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30

Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles


QUICK QUIZZES
1.

(a). This reaction fails to conserve charge and cannot occur.

2.

(b). This reaction fails to conserve charge and cannot occur.

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS


1.

The total energy released was E = (17 10 3 ton ) ( 4.0 10 9 J 1 ton = 6.8 1013 J, and according
to the mass-energy equivalence (E = mc 2 ), the mass converted was
m=

6.8 1013 J
E
=
2
c
( 3.00 108 m s

= 7.6 10 4 kg = 0.76 g

or m 1 g and the correct choice is seen to be (d).


2.

The energy released in the decay n p + e + e is Q = ( m )c 2 = ( mn m p me )c 2, or combining


the proton and electron to form a neutral hydrogen atom, Q = ( mn m 2 H )c 2 . We may then use
1 atom
the atomic masses from Appendix B in the textbook to obtain
Q = (1.008 665 u 1.007 825 u ) ( 931.5 MeV u ) = 0.782 MeV
Alternately, we may use the particle masses (in energy units) from Table 30.2 in the textbook to
obtain
Q = ( mn m p me )c 2 = (939.6 MeV c 2 938.3 MeV c 2 0.511 MeV c 2 )c 2 = 0.789 MeV
From either approach, we see that the best choice is (a).

3.

The decay p +10 e + e would conserve charge (+1 +1 + 0), electron lepton number
(0 1 + 1), and strangeness (0 0 + 0 ), and can conserve energy if the total kinetic energy of
the decay products equals the energy equivalent of the mass loss. However, it does not conserve
baryon number (+1 0 + 0), and the decay cannot occur. The correct choice is then (b).

4.

Both the charge and mass of a particle are independent of its spin so both choices (c) and (d) are
false. A spin-12 particle could be among the decay products, provided it is possible for the spins of
all the decay products to couple to 23 and conserve angular momentum. Also, in a magnetic eld,
a spin-23 particle could have spin states of
ms = 3 2 , 1 2 , 1 2 , and 3 2
so choices (a) and (e) are false, while choice (b) is true.

452

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Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

453

5.

The annihilation 01 e + +01 e can conserve energy [2(0.511 MeV) = 1.02 MeV ], does conserve
charge [ 1 + 1 = 0], conserves baryon number [0 + 0 = 0 ], and conserves lepton number
[ +1 1 = 0 ]. However, the total momentum is zero before annihilation and the momentum
of the single photon afterward is p = 1.02 MeV c 0 . Thus, it cannot occur, and the correct
choice is (b).

6.

Slow neutrons have a much higher probability of causing ssion in a collision with a nucleus in
the fuel elements than do fast or high energy neutrons. The purpose of the moderator is to slow the
neutrons down, and without it the chain reaction would quickly die out. The correct choice is (c).

7.

Positively charged particles, such as protons and alpha particles, have difculty approaching the
target nuclei because of Coulomb repulsion. Fast-moving particles may not stay in close proximity with a uranium nucleus long enough to have a good probability of producing a reaction. The
best particles to trigger a ssion reaction of the uranium nuclei are slow-moving neutrons, so
choice (d) is the correct answer.

8.

1
137
96
1
In the ssion reaction 235
92 U + 0 n 53 I + 39 I + n( 0 n ), where n is some unknown number of
neutrons, we see that charge is conserved ( 92 + 0 = 53 + 39 + 0 ) regardless of the value of n. The
reaction must also conserve baryon number, so it is necessary that

235 + 1 = 137 + 96 + n

or

n=3

and (c) is seen to be the correct choice.


9.

The reaction of choice (a) fails to conserve baryon number [1 + 1 1 + 1 1], while the reaction of
choice (e) fails to conserve tau-lepton number [+1 0 1 + 0], so neither of these reactions can
occur. The reactions of choices (b), (c), and (d) satisfy all conservation laws and may occur. The
correct answer for this question is choices (a) and (e).

10.

The reaction of choice (c) fails to conserve charge [0 + 1 0 + 0], while the reaction of choice
(d) fails to conserve baryon number [+1 2(+1) + 0 + 0], so neither of these reactions can occur.
The reactions of choices (a), (b), and (e) satisfy all conservation laws and may occur. The correct
answer for this question is choices (c) and (d).

