Tutorial Potencial

In this tutorial, you will use the volt-ampere method to calculate power
parameters of an AC circuit.
A factory uses 220V commercial power. The principal users of power are a lighting load
of 200 kW and an injection molding machine rated at 600 kVA. The molding machine
has a power factor of .63 lagging and is 87% efficient in converting electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
Draw the power triangle for the molding machine.
What is P for this power triangle? Round your answer to the nearest kilowatt.
kW
That's right. P = S x pf = 600 x .63 = 378 kW
A factory uses 220V commercial power. The principal users of power are a lighting load of 200 KW and
an injection molding machine rated at 600 KVA. The molding machine has a power factor of .63 lagging
and is 87% efficient in converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Below is the resulting power triangle for the machine.
What is Q for this power triangle? Round your answer to the nearest kilovar.
kvar
That's right. Q = sqrt(S2 - P2) = sqrt(6002 - 3782) = 466 kvars
Below is the resulting power triangle for the machine.
What is the mechanical output power of the machine? Round your answer to the nearest
horse power.
HP
That's right. Pmech = Pelec x efficiency = 378 x .87 = 328.9 kW
P(in horse power) = P(in watts)/746 = 328900/746 = 440.88 ~ 441 HP
Sketch the circuit diagram for the factory.

Do you show the lighting load (A) in series or (B) in parallel with the molding
machine?
The lighting load must be in parallel with the machine. This is necessary to maintain
220V across all loads.
The lighting load consumes Q kvars. How much is Q?

kvars
That's right. For practical purposes, the lighting load consumes no reactive power.
The power triangle for the molding machine is shown below.
The circuit below represents the factory.
Draw the power triangle for the factory.

What is the value of Q for this power triangle?
kvars
That's right. Since the lighting load adds nothing to the reactive power of the factory, the
reactive power of the factory is the same as the reactive power of the molding machine.
The power triangle for the molding machine is shown below.
The power triangle for the factory is shown below.
What is the value of P for this power triangle?

kW
That's right. By conservation of energy, the total power used by the factory must be the
sum of the powers used by the individual loads.
Ptotal = Pmachine + Plights = 378 + 200 = 578 kW
S was found by taking the square root of the sum of P2 and Q2.
What is the power factor for the factory? Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
That's right. Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power.
pf = P/S = 578/742 = .7790 ~ .78
4
What is the current in the power lines feeding the factory? Round your answer to the
nearest amp.
A
That's right. Apparent power is just the product of the voltage and current, taking
magnitude only, and ignoring phase angle.
I = S/E = 742000/220 = 3372.7 ~ 3373 A
A capacitor is to be connected to help correct the power factor. This capacitor should be
connected:
A. In series with the molding machine.
B. In series with the lighting load.
C. In series with the parallel combination of the lights and the molding machine.
D. In parallel with the lights and the machine.
That's right. The capacitor must be installed in parallel with all loads.
The circuit below represents the factory, with the capacitor installed.
The power triangle for the factory, before the installation of the capacitor, is shown
below.
An industrial catalog lists the following capacitors available.

A. 100 kvars @ 120V.
B. 300 kvars @ 220V.
C. 400 kvars @ 120V.

D. 700 kvars @ 220V.
In order to get the best power factor correction, which one should you choose?
That's right. You must pick a capacitor rated at at least 220 V. For best power factor
correction, you want one rated at close to 466 kvars. The closest one available was the
220V, 300 kvar model.
The power triangle for the factory, before the installation of the capacitor, is shown below.
Draw the power triangle for all the loads of the factory.
What is the new Q?
kvars
That's right. All capacitors have negative reactance, and thus they use negative reactive
power. Industrial catalogs may not use the minus sign, so you will have to remember to
apply it.
Qtotal = Qmachine + Qlights + Qcapacitor = 466 + 0 + (-300) = 166 kvars
The power triangle for the factory, after the installation of the capacitor, is shown below.
The new power factor is .96.

