TRANSISTOR BIAS CIRCUITS&

BJT AMPLIFIERS
BIAS
The DC Operating Point
Voltage-Divider Bias
Other Bias Methods
A transistor must be properly biased with a dc voltage in order to operate as a linear
amplifier. A dc operating point must be set so that signal variations at the input terminal are
amplified and accurately reproduced at the output terminal. As you learned, when you bias a
transistor, you establish the dc voltage and current values. This means, for example, that at
the dc operating point, IC and VCE have specified values. The dc operating point is often
referred to as the Q-point (quiescent point).
Bias establishes the dc operating point (Q-point) for proper linear operation of an
amplifier. If an amplifier is not biased with correct dc voltages on the input and output, it can
go into saturation or cutoff when an input signal is applied

effects of proper and improper dc biasing

Analisa

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The transistor in Figure 52(a) is biased with VCC and VBB to obtain certain values of IB,
IC, IE, and VCE
Ditentukan tiga(3) nilai IB untuk menganalisa yang terjadi pada IC dan VCE
VBB diatur untuk mendapatkan nilai IB= 200A. Karena IC = DC IB, maka akan
didapatkan IC = 20mA.
Untuk mendapatkan nilai VCE
VCE = VCC - ICRC = 10 V - (20 mA)(220) = 10 V - 4.4 V
= 5.6 V

Q-point

Dengan cara yang sama

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Sehingga bisa digambarkan

Linear Operation
The region along the load line including all points between saturation and cutoff is generally
known as the linear region of the transistors operation. As long as the transistor is operated
in this region, the output voltage is ideally a linear reproduction of the input
Contoh transistor yang beroperasi pada daerah linear

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Dari circuit di atas tegangan sinusoidal Vin ditumpangkan pada VBB menyebabkan arus base
bervariasi secara sinusoidal 100A di bawah dan di atas Q-point yang bernilai 300A. Hal
ini juga menyebabkan nilai arus collector bervariasi 10 mA di bawah dan di atas Q-point
30mA. Sebagai akibat dari bervariasinya arus collector, tegangan collector to emitter juga
bervariasi 2.2 V di bawah dan diatas Q-point 3.4 V. Titik A pada garis beban terhubung
dengan puncak positif tegangan input sinusoidal, sedangkan titik B terhubung dengan dengan
puncak negatif tegangan input sinusoidal. Titik Q terhubung dengan nilai nol (0) dari
gelombang sinusoidal.

(1)VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS
You will now study a method of biasing a transistor for linear operation using a single source
resistive voltage divider. This is the most widely used biasing method
A more practical bias method is to use VCC as the single bias source, as shown below

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Contoh
Tentukan nilai VCE dan IC untuk DC = 100 pada circuit berikut:
Tegangan base:

Maka

(1)VOLTAGEDIVIDER BIAS
(2)Emitter Bias
(3)Base Bias
(4)Emitter-Feedback
Bias
(5) CollectorFeedback Bias
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BJT AMPLIFIERS
(1) Amplifier Operation
(2) Transistor AC Models
(3) The Common-Emitter Amplifier
(4) The Common-Collector Amplifier
(5) The Common-Base Amplifier
(6) Multistage Amplifiers
(7) The Differential Amplifier
(8) AC Quantities

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TRANSISTOR AC MODELS
Comparison of the AC Beta ( ac) to the DC Beta ( DC)

COMMON-EMITTER AMPLIFIER

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Phase Inversion

Ketika sinyal teg input berubah, maka Ib akan berubah. Ib berubah Ic juga berubah. Ib naik, Ic
naik. Ic naik akan menyebabkan teg yg melalui Rc turun.

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AC Analysis
To analyze the ac signal operation of an amplifier, an ac equivalent circuit is developed as
follows:
The capacitors C1, C2, and C3 are replaced by effective shorts because their values are
selected so that XC is negligible at the signal frequency and can be considered to be 0
The dc source is replaced by ground

Input Resistance at the Base

Input resistnace pada base

Tegangan base

Karena Ie Ic

Subtitusi Vb dan Ib
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maka

Output Resistance

Voltage Gain

The gain is the ratio of ac output voltage at the

collector (Vc) to ac input voltage at the base (Vb).

Perhatikan gambar

Maka diperoleh

Effect of the Emitter Bypass Capacitor on Voltage Gain (C2)

Perhatikan gambar CE Amplifier
The value of the bypass capacitor must be large enough so that its reactance over the frequency
range of the amplifier is very small (ideally ) compared to RE. A good rule-of-thumb is that the
capacitive reactance, XC, of the bypass capacitor should be at least 10 times smaller than RE at
the minimum frequency for which the amplifier must operate.

Voltage Gain Without the Bypass Capacitor (C2)

Without the bypass capacitor, the emitter is no longer at ac ground. Instead, RE is seen by the ac
signal between the emitter and ground and effectively adds to re in the voltage gain formula

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Contoh
Tentukan nilai minimum C2 pada rangkaian berikut jika amplifier harus beroperasi pada range
frekuensi antara 200 Hz s.d 10 KHz
Tentukan gain tegangan base-collector amplifier dengan dan tanpa C2 jika tdk terdapat resistor
beban (load resistor) pada rangkaian
re = 6.58

Solusi

Tanpa C2, nilai gain adalah

Dengan C2 nilai gain adalah

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Effect of a Load on the Voltage Gain

The collector resistance at the signal frequency is effectively RC in parallel with RL. Remember,
the upper end of RC is effectively at ac ground
The total ac collector resistance is
Ganti RC dengan Rc pada
voltage gain
Contoh

Pada rangkaian di atas, jika resistor beban RL = 5 k dihubungkan dengan output hitung voltage
gain base-collector pada amplifier. Diketahui re = 6.58
Solusi
The ac collector resistance is
Maka voltage gain adalah

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Current Gain

Power Gain

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