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS


2.

The two factors presenting the most technical difculties are the requirements of a high plasma
density and a high plasma temperature. These two conditions must occur simultaneously.

4.

Notice in the fusion reactions discussed in the text that the most commonly formed by-product of
the reactions is helium, which is inert and not radioactive.

6.

They are hadrons. Such particles decay into other strongly interacting particles such as p, n, and
p with very short lifetimes. In fact, they decay so quickly that they cannot be detected directly.
Decays which occur via the weak force have lifetimes of 10 13 s or longer; particles that decay
via the electromagnetic force have times in the range of 10 16 s to 10 19 s.

8.

Each avor of quark can have three colors, designated as red, green, and blue. Antiquarks are
colored antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Baryons consist of three quarks, each having a different
color. Mesons consist of a quark of one color and an antiquark with a corresponding anticolor.
Thus, baryons and mesons are colorless or white.

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454

Chapter 30

10.

The decays of the neutral pion, eta, and neutral sigma occur by the electromagnetic interaction.
These are the three shortest lifetimes in the table. All produce photons, which are the quanta of
the electromagnetic force, and all conserve strangeness.

12.

A neutron inside a nucleus is stable because it is in a lower energy state than a free neutron and
lower in energy than it would be if it decayed into a proton (plus electron and antineutrino). The
nuclear force gives it this lower energy by binding it inside the nucleus and by favoring pairing
between neutrons and protons.

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
30.1

The number of ssions required is


N=

E 3.30 1010 J 1 MeV


20
=
= 9.92 10

208 MeV 1.60 10 13 J


Q

The mass of a single 235 U atom is matom = (235 u )(1.66 10 27 kg u ) = 3.90 10 25 kg , so the
total mass of 235 U required is

mtotal = Nmatom = ( 9.92 10 20 ( 3.90 10 25 kg = 3.887 10 4 kg = 0.387 g


30.2

The energy released in the reaction 10 n +

235
92

98
40

1
Zr + 135
52 Te + 3 0 n is

Q = ( m ) c 2 = m 235 U 2 mn m 98 Zr m135 Te c 2
92

40
52

= 235.043 923 u 2 (1.008 665 u ) 97.912 0 u 134.908 7 u ( 931.5 MeV u )


= 192 MeV

30.3

The energy released in the reaction 10 n +

235
92

88
38

1
Sr + 136
54 Xe + 12 0 n is

Q = ( m ) c 2 = m 235 U 11 mn m 88 Sr m136 Xe c 2
92

38
54

= 235.043 923 u 11(1.008 665 u ) 87.905 614 u 135.907 220 u ( 931.5 MeV u )
= 126 MeV

30.4

30.5

Three different ssion reactions are possible:

(a)

1
0

n+

235
92

U 90
38 Sr +

144
54

Xe + 2 10 n

144
54

Xe

1
0

n+

235
92

U 90
38 Sr +

143
54

Xe + 3 01 n

143
54

Xe

1
0

n+

235
92

U 90
38 Sr +

142
54

Xe + 4 01 n

142
54

Xe

With a specic gravity of 4.00, the density of soil is = 4 000 kg m 3. Thus, the mass of
the top 1.00 m of soil is
2
kg

1m
m = V = 4 000 3 (1.00 m ) ( 43 560 ft 2
= 1.62 10 7 kg

3.281 ft
m

At a rate of 1 part per million, the mass of uranium in this soil is then
mU =

m 1.62 10 7 kg
=
= 16.2 kg
10 6
10 6

continued on next page

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Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

(b)