What is the current in the power lines feeding the factory? Round your answer to the
nearest amp.
A
That's right.
I = S/E = 601000/220 = 2731.8 ~ 2732 A
Adding the capacitor caused the line current to be reduced from 3373A to 2732A. The
real power consumed remained unchanged.
Many industrial users of commercial power correct their power factors to near unity,
because power companies charge a fee for poor power factors
In this tutorial, you will transform a network, calculate a

phasor current, and then do the reverse transform to find the
time domain current. Consider the circuit below.
The ultimate task is to find i(t). To begin, we want to transform the circuit into the
phasor domain. But there's a problem. One of the sources contains a sine, not a cosine.
It will therefore be necessary to convert the sine to a cosine.
120sin(200t - 8) = 120cos(200t -)
What is ?
The circuit below now shows both sources as cosines.
Now let's convert the voltage source to its phasor value. It looks like this: M/.
What is M?
120cos(200t - 98) V converts to 120/-98 V.

4cos(200t - 60) A converts to 4/-60 A.
Now let's convert the inductor to the phasor domain. It looks like this: jX.
What is X?
That's right. ZL = jL = j(200)(.7) = j140

It is not necessary to convert the resistor value.
Now let's convert the capacitor to the phasor domain. It looks like this: jX.
What is X?
That's right. ZC = 1/jC = -j/C = -j/(200 x 40 x 10-6) = -j125

10
700mH converts to j140 .

It is not necessary to convert the resistor value.
i(t) converts to the phasor I.
The transformed circuit below reflects these values.
There are several ways to solve for I. One of the best ways (for this particular circuit) is
the mesh current method. Notice that mesh currents have been entered on the above
circuit. It is only necessary to write one mesh current equation, since the current in the
mesh on the right is already known. This equation for the mesh on the left is:
120/-98 = j140I + XI - j125[I - (-4/-60)]
What is X?
The mesh equation is then:

120/-98 = j140I + 25I - j125[I - (-4/-60)]
After grouping terms, the mesh equation becomes:
120/-98 = (j140 + 25 - j125)I - j500/-60
The j500/-60 term is a bit inconvenient, as it mixes rectangular coordinates with polar
coordinates. Nevertheless, the term can easily be converted to straight polar form. This
will be:
11
500/
What is ?
That's right. j500/-60 = 500/-60 + 90 = 500/30

Our mesh equation is now:
120/-98 = (j140 + 25 - j125)I - 500/30
After simplifying, the mesh equation becomes:
I = (120/-98 + 500/30)/(25 + j15)
I can be resolved into polar form, M/.

What is ? Round your answer to the nearest integer.
That's right. I = (120/-98 + 500/30)/(25 + j15) = (416.3 + j131.2)/(25 + j15)

I = 436.5/17.49/29.15/30.96 = 14.97/-13.47 ~ 15/-13.5 amps
This is the phasor current I.
12
The phasor I must now be converted back into the time domain.
i(t) = 15cos(t - 13.5) A
What is ?
radians/second
i(t) = 15cos(200t - 13.5) A. Therefore the problem is solved.
This tutorial will give you practice in calculating values

associated with sinusoidal quantities. You will need your
calculator to work these problems.
Consider the time-varying voltage below.
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts
What is v(0)? Round your answer to the nearest volt.
volts
That's right. At t = 0,
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) = 220cos(- 67) = 86 volts
What is v(0.1 second)? Round your answer to the nearest volt.
volts
13
That's right. At t = 0.1,

