EXAMPLE 4.

1b

AREA METHOD

concrete
Material properties :

cbc
ct

M-25
85
18

kg/cm2
kg/cm3

section properties:

b
d
dc
de

100
20.5
4.5
16

cm
cm
cm
cm

FORCES ON SECTION:
Axial, Compr. +ve

0 kg

Analysis as UNCRACKED section

SN.
Element
1
Concrete
2
comp.steel
3
Tensile.steel

d
100
20.5
(1.5m-1)*Ac
(m-1)*At
A

N=

Ad/A

Bending Moment M

A
d
2050
10.25
58
4.5
65
16
2173 Ad=

10.27

stress
Extreme fibre stress in concrete in compression cc=
Extreme fibre stress in concrete in tension ct=
Stress in steel st=
Stress in steel st=

Analysis as CRACKED section

SN.
Element
Assume N=
4.159
1
Concrete
2
comp.steel
3
Tensile.steel

d
100
m*Ac
m*At
A

N=
difference 9.2E-05

M N/Ig
M(d-N)/Ig
Mm(de-N)/Ig

4.159

Ad/A
stress

d
416
2.0795
41
4.5
72
16
529 Ad=

4.16

Extreme fibre stress in concrete in compression cc=

Extreme fibre stress in concrete in tension ct=
Stress in steel st=
Stress in steel st=

M N/Ig
M(d-N)/Ig
Mm(de-N)/Ig

@ =When NA is above position of comp. Steel it would be actually in tension

STEEL

HYSD
t
m

1500
10.98

compression

Bending Moment M

Ad
21013
259
1045
22317

Ig=

8
13.5
3.72
0.18

minimum reinf.

0.35 %

I top

I top-A N2

Actual
18.05761 comp.
17.98379 tensile
110.5934 tensile

Ad
865
184
1150
2199

Ig=
Actual

Tension

dia.
spacing
Area
per cent

133333

I top-A N2

mm
cm
cm2
%

dia.
spacing
Area
per cent

kg-cm

Ad2
215378
1166
16720
305056

Ig
71793

75839
perm.

Ratio, actual/perm
85 0.21244249 OK
18 0.99909926 Uncracked
1500 0.07372894 OK

Ad2

I top

kg/cm2

1798
828
18400
21625

Ig
599

12477
perm.

Ratio, actual/perm

10
12
6.54
0.32

44.46015 comp.
174.6132 tensile
1389.233 tensile

85
18
1500

0.52 OK
9.70 Uncracked
0.93 OK

SD- 0106

EXAMP

4.1a
Design a vertical wall of a
ground supported open
aqueduct having height h=
3000

Vertical wall is acting as a cantilever , fixed at the base

and carrying hydrostatic pressure 2.0 meter height.
AS Cantilever , M= w.h3 /6 = 1000*2.00^3/6 =1333 Kh-m/m 133333 kg-cm/meter
Select, Concrete M-25
steel
cbc
85
t=
n=
0.384
j=
width of section = 1.0 m = 100 cm

HYSD
1500 kg/cm2
0.872

Q=

from "Strength" Consideration

As a cracked section , depth de required = (M/Qb)=
Add cover dc= 4.5 cm, d=

14.217

9.68
14.18

kg-cm

cm
round off to 15 cm

As an UNCRACKED section
Permissible tensile stress ct = 0.757day Mod.of Rupture=0.75*2.7=
As per proposed draft code IS-3370(II)-1992,ct=
Ignoring steel, M.R.=f.Z = f.b.d2/6, ( taking a lower value of f=18),MR=
Overall depth d reuired from 'serviceability' consideration=M/(3100)=
Provide overall d=
Cover dc=
4.5
de=d-dc=
Lever arm, a= j.de =

20.25
18
3
21.08
22
17.5

15.26
Tensile force, T=M/a= 8737.418
Area of reinforcement reqd., At=T/1500= 5.824945
Select bar dia.

10 mm

spacing

Area provided=

sd-0106

13
6.04

n a vertical wall of a
d supported open
uct having height h=

g-cm/meter
Relevant to IS:3370(II)

round off to 15 cm

kg/cm2
kg/cm3
bd2
cm
cm
cm

IS:456:2000
IS:3370(II)

cm c/c
cm2

ok

Example 4.1c

concrete
Material Properties:

Section Properties:

cbc=
ct=

M-25
85
18

kg/cm2
kg/cm3

b=
d=
dc=
de=

100
20.5
4.5
16

cm
cm
cm
cm

compression
dia.
spacing
Area
per cent
minimum reinf.

Forces on section :
Bending Moment M =
Axial compr. +ve
Analysis as CRACKED Section

133333 kg-cm

Equiv.
SN Element

Dist.

From

N.A.

Area
Assume N=
4.2709
1
Concrete
2
Compr. Steel

100
3.72

4.27
m*Ac=

427
= +N
41
=+(N-dc)
Reduce NA

4.27
-0.23
Insufficient

STEEL

HYSD
t
m

1500
10.98

8
13.5
3.72
0.18

mm
cm
cm2
%

kg/cm2
Tension
dia.
spacing
Area
per cent

10
12.5
6.28
0.31

0.35 %

Stress

-47
28
F=
M=

Force

Moment
about
N.A

-10037 -42865
1144
-262
0
Moment of
-1189968
Resistance

SD-0106

1189968

4.5 TENSION + BENDING : 4.2.(a)

concrete
Material Properties: cbc=
ct=

M-25
70
18

kg/cm2
kg/cm3

b=
Section Properties: d=
dc=
de=

45
100
5
95

cm
cm
cm
cm

Axial Force , Tensile

-51000 kg

Analysis as UNCRACKED section

SN.
Element
1
Concrete
2
comp.steel
3
Tensile.steel

SN

Location

1
2
3
4

Conc.top fibre
TOP Steel
Bottom Steel
Conc.Bot fibre

Direct
fa=
F/A
-10.27
-10.27
-10.27
-10.27

d
45
100
(1.0m-1)*Ac
(m-1)*At
A=(cm2)

N=
M/Ig

Ad/A
0.033424

y=
dist from
N.A.

Bending
fb=
My/Ig
50
45
-45
-50

1.67
1.50
-1.50
-1.67

CHECK-UP EQUILLIBRIUM OF FORCES :

SN
1

Element
Conc.

Stress
@ top
-8.60

Stress at
bottom
-11.94

Upper Steel

Lower Steel
TOTAL

STEEL

HYSD
t
m
compression
dia.
20
No.
6
Area
18.85
per cent
0.42
minimum re

A
d
4500
50
232
5
232
95
4965 Ad=

Average
e
-10.27

Tension
mm
cm
cm2
%

dia.
No.
Area
per cent

20
6
18.85
0.42

156800 kg-cm

(analysis)

Ad
225000
1163
22080
248243

Ad2
11250000
5815
2097600
17103415

I top

I top-A N2
Ig=
Bending stress = My/Ig

50.00
kg/cm3

-8.60
-8.77
-11.78
-11.94

kg/cm2

0.35 %

Bending Moment M =

Total
fa+fb
=

1500
13.33

Stress
Stress
in
in
Concrete Steel
-8.60
-117
-157
-11.94

Area

Force

4500

-46225

Permissible
Stress

-18
-1500
-1500
-18

% of
Total
90.64

Ig
Remark
3750000

4691217
=(M/Ig)*y kg/cm2

Ratio
Actual/
Permissi
0.48
0.08
0.10
0.66

Remarks

Uncrack
Ok
Ok
Uncrack

-116.88

18.85

-2203

4.32

-156.9783

18.85

-2959

5.80

-51387

SD-0106

%
%