Since 0.720% of naturally occurring uranium is 235


92 U, the mass of
part (a) is

235
92

455

U in the soil of

m 235 U = ( 7.20 10 3 mU = ( 7.20 10 3 (16.2 kg ) = 0.117 kg = 117 g


92

30.6

At 40.0% efciency, the useful energy obtained per ssion event is

Eevent = 0.400 ( 200 MeV event ) (1.60 10 13 J MeV = 1.28 10 11 J event


The number of ssion events required each day is then

P t

N=

Eevent

(1.00 10

J s ( 8.64 10 4 s d

1.28 10

Each ssion event consumes one

11

235
92

J event

) = 6.75 10

24

events d

U atom. The mass of this number of 235


92 U atoms is

m = Nmatom = ( 6.75 10 24 events d ( 235 u ) (1.66 10 27 kg u = 2 .63 kg d


In contrast, a coal-burning steam plant producing the same electrical power uses more
than 6 10 6 kg d of coal.
30.7

The mass of 235 U in 1.0 kg of fuel is 0.017 kg, and the number of 235 U nuclei is
N=

0.017 kg
m
=
= 4.336 10 22
matom ( 235 u ) (1.66 10 27 kg u

At 208 MeV per ssion event and 20% efciency, the useful energy available from this number
of ssion events is

E = ( 4.36 10 22 events ( 208 MeV event ) (1.60 10 13 J Mev ( 0.20 ) = 2 .9 1011 J


From Work = Fdrag s = E , the distance the ship can travel on this 1.0 kg of fuel is
s=

30.8

(a)

E
2 .9 1011 J
=
= 2 .9 10 6 m = 2 .9 10 3 km (or about 1800 miles)
Fdrag 1.0 10 5 N

The mass of 235 U in the reserve is


0.70
m 235 U =
( 4.4 106 metric ton
100

(b)

) 10

kg 3 g
= 3.1 1010 g
10
ton
kg

The number of moles in the quantity of 235 U found above is


n=

m 3.1 1010 g
=
= 1.3 10 8 mol
M 235 g mol

The number of 235 U atoms in this reserve is

N = nN A = (1.3 10 8 mol ( 6.02 10 23 atoms mol = 7.8 10 31 atoms

continued on next page

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456

Chapter 30

(c)

Assuming all atoms undergo ssion and all released energy captured, the total energy
available is
MeV 1.6 10 13 J
MeV

31
= 2.6 10 21 J
E = N 208
=
7
8

10
208
.
events
(

event 1 MeV
event

(d)

At a consumption rate of 1.5 1013 J s, the maximum time this energy supply could last is
t=

(e)
30.9

2.6 10 21 J
1 yr

= 5.5 yr

1.5 1013 J s 3.156 10 7 s

Fission is not sufcient to supply the world with energy at a price of $130 or less per
kilogram of uranium.

The total energy required for one year is

E = ( 2 000 kWh month ) ( 3.60 10 6 J kWh (12.0 months ) = 8.64 1010 J


The number of ssion events needed will be
N=

Eevent

8.64 1010 J
= 2 .60 10 21
( 208 MeV) (1.60 10 13 J MeV

and the mass of this number of 235 U atoms is

m = Nmatom = ( 2 .60 10 21 ( 235 u ) (1.66 10 27 kg u


= 1.01 10 3 kg = 1.01 g
30.10

(a)

At a concentration of c = 3 mg m 3 = 3 10 3 g m 3, the mass of uranium dissolved in


the oceans covering two-thirds of Earths surface to an average depth of hav = 4 km is
mU = cV = c( 23 A) hav = c[ 23 ( 4 RE2 )] hav , or
g 2

mU = 3 10 3 3 4 ( 6.38 10 6 m

m 3

(b)

) ( 4 10 m ) =
2

4 1015 g

Fissionable 235 U makes up 0.7% of the mass of uranium computed above. If we assume all
of the 235 U is collected and caused to undergo ssion, with the release of about 200 MeV
per event, the potential energy supply is
0.7 mU
E = number of 235 U atoms 200 MeV =

200 MeV
100 m 235 U
atom

)(

and at a consumption rate of


energy needs is t = E P , or
t=

0.7 mU

100 m 235 U

P = 1.5 1013 J s, the time this could supply the worlds

200 MeV

atom

1 kg 200 MeV 1.6 10 13


4 1015 g
0.7

100 235 u 1.66 10 27 kg u 10 3 g 1.5 1013 J s 1 MeV

)(

J
1 yr
3.156 10 7 s

= 5 10 3 yr
continued on next page

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Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

(c)

