonstatic Well Conditions

FLUID FLOW

Physical Laws
Rheological Models
Equations of State
21

Physical Laws
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum

22

Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law

23

Equations of State
Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas

24

Average Fluid Velocity

Pipe Flow

Annular Flow

q
v =
2.448 d 2

q
v =
2
2
2.448 d 2 d1

WHERE

v = average velocity, ft/s

q = flow rate, gal/min
d = internal diameter of pipe, in.
d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in.

25

26

Law of Conservation of Energy

States that as a fluid flows
from point 1 to point 2:

( E 2 E1 ) + ( p2V2

p1V1

1 2
2
v 2 v1
g ( D2 D1 ) +
2
=W +Q
In the wellbore, in many cases

)
)

Q = 0 (heat)
= constant27

In practical field units

this equation simplifies to:

p2 = p1 + 0.052

(D2 D1 )

8.074 *10 4 v22 v12 + Pp p f

where

p1 and p2

v1 and v2
pp

pf
D1 and D2

are pressures in psi

is density in lbm/gal.
are velocities in ft/sec.
is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
is frictional pressure loss in psi
are depths in ft.
28

Determine the pressure at the

bottom of the drill collars, if
p f = 1,400 psi

D2

= 400 gal/min.
= 12 lbm/gal.
= 10,000 ft.

(bottom of drill collars)

D1

=0

(mud pits)

IDDC = 2.5 in.

p p = 3,000 psi
29

Velocity in drill collars

v2

q
=
2
2.448 d

(gal/min)
2
(in )

400
v2 =
= 26 .14 ft/sec
2
2.448 * (2.5)

Velocity in mud pits, v1 0

30

p 2 = p1 + 0.052 (D2 D1 )
8.074 * 10 - 4 ( v 22 v 12 ) + Pp Pf
p 2 = 0 + 0.052 * 12 (10,000 - 0)
- 8.074 * 10 - 4 * 12 (26.14 2 0 2 ) + 3,000 1,400
= 0 + 6,240 6.6 + 3,000 1,400

Pressure at bottom of drill collars = 7,833 psig

NOTE: KE in collars

May be ignored in many cases31

p2 = p1 + 0.052 ( D2 D1 )
8.074 *10

-4

(v v ) + Pp Pf
2
2

2
1

32

Fluid Flow Through Nozzle

Assume:

D2 D1
Pp = 0

v1

v 2 = vn

Pf 0
4

p 2 = p1 8.074 * 10 v

and

vn =

2
n

p
4
8.074 * 10

33

If

Pf 0

Equation may be written as

vn = c d

p
8.074 * 10 4

{c d 0.95}

This accounts for all the losses in the nozzle.

Example:

vn = 0.95

1,000
= 305 ft/sec
4
8.074 * 10 * 12
34

35

For multiple nozzles in //

Vn is the same for each nozzle
even if the dn varies!
This follows since p is the same
across each nozzle.
vn = c d

p
8.074 * 10 4

&

q
vn =
3.117 A t

8.311 * 10 q
-5

p bit =

C2d A 2t

36

Hydraulic Horsepower
of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power = rate of doing work
= F* s/t
q
= (p * A )
A
PH = qp
In field units:

qp
HHP =
1714

400 * 3,000
=
= 700hp
1714
37

What is Hydraulic Impact Force

developed by bit?
Consider:

CD = 0.95
q = 400 gal/min
= 12 lb/gal
p n = 1,169 psi
38

Impact = rate of change of momentum

q vn
(mv ) m
Fj =
= v =
32.17 * 60
t
t
CD = 0.95

Fj = 0.01823 c d q p

q = 400 gal/min
= 12 lb/gal
p n = 1,169 psi

Fj = 0.01823 * 0.95 * 400 12 * 1,169 = 820 lbf

39