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) = 220cos(0.5 radians - 67) = 220cos(286.5 - 67) = -170 volts
What is the maximum value of v(t)?
volts
That's right. The cosine function has a maximum value of one. Therefore the maximum
value of v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) is 220 volts.
At what time t does v(t) reach its first maximum? Give your answer in milliseconds, and
round to the nearest millisecond.
ms
That's right. To find the time when the v(t) reaches its first maximum, we must solve
this equation:
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) = 220
cos(50t - 67) = 1
50t - 67 = 0, where 50t is in radians.
Converting to radians:
50t - 67/180 = 50t - 1.169 = 0
t = 1.169/50 = .023 s = 23 ms
What is the minimum value of v(t)?
volts
That's right. The minimum value of v(t) will occur when the cosine is minimum.
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) = 220(-1) = -220 volts
What is the peak-to-peak value of v(t)?
volts
14
That's right. The peak-to-peak value is just twice the maximum value.
vpeak-to-peak = 2x220 = 440 volts
Let's have a look at the quantities we've calculated on a plot.
Notice that v(t) starts at 86 V, rises to its first maximum at 23 ms, then becomes -176 V
when t = 0.1 seconds. The max value of the wave is 220 V, the min value is -220 V, and
the peak-to-peak value is 440 V.
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts
What is the average value of v(t)?
volts
That's right. The average value is zero because the wave is centered around 0.
15
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

What is the rms value of v(t)? Round your answer to the nearest volt.
volts
That's right. Vrms = Vm/(2)1/2 = 220/1.414 = 156 volts
16
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

As a phasor, this voltage would be V = 220 /. What is ?
degrees
That's right. For v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts, the magnitude of the phasor is 220 and
the phase angle is -67.
V = 220 /-67 volts
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

What is the angular frequency () of the voltage in radians/second?
radians/second
That's right. For v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts, the 50 is , the angular frequency in
radians per second.
17
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

What is the frequency (f) of the voltage in hertz? Round your answer to an integer.
Hz
That's right. For v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts,
= 2f
f = /(2) = 50/(2) = 7.96 ~ 8 Hz
18
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

What is the period (T) of the voltage wave in milliseconds? Round your answer to the
nearest millisecond.
ms
That's right. We calculated f to be 7.96 Hz. T, the period, is calculated as follows.
T = 1/f = 1/7.96 = 0.126 s = 126 ms.
T is now shown in the figure below.
19
v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

If this voltage were connected to a 1000 ohm resistor, what would be the average power
consumption of the resistor in watts? Round your answer to the nearest watt.
W
That's right.
Pavg = (Vrms)2/R = 1562/1000 = 24.2 W ~ 24 W
It should now be clear why rms is called "effective value". The 156 V rms value of v(t)
has the same effective value as a 156 V battery so far as powering the resistor is
concerned.
20
You will need a calculator for this tutorial RMS

v(t) = 300 cos(400t + 65) V
Find the root-mean-square (rms) value of v(t). Round your answer to the nearest volt.
Vrms =
That's right Vrms = Vmax/21/2 = 300/1.414 = 212.13 V. This rounds off to 212 V.
Consider the square wave below.
21
Find the root-mean-square (rms) value of v(t). Round your answer to the nearest volt.
Vrms =
That's right Vrms is sqrt(mean v2).
Vrms = {[502 + (-50)2]/2}1/2 = {[2500 + 2500]/2}1/2 = {2500}1/2 = 50 V

Now let's find the rms value of a more complex voltage.
To find the rms voltage, we must analyze this waveform in several stages. Let us start
with the formal definition of rms:
In this equation, t0 is some arbitrary time, and time t0 + T is the time one period later.
Although the equation is written for a voltage v, it works for current i also. The wave
must be periodic (repetitive), or it is not possible to find an rms value.
What is the period of this voltage?
22
T=
That's right, the wave repeats every 40 seconds, so the period T is 40 s.
The above equation can now be replaced by:
Although any value of t0 will work, what is (probably) the most appropriate value?
t0 =
That's right, the simplest thing is to just let t0 = 0. The integral will be done from t = 0 s
to t = 40 s.
23
Since t0 = 0, this equation can now be replaced with:
v(t) is not a continuous function in the range t = 0 s to t = 40 s. Therefore, the function