30.11

The uranium comes from dissolving rock and minerals. Rivers carry such solutes into the
oceans, so the oceans supply of uranium is steadily replenished. Further, if breeder reactors
are used, the current ocean supply can last half a million years!
Be +

(a)

4
2

He + 24 He

8
4

(b)

8
4

Be + 24 He

12
6

(c)

457

C +

The total energy released in this pair of fusion reactions is


Q = ( m ) c 2 = 3 m 4 He m12 C c 2
= 3 ( 4.002 602 u ) 12.000 000 u ( 931.5 MeV u ) = 7.27 MeV

30.12

The energy released in the reaction 11 H + 12 H 23 He + is


Q = ( m ) c 2 = m1 H + m 2 H m 3 He c 2
1

1
2

= [1.007 825 u + 2.0014 102 u 3.016 029 u ] ( 931.5 MeV u ) = 5.49 MeV

30.13

The energy released in the reaction 12 H + 13 H 24 He + 10 n is


Q = ( m ) c 2 = m 2 H + m 3 H m 4 He mn c 2
1

1
2
= [ 2.014 102 u + 3.016 049 u 4.002 603 u 1.008 665 u ] ( 931.5 MeV u )

= 17.6 MeV (1.60 10 13 J MeV = 2 .82 10 12 J


The total energy required for the year is

E = ( 2 000 kWh month ) (12.0 months yr ) ( 3.60 10 6 J kWh = 8.64 1010 J yr


so the number of fusion events needed for the year is
N=

30.14

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 457

8.64 1010 J yr
E
=
= 3.06 10 22 events yr
Q 2 .82 10 12 J event
C

13
7

N +

(b)

13
7

13
6

C + 11H

14
7

N +

(d)

14
7

N + 11H

15
8

(f)

15
7

(a)

1
1

(c)
(e)

H+

12
6

15
7

N +

0
+1

e+

13
6

C+

N + 11H

0
+1
15
8

12
6

e+

O +

C + 24 He

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458

30.15

Chapter 30

With the deuteron and triton at rest, the total momentum before reaction is zero. To conserve momentum, the neutron and the alpha particle must move in opposite directions with
equal magnitude momenta after reaction, or p = pn . Neglecting relativistic effects, we use
the classical relationship between momentum and kinetic energy, KE = p 2 2 m , and write
2 m KE = 2 mn KEn , or KE = ( mn m )KEn.
To conserve energy, it is necessary that the kinetic energies of the reaction products satisfy the
relation KEn + KE = Q = 17.6 MeV. Then, using the result from above, we have
KEn + ( mn m )KEn = 17.6 MeV, or the kinetic energy of the emerging neutron must be
KEn =

30.16

(a)

17.6 MeV
= 14.1 MeV
1.008 665 u
1+
4.002 603 u

The energy released in the reaction 11 H + 115 B 3( 44 He) is


Q = ( m ) c 2 = m1 H + m11 B 3m 4 He c 2
1

5
2

= 1.007 825 u + 11.009 306 u 3 ( 4.002 603 u ) ( 931.5 MeV u )


= 8.68 MeV

(b)

The proton and the boron nucleus both have positive charges. Thus, they must have
enough kinetic energy to overcome the repulssive Coulomb force one exerts on the other
and approach each other very closely.

30.17

Note that pair production cannot occur in a vacuum. It must occur in the presence of a massive
particle which can absorb at least some of the momentum of the photon and allow total linear
momentum to be conserved.
When a particle-antiparticle pair is produced by a photon having the minimum possible frequency,
and hence minimum possible energy, the nearby massive particle absorbs all the momentum of
the photon, allowing both components of the particle-antiparticle pair to be left at rest. In such an
event, the total kinetic energy afterwards is essentially zero, and the photon need only supply the
total rest energy of the pair produced.
The minimum photon energy required to produce a proton-antiproton pair is

Ephoton = 2 ( ER )proton = 2 ( 938.3 MeV) (1.60 10 13 J MeV = 3.00 10 10 J


Thus, f =

and
30.18

Ephoton
h

3.00 10 10 J
= 4.52 10 23 Hz
6.63 10 34 J s

c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 6.64 10 16 m = 0.664 fm
f
4.52 10 23 Hz

