Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Conservation of mass
( width b same)
V1 h1 V2 h2
Newtons second law states that the net force acting on a body in any fixed direction
is equal to the rate of increase of momentum of the body in that direction.
F1 F2 g
h12
h2
g 2 Q (v 2 v1 )
2
2
h2 1
8v12
1
1
h1 2
gh1
Here, we define Fr
v1
gh1
Froude No.
Depth
Type
Fr > 1
h2 > h1
Super-critical flow
Yes/No
Fr =1
h2 = h1
Critical flow
Yes/No
Fr < 1
h2 < h1
Sub-critical flow
Yes/No
Energy dissipation
The energy will be loss in the hydraulic jump and the energy loss is
(h2 h1 ) 3
hL
4h1 h2
(You should approve this equation by yourself and show it in the report!)
(All dimensions are in SI units.)
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5.
1.
2.
3.
Experimental Procedure
Adjust the channel to horizontal position and start the pump.
Wait until water level rises in the tank to the highest level mark of the tank
(several cm from the top). Allow a short interval of time between each
adjustment of the pump to allow the water level to stabilize. Otherwise the water