(and the integral) must be broken up into parts for which v(t) is continuous. How many
parts should it be broken into?
parts =
That's right, there are 3 parts to v(t), each part corresponding to a straight line on the
graph.
We can now express Vrms as follows:
What is the value of t1 ?

t1 =
24
That's right, t1 = 10 s, because the first flat part of the curve, the part where v(t) = 50 V,
stretches from t = 0 s to t = 10 s. We also note that t2 = 20 s, because the part between t1
and t2 corresponds to the next flat part of v(t).
What is the value of v2 in the range t = 0 to t = 10?

v2 =
V2
That's right, v(t) = 50 V in the range from t = 0 to t = 10 s, so we just square this value
to get v2, which is 2500 V2.
25
What is the value of v2 in the range t = 10 to t = 20?

v2 =
V2
That's right, v(t) = 0 V in the range from t = 10 to t = 20 s, so we just square this value
to get v2, which is 0.
Finding v2 in the range t = 20 to t = 40 is a bit more tricky. We must first come up with
an expression for v(t) in this range. Since the voltage is a straight line in this region, it
obeys the equation y = mx + b, which, using our variables, is v = mt + b.
What is the value of m in this equation?
m=
V/s
26
That's right, in the range from t = 20 to t = 40 s, the slope is

m = ([50 - (-50)]/(40 - 20) = 100/20 = 5 V/s
In the range t = 20 to 40 we now have,

v = mt + b = 5t + b
What is the value of b in this equation?
b=
That's right, in the range from t = 20 to t = 40 s, the v intercept is found as follows.

v = mt + b = 5t + b
0 = 5(30) + b
b = -150
Therefore, the equation for v(t) in the range from 20 to 40 is:
v = 5t -150
27
This equation can now be rewritten as:
Now let's solve the three integrals.

What is the value of the first integral (between 0 and 10)?
First integral =
That's right; the integral 0f 2500 dt is 2500t. Evaluated between 0 and 10, this becomes
First integral = 2500(10 - 0) = 25000
We also note that the second integral evaluates to zero.
28
This equation can now be rewritten as:
The third integral is the most difficult to solve. Note that

(5t - 150)2 = 25t2 - 1500t + 22500
This makes it possible to divide the third integral into three parts:
What is the value of the integral of 22500 dt?

Integral =
That's right; the integral 0f 22500 dt is 22500t. Evaluated between 20 and 40, this
becomes
Integral = 22500(40 - 20) = 450000
What is the value of the integral of 1500t dt?
29
Integral =
That's right; the integral 0f 1500t dt is 1500t2/2. Evaluated between 20 and 40, this
becomes
Integral = (1500/2)(402 - 202) = 900000
What is the value of the integral of 25t2 dt? Round your answer to the nearest integer.
Integral =
That's right; the integral 0f 25t2 dt is 25t3/3. Evaluated between 20 and 40, this becomes
Integral = (25/3)(403 - 203) = 466666.67. This rounds off to 466667.
Recall that we had broken up the integral between 20 and 40 into 3 integrals:
30
Now we can substitute the values we found:
Now recall that
We can now substitute in the 16667 for the final integral:
What is Vrms? Round your answer to the nearest volt.