The total kinetic energy after the pair production is


KEtotal = Ephoton 2 ( ER )proton = 2 .09 10 3 MeV 2 ( 938.3 MeV) = 213 MeV
The kinetic energy of the antiproton is then
KE p = KEtotal KE p = 213 MeV 95.0 MeV = 118 MeV

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Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

30.19

The total rest energy of the 0 is converted into kinetic energy of the photons. Since the total
momentum was zero before the decay, the two photons must go in opposite directions with equal
magnitude momenta (and hence equal energies). Thus, the rest energy of the 0 is split equally
between the two photons, giving for each photon
Ephoton =
pphoton =

and

30.20

459

f =

ER, 0
2
Ephoton

Ephoton
h

c
=

135 MeV
= 67.5 Mev
2

= 67.5 MeV c

67.5 MeV 1.60 10 13 J


= 1.63 10 22 Hz
6.63 10 34 J s 1 MeV

Observe that the given reactions involve only mesons and baryons. With no leptons before or after
the reactions, we do not have to consider the conservation laws concerning the various lepton numbers. All interactions always conserve both charge and baryon numbers. The strong interaction also
conserves strangeness. Conservation of strangeness may be violated by the weak interaction but
never by more than one unit. With these facts in mind consider the given interactions:
K0 + +
K0

total before

total after

Charge

+1

Baryon number

Strangeness

+1

+1

This reaction conserves both charge and baryon number, but does violate strangeness by one unit.
Thus, it can occur via the weak interaction but not other interactions.
0 + +
0

total before

total after

Charge

+1

Baryon number

+1

+1

Strangeness

This reaction fails to conserve baryon number and cannot occur via any interaction.

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460

Chapter 30

30.21

30.22

Reaction

Conservation Law Violated

(a)

p + p + + e

Le : ( 0 + 0 0 + 1); and L : ( 0 + 0 1 + 0 )

(b)

+ p p ++

Charge, Q :

(c)

p + p p ++

Baryon Number, B :

(1 + 1 1 + 0 )

(d)

p+pp+p+n

Baryon Number, B :

( 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1)

(e)

+ p n +0

Charge, Q:

( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1)

(0 + 1 0 + 0)

The relevant conservation laws are Le = 0, L = 0, and L = 0.


(a)

+ 0 + e+ +?

Le = 0 0 0 1 + Le , so Le = +1

(b)

?+ p + p + +

L = 0 L + 0 1 + 0 + 0, so L = +1

(c)

0 p + + ?

L = 0 0 0 + 1 + L , so L = 1

(d)

+ + + ?+ ?

L = 0 0 1 + L , so L = +1
L = 0 1 0 + L , so L = 1

One particle must be with L = +1 , while the other is with L = 1.


30.23

?+ p n + +
Conservation of charge

Q + e 0 + e

or

Q = 0

Conservation of baryon number

B +1 1+ 0

or

B=0

Conservation of electron-lepton number

Le + 0 0 + 0

or

Le = 0

Conservation of muon-lepton number

L + 0 0 1

or

L = 1

Conservation of tau-lepton number

L + 0 0 + 0

or

L = 0

The particle having these properties is an antimuon-neutrino. It is the .

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Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

30.24

(a)

461

+ + p K+ + +
Baryon number, B:

0 +1 0 +1

B = 0

Charge, Q:

1+1 1+1

Q = 0

Baryon number, B:

0 +1 0 +1

B = 0

Charge, Q:

1+1 1+1

Q = 0

+ + p + + +

(b)

Strangeness is conserved in the rst reaction:


Strangeness, S:

0 + 0 11

S = 0

The second reaction does not conserve strangeness:


Strangeness, S:

0 + 0 0 1

S = 1

The second reaction cannot occur via the strong or electromagnettic interactions .
(c)

If one of the neutral kaons were also produced in the second reaction, giving

+ + p + + + + K 0 , then strangeness would no longer be violated:


Strangeness, S:

0 + 0 0 1 +1

S = 0

Because the total mass of the product particles in this reaction would be greater than
that in the rst reaction [see part (a)], the total incident energy of the reacting particles
would have to be greater for this reaction than for the first reaction .

