Circulatory system:

CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

Homeostasis highlights
Removed

Delivered

O2
Nutrients
Hormones
Electrolytes

Waste
products

Circulatory
system
Heart

Cell

Excess heat
generated by
muscles must
be transported
to the skin

Maintain
body
temperature

Blood
vessels

Bodys transport
system

Anatomy of the Heart

Thought an
average
human life
span

3,000,000,000 times contraction

Heart

Circulatory
system

Pump
Pressure gradient
High low Pressure
Delivered

Blood
vessels

Human
fetus at
1 month
Blood

O2 , CO2
Nutrients
Hormones
Electrolytes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgPCDXmcQjM

0
External
respiration
Pulmonary
Vein

Pulmonary
artery

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic
Veins

Systemic circuit

Systemic
arteries

Internal
respiration

Blood Flow Through and Pump Action of Heart

Pulmonary valve
Superior vena
cava (return
blood from head)
Right pulmonary
arteries (to lungs)

Left pulmonary
arteries (to lungs)
Left pulmonary
veins (return blood
from lungs)

Right pulmonary
veins (return blood

Left atrium

from lungs)

Left atriventri
-cular valve

Right atrium
Right ariventri
-cular valve

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood

Inferior vena cava

(return blood from
trunk, legs)

Septum

Blood Flow Through and Pump Action of Heart

Right
ventricular
wall

Left
ventricular
wall

Thickness of right and left ventricles

Dual pump- action of heart

Blood Flow Through and Pump Action of Heart

Comparison of the right and left pumps
Equal amount of blood
The pulmonary circulation
is a low-pressure
The Systemic circulation is a
high-pressure
Pressure is the force exerted on
the vessel walls by blood pumped
into them by the heart
The left side works harder then
right side (Left wall >right walls)
Right

Low-pressure

High-pressure

Left

Blood Flow Through and Pump Action of Heart

Pressure-operated heart valves ensure that blood
flows in the right direction through the heart.

The present of four one-way heart valves

ensures this unidirectional flow of blood
The valves are positioned so that they open
and close passively because of pressure
differences
When pressure is
greater in front of
the valve

When pressure is
greater behind of
the valve
Valve opened

Valve closed

One-way valve

Circulatory system
Atrioventricular (AV) valves between the atria and
ventricles

Right AV valve

Left AV valve

Pulmonary valve

(Van ng mch phi)

(C nh)

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Intercalated discs
(sectioned)
Intercalated discs

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cardiac muscle cell
Contractile fibers
Intercalated discs

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Desmosome

Plasma membranes of adjacent

cardiac muscle fibrs

Mechanically importance
desmosomes
Electrically important
gap junctions
Gap junction

Action potential

Intercalated discs

Cardiac Muscle Cells

The heart walls are composed primarily of spirally

arranged cardiac muscle fibers
A thin, inner layer: the endocardium
A middle layer: the myocardium
A thin, external layer: the epicardium

Electrical Activity of Heart

Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System

Approximately 1% of cardiac muscle cells are
autorhythmic rather than contractile
Tm nh phi

Tm nh tri

Electrical Conduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te_SY3MeWys

Intrinsic Conduction System

Action potential (AP) of Contractile Cardiac Cells

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9w1qylp4TY

Action potential (AP) of Contractile Cardiac Cells

Comparison of Action potentials in Cardiac and skeletal Muscle

1. Action potental enter from

adjacent cells
2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
open, Ca2+ enters cell
3. Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release
through ryanodine receptor
channels (RyR)
4. Local increase cause spark
5. Summed Ca2+ spark create
a Ca2+ signal
6. Ca2+ ions bind to troponin
to initial contraction
7. Relaxsation oocurs when
Ca2+ unbinds from troponin
8. Ca2+ is pumped back into
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
for storage
9. Ca2+ is exchanged with Na+
10. NA+ gradient is maintained
by the Na+ -K+-ATPase