Vrms =
That's right.
Vrms = 32.27 V
This rounds off to Vrms = 32 V
31
You will need a calculator for this tutorial, preferably one with the
capability to manipulate complex numbers. It is possible to use a
simpler calculator, but the calculations will be more difficult.
Browser note: Your Web browser should be capable of displaying symbols. Here is the
Greek letter theta: This looks like a q instead of a theta on some primitive browsers
without the Symbol character set loaded. If you don't see the theta as a Greek letter,
consider updating your browser, or else plan to mentally translate q into theta in the
following pages.
In electrical engineering notation, j is the square root of what?
j = sqrt(
That's right.
j = sqrt(-1), which is an imaginary number.
What is j x j?
jxj=
That's right.
j x j = j2 = -1
What is 1/j?
1/j =
32
That's right.
1/j = (1/j)(j/j) = j/j2 = j/(-1) = -j
Complex numbers can be expressed in three forms: exponential form, polar form, and
rectangular form, as shown below:
M = Mej = M/ = Mcos + jMsin
When the complex number is given in exponential form, the angle is usually given in
radians. If it's in polar form, the angle is usually given in degrees.
For the complex number 5ej1.5, the polar form is 5/ . What is ? Round your answer to
the nearest degree.
=
That's right.
1.5 radians = (1.5) x (180/) = 85.94, which is approximately 86.
This means that 5ej1.5 = 5/86.
Now let's practice converting numbers from polar to rectangular form.

500/ = A + jB
Find A. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
A=
That's right.
500/ = A + jB
A = 500 cos(40) = 383.02.
This rounds off to 383.
Now we have:
500/ = 383 + jB
33
Find B. Round your answer to the nearest integer.

B=
That's right.
500/ = 383 + jB
B = 500 sin(40) = 321.39
Now we have:
500/ = 383 + j321
Let's try another conversion.

-800/1 = A + jB
Find A. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
A=
That's right.
-800/1 = A + jB
A = -800 cos(145) = 655.32
Now we have:
-800/1 = 655 + jB
Find B. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
B=
That's right.
-800/145 = 655 + jB
34
B = -800 sin(145) = -458.86

This rounds off to -459.
Now we have:
-800/1 = 655 - j459
Next, we'll practice converting from rectangular form to polar form.

57 - j63 = M/. Find M. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
M=
That's right.
57 - j63 = M/
On a good calculator, you can enter (57,-63), then do a rectangular to polar conversion
to get M = 84.96, which rounds off to 85. If your calculator doesn't have complex
number features, you can still calculate the magnitude M as follows:
M2 = A2 + B2 = 572 + (-63)2 = 7218
M = sqrt(7218) = 84.96, which rounds off to 85.
Now we have:
57 - j63 = 85/. Find . Round your answer to the nearest degree.
=
That's right.
57 - j63 = 85/
On a good calculator, you can enter (57,-63), then do a rectangular to polar conversion
to get = -47.86, which rounds off to -48. If your calculator doesn't have complex
number features, you can still calculate the angle as follows:
= arctan(B/A) = arctan(-63/57) = -47.86, which rounds off to -48.
Now we have:
35
57 - j63 = 85/
Let's try another rectangular to polar conversion:

-108 + j86 = M/
Find M. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
M=
That's right.
-108 + j86 = M/
On a good calculator, you can enter (-108,86), then do a rectangular to polar conversion
to get M = 138.06, which rounds off to 138. If your calculator doesn't have complex
number features, you can still calculate the magnitude M as follows:
M2 = A2 + B2 = (-108)2 + 862 = 19060.
sqrt(19060) = 138.06, which rounds off to 138.
Now we have:
-108 + j86 = 138/
Find . Round your answer to the nearest degree.
=
That's right.
-108 + j86 = 138/
On a good calculator, you can enter (-108,86), then do a rectangular to polar conversion
to get = 141.47, which rounds off to 141. If your calculator doesn't have complex
number features, you can still calculate the angle as follows:
= arctan(B/A) = arctan(86/-108)
Your calculator will give -38.53 for this arctan, but this angle will be wrong.
Calculators always calculate arctangents in the right half plane. These values will be off
by 180 if the real part of the complex number is negative, as it is in this case. To
correct the value, add 180:
36
= 180 - 38.53 = 141.47, which rounds off to 141.

Now we have:
-108 + j86 = 138/
Now we'll try some math with complex numbers.

A + jB = (50 + j75) + (42 - j89). Find A.
A=
That's right.
A + jB = (50 + j75) + (42 - j89) = 92 - j14
You just add up the real parts, then add up the imaginary parts.
M/= (5/)(7/). Find M.