30.25

(a)

0 + +
Charge:

1 0 1 + 0

Q = 0

Baryon number:

+1 +1 + 0 + 0

B = 0

Le :

00+0+0

Le = 0

L :

0 0 +1+1

L 0

L :

00+0+0

L = 0

2 1 + 0 + 0

S 0

Lepton numbers,

Strangeness:

continued on next page

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462

Chapter 30

(b)

K0 2 0
Charge:

00+0

Q = 0

Baryon number:

00+0

B = 0

Le :

00+0

Le = 0

L :

00+0

L = 0

L :

00+0

L = 0

+1 0 + 0

S 0

Lepton numbers,

Strangeness:

(c)

K + p 0 + n
Charge:

1 + 1 0 + 0

Q = 0

Baryon number:

0 +1 1+1

B 0

Le :

0+00+0

Le = 0

L :

0+00+0

L = 0

L :

0+00+0

L = 0

1 + 0 1 + 0

S = 0

Lepton numbers,

Strangeness:

(d)

0 0 +
Charge:

00+0

Q = 0

Baryon number:

1 1+ 0

B = 0

Le :

00+0

Le = 0

L :

00+0

L = 0

L :

00+0

L = 0

1 1 + 0

S = 0

Lepton numbers,

Strangeness:

continued on next page

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Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

(e)

e+ + e + +
Charge:

11 11

Q = 0

Baryon number:

0+00+0

B = 0

Le :

1 + 1 0 + 0

Le = 0

L :

0 + 0 11

L = 0

L :

0+00+0

L = 0

0+00+0

S = 0

Charge:

1 + 0 0 1

Q = 0

Baryon number:

1 + 1 1 + 1

B = 0

Le :

0+00+0

Le = 0

L :

0+00+0

L = 0

L :

0+00+0

L = 0

0 + 0 +1 1

S = 0

Lepton numbers,

Strangeness:
(f)

p + n 0 +

Lepton numbers,

Strangeness:
30.26

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 463

463

proton

total

strangeness

baryon number

1
3

1
3

1
3

charge

2e 3

2e 3

e 3

neutron

total

strangeness

baryon number

1
3

1
3

1
3

charge

2e 3

e 3

e 3

3/26/08 1:56:55 PM

464

30.27

Chapter 30

The number of water molecules in one liter (mass = 1 000 g) of water is


1 000 g
N =
( 6.02 1023 molecules mol = 3.34 1025 molecules
18.0 g mol

Each molecule contains 10 protons, 10 electrons, and 8 neutrons. Thus, there are
N e = 10 N = 3.34 10 26 electrons , N p = 10 N = 3.34 10 26 protons,
and

N n = 8 N = 2.68 10 26 neutrons

Each proton contains 2 up quarks and 1 down quark, while each neutron has 1 up quark and
2 down quarks. Therefore, there are
N u = 2 N p + N n = 9.36 10 26 up quarks , and
N d = N p + 2 N n = 8.70 10 26 down quarks
30.28

K 0 Particle
0

total

strangeness

baryon number

13

1 3

charge

e 3

e3

0 Particle

30.29

30.30

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 464

total

strangeness

baryon number

13

13

13

charge

2e 3

e 3

e 3

Compare the given quark states to the entries in Table 30.4:


(a)

suu = +

(b)

ud =

(c)

sd = K 0

(d)

ssd =

(a)

2 2 1
uud : charge = e + e + + e = e . This is the antiproton .
3 3 3

(b)

2 1 1
udd : charge = e + + e + + e = 0 . This is the antineutron .
3 3 3

3/26/08 1:56:57 PM

Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

30.31

465

The reaction is 0 + p + + + X , or on the quark level, uds + uud uus + 0 + ?


The left side has a net 3u, 2 d, and 1s. The right side has 2 u, 0 d, and 1s, leaving 1u and 2 d
missing.
The unknown particle is a neutron, udd . Baryon and strangeness numbers are conserved.

30.32

(a)

+ p + + 0 is forbidden by conservation of charge

(b)

+ e is forbidden by conservation of electron-lepton number ,


conservation of energy , and conservation of muon-lepton number

(c)
30.33

p + + + + is forbidden by conservation of baryon number

To the reaction for nuclei, 11 H + 23 He 24 He +


obtain H atom + He atom He atom +
to compute
1
1

3
2

4
2

0
1

0
+1

e + e, we add three electrons to both sides to

e + e + e . Then we use the masses of the neutral atoms


0
+1

Q = ( m ) c 2 = m1 H + m 3 He m 4 He 2 me c 2
1

2
2
= 1.007 825 u + 3.016 029 u 4.002 6 03 u 2 ( 0.000 549 u ) ( 931.5 MeV u )
= 18.8 MeV
30.34

For the particle reaction, + + e 2 , the lepton numbers before the event are L = 1 and
Le = +1 . These values must be conserved by the reaction so one of the emerging neutrinos must
have L = 1 while the other has Le = +1. The emerging particles are and e .

30.35

(a)

e +

Violates conservation of muon-lepton number


and also conservation of electron-lepton number

(b)

n p + e + e

Violates conservation of electron-lepton number

(c)

0 p + 0

Violates conservation of charge

(d)

p e+ +0

Violates conservation of electron-lepton number


and also conservation of baryon number

(e)

0 n + 0

Violates conservation of strangeness number by 2 unitts


Even weak interactions only violate this rule by 1 unit.

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 465

3/26/08 4:33:10 PM

466

30.36

Chapter 30

Assuming a head-on collision, the total momentum is zero both before and after the reaction
p + p p + + + X . Therefore, since the proton and the pion are at rest after reaction, particle X
must also be left at rest.
Particle X must be a neutral baryon in order to conserve charge and baryon number in the
reaction. The rest energy this particle is

E0 X = 2 E0 p + 70.4 MeV E0 p E0 + = E0 p E0 + + 140.8 MeV


or

E0 X = 938.3 MeV 139.6 MeV + 140.8 MeV = 939.5 MeV

Particle X is a neutron .
30.37

If a neutron starts with kinetic energy KEi = 2.0 MeV and loses one-half of its kinetic energy in
each collision with a moderator atom, its kinetic energy after n collisions will be KE f = KEi 2 n.
The kinetic energy associated with particle in a gas at temperature T = 20.0C = 293 K (see
Chapter 10 of the textbook) is
KE f =

3
3
1 eV

kBT = (1.38 10 23 J K ( 293 K )

2
2
1.60 10 19

= 0.0379 eV
J

Thus, the number of collisions the neutron must make before it reaches the energy associated
with a room temperature gas is n ln 2 = ln( KEi KE f ) , or
6
1 2.0 10 eV
ln
= 26
n=

ln 2 0.0379 eV

30.38

(a)

The number of deuterons in one kilogram of deuterium is


N=

1 kg
m
= 3.00 10 26
=
matom ( 2.01 u ) (1.66 10 27 kg u

Each occurrence of the reaction 21 D + 21 D 23 He + 01 n consumes two deuterons and


releases Q = 3.27 MeV of energy. The total energy available from the one kilogram
of deuterium is then
3.00 10 26
1.60 10 13 J
N
13
E = Q=
3
.
27
Mev
(
)

1 MeV = 7.85 10 J
2
2

(b)

At a rate of eight cents per kilowatt-hour, the value of this energy is


Wh
$0.08 1 kW
value = E rate = ( 7.85 1013 J
kWh 3.60 10 6

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 466

6
= $1.74 10 = $1 740 000
J

(c)

Deuterium makes up four-twentieths or one-fth of the mass of a heavy water molecule.


Thus, ve kilograms of heavy water is necessary to obtain one kilogram of deuterium. The
cost for this water (5 kg )($300 kg ) = $1 500 .

(d)

Whether it would be cost-effective depends on how much it cost to fuse the deuterium and
how much net energy was produced. If the cost is nine-tenths of the value of the energy
produced, each kilogram of deuterium would still yield a prot of $174 000.

3/26/08 1:57:00 PM

Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles

30.39

(a)

467

The number of moles in 1.0 gal of water is


3.786 L 10 3 cm 3
g

1
.
0
1
.
0
gal
(
)

1 gal 1 L
cm 3
m V
= 2.1 10 2 mol
n=
=
=
M
M
18 g mol
so the number of hydrogen atoms (2 per water molecule) will be

N H = 2 ( nN A ) = 2 ( 2.1 10 2 mol ( 6.02 10 23 mol1 = 2.5 10 26


and one of every 6 500 of these is a deuteron. Thus, the number of number of deuterons
contained in 1.0 gal of water is
N D = N H 6 500 = 2.5 10 26 6 500 = 3.9 10 22 deuterons
and the available energy is

E = ( 3.9 10 22 deuterons (1.64 MeV deuteron ) (1.6 10 13 J MeV = 1.0 1010 J


(b)

At a consumption rate of
energy needs is
t =

30.40

P = 1.0 10 4 J s, the time that this could supply a persons

1.0 1010 J 1 d
= 12 d
1.0 10 4 J s 86 400 s

The total energy input required is Einput =

or

Einput =

(100 000 10

Erequired
efficiency

P ( t )
efficiency

J s (100 d ) ( 86 400 s d )
= 2.9 1015 J
0.30

At 208 MeV per ssion event, the number of ssions of


N=

Einput
208 Mev

2.9 1015 J 1 MeV

208 Mev 1.60 10 13

The mass of this number of

235

235

U nuclei needed is

25
= 8.7 10
J

U atoms will be

8.7 10 25 atoms
N
g 1 kg
m=
M
= 34 kg
=
235

23

mol 10 3 g
6.02 10 atoms mool
NA

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 467

3/26/08 1:57:01 PM

468

30.41

Chapter 30

Conserving energy in the decay + , with the initially at rest gives


E + E = ER, , or
E + E = 139.6 MeV

[1]

Since the total momentum was zero before the decay, conservation of momentum requires the
muon and antineutrino go off in opposite directions with equal magnitude momenta, or p = p .
The relativistic relation between total energy and momentum of a particle [Equation (26.10) in
the textbook] then gives for the antineutrino: E = p c , or p = E c. Applying the same equation to the muon, we obtain

( )

E2 = p c + ER2 , = ( p c ) + ER2 , = E2 + ER2 ,


or

E2 E2 = E + E

)(E

E = ER2 , = (105.7 MeV)

and
E E =

(105.7 MeV)2
E + E

[2]

Substituting Equation [1] into [2] gives E E = (105.7 MeV)2 139.6 MeV, or
E E = 80.0 MeV

[3]

Subtracting Equation [3] from Equation [1] yields 2 E = 59.6 MeV, and
E = 29.8 MeV
30.42

The reaction + p K 0 + 0 is ud + uud d s + uds at the quark level. There is


a net 1 u and 2 d quarks both before and after the reaction . This reaction conserves the net number
of each type quark.
For the reaction + p K 0 + n , or ud + uud d s + udd , there is a net
1 u and 2 d before the reaction and 1 u, 3 d, and 1 antistrange quark afterwards . This
reaction does not conserve the net number of each type quark.

30.43

To compute the energy released in each occurrence of the reaction


4 p + 2 e + 2 e + 6
we add two electrons to each side to produce neutral atoms and obtain 4 ( 11 H atom ) 42 He atom + 2 e + 6 .
Then, recalling that the neutrino and the photon both have zero rest mass, and using the atomic
masses from Appendix B in the textbook, gives
Q = ( m ) c 2 = 4 m1 H m 4 He c 2
1 atom
2
atom

= 4 (1.007 825 u ) 4.002 603 u ( 931.5 MeV u )


= 26.7 Mev

Each occurrence of this reaction consumes four protons. Thus, the energy released per proton
consumed is E1 = 26.4 Mev 4 protons = 6.68 Mev proton .
Therefore, the rate at which the Sun must be fusing protons to provide the power output that
it has is
rate =

56165_30_ch30_p452-468.indd 468

P
E1

3.85 10 26 J s 1 MeV
38
= 3.60 10 proton s

6.68 Mev proton 1.600 10 13 J

3/26/08 1:57:01 PM

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