M=
That's right.
M/= (5/)(7/) = (5 x 7)/= 35/
When multiplying complex numbers in polar form, you can multiply the individual
magnitudes to find the net magnitude.
M/= (5/)(7/). Find .

=
That's right.
M/= (5/)(7/) = (5 x 7)/41-56= 35/-15
When multiplying complex numbers in polar form, you can add the individual angles to
find the net angle.
37
M/= (120/)/(8/). Find .

=
That's right.
M/= (120/)/(8/) = (120/8)/135- = 15/
When dividing complex numbers in polar form, you can divide the individual
magnitudes to find the net magnitude and subtract the individual angles to find the net
angle.
M/= (50/) + (25 - j30). Find . Round your answer to the nearest degree.
=
That's right.
M/= (50/) + (25 - j30) = (22.7 + j44.5) + (25 - j30) = 47.7 + j14.5 = 49.8/
This rounds off to 50/.
A + jB= (180/)/(5 - j7). Find B. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
B=
That's right.
A + jB= (180/)/(5 - j7) = (180/)/(8.6/) = 20.9/ = 15.4 + j14.1
This rounds off to 15 + j14.
M/= (-5 + j9)(10/) - (150 - j100)/(2/)

Find M. Round your answer to the nearest integer.
M=
That's right.
M/= (-5 + j9)(10/) - (150 - j100)/(2/)
38
M/= (10.3/)(10/) - (180.3/-)/(2/)

M/= (103/) - (90.2/-)
M/= (86.4 - j56.0) - (63.0 - j64.5)
M/= (23.4 + j8.5) = 24.9/)
This rounds off to 25/.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this tutorial, you will study a typical three-phase circuit, and

calculate voltages, currents, and power. Consider the problem below.
A three-phase Y-connected generator with a phase voltage of 500 V and a frequency of
60 Hz is connected through power lines to a balanced delta-connected load that
consumes 400 kW of power at 0.77 pf lagging. Calculate the power consumed in one
phase of the load, the phase voltage of the load, and the line current.
To approach this problem, it is wise to a draw a diagram, as shown below.
The "Y" of the Y-connected generator is drawn upside down for convenience. It was
specified that the phase voltage of the generator is 500 V. This is shown on the diagram.
Recall that this is the rms voltage. It is shown as a magnitude only. The phase angle can
be ignored in balanced three-phase problems.
It is given that the load consumes 400 kW of power at a pf of 0.77 lagging.
What is the power consumed in one phase of the load? Round your answer to the
nearest kilowatt.
kW
39
That's right.
P= PT/3
This is because one third of the power is consumed in each phase.
The next thing the problem calls for is to calculate the phase voltage of the load. Before
we can do this, we must first calculate the line voltage.
What is the line voltage? Give your answer to the nearest volt.
V
That's right.
for a Y-connected source or load, so VL = 866 V. This voltage is now shown on the
diagram below.
40
Now we're ready to calculate the phase voltage of the load.

What is the phase voltage of the load? Give your answer to the nearest volt.
V
That's right. V = VL for a delta-connected source or load, so V = 866 V. This is not
shown explicitly on the diagram, because it should be clear that V and VL are the same.
The next thing that is asked for is the phase current of the load. Before you can calculate
that, you'll need to calculate the apparent power, S, in one phase of the load. Recall that
the power per phase was calculated to be 133 kW, and the pf was given as 0.77.
What is the apparent power consumed in one phase of the load? Give your answer to the
nearest KVA.
KVA
That's right.
S = P/pf
S = 133/0.77 = 173 KVA
41
Now we're ready to calculate the phase current.

What is the current in one phase of the load? Give your answer to the nearest amp.
A
That's right.
I = S/V = 173000/866 = 200 A
Let's review what we know:
Phase voltage of source = 500 V
Line voltage = 866 V
Phase voltage of load = 866 V
Power consumed by load = 400 kW
Power consumed in one phase of the load = 133 kW
Power factor = 0.77
Apparent power in one phase of the load = 173 KVA
Phase current of the load = 200 A
The diagram has been updated to show some of these values.
42
What is the line current? Give your answer to the nearest amp.
A
That's right.
for delta-connected sources and loads, so IL = 346 A.

Let's review (again) what we know:
Phase voltage of source = 500 V
Line voltage = 866 V
Phase voltage of load = 866 V
Power consumed by load = 400 kW
Power consumed in one phase of the load = 133 kW
Power factor = 0.77
Apparent power in one phase of the load = 173 KVA
Phase current of the load = 200 A
Line current = 346 A
The diagram has been updated to show some of these values.
43
Let us now check our work. Using the values of VL and IL above, calculate the total
power consumed by the load. Give your answer to the nearest watt.
W
That's right.
for all types of three-phase loads, so PT (total power) = 399618 W. There is a small error
from the expected 400000 W because of round-off in the calculations for VL and IL.
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In this tutorial, you will use the volt-ampere method to calculate power

Below is the resulting power triangle for the machine.

Below is the resulting power triangle for the machine.

Sketch the circuit diagram for the factory.

The lighting load consumes Q kvars. How much is Q?

The power triangle for the molding machine is shown below.

The circuit below represents the factory.

Draw the power triangle for the factory.

The circuit below represents the factory.

The power triangle for the factory is shown below.

What is the value of P for this power triangle?

The power triangle for the factory is shown below.

The power triangle for the factory is shown below.

The power triangle for the factory is shown below.

An industrial catalog lists the following capacitors available.

C. 400 kvars @ 120V.

The new power factor is .96.

In this tutorial, you will transform a network, calculate a

The circuit below now shows both sources as cosines.

120cos(200t - 98) V converts to 120/-98 V.

That's right. ZL = jL = j(200)(.7) = j140

That's right. ZC = 1/jC = -j/C = -j/(200 x 40 x 10-6) = -j125

700mH converts to j140 .

The mesh equation is then:

That's right. j500/-60 = 500/-60 + 90 = 500/30

I can be resolved into polar form, M/.

That's right. I = (120/-98 + 500/30)/(25 + j15) = (416.3 + j131.2)/(25 + j15)

This tutorial will give you practice in calculating values

That's right. At t = 0.1,

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

v(t) = 220cos(50t - 67) volts

You will need a calculator for this tutorial RMS

That's right Vrms is sqrt(mean v2).

Vrms = {[502 + (-50)2]/2}1/2 = {[2500 + 2500]/2}1/2 = {2500}1/2 = 50 V

That's right, the wave repeats every 40 seconds, so the period T is 40 s.

The above equation can now be replaced by:

Since t0 = 0, this equation can now be replaced with:

v(t) is not a continuous function in the range t = 0 s to t = 40 s. Therefore, the function

We can now express Vrms as follows:

What is the value of t1 ?

We can now express Vrms as follows:

What is the value of v2 in the range t = 0 to t = 10?

We can now express Vrms as follows:

What is the value of v2 in the range t = 10 to t = 20?

We can now express Vrms as follows:

That's right, in the range from t = 20 to t = 40 s, the slope is

In the range t = 20 to 40 we now have,

That's right, in the range from t = 20 to t = 40 s, the v intercept is found as follows.

This equation can now be rewritten as:

Now let's solve the three integrals.

This equation can now be rewritten as:

The third integral is the most difficult to solve. Note that

What is the value of the integral of 22500 dt?

What is the value of the integral of 1500t dt?

Now we can substitute the values we found:

Now recall that

We can now substitute in the 16667 for the final integral:

What is Vrms? Round your answer to the nearest volt.

Now let's practice converting numbers from polar to rectangular form.

Find B. Round your answer to the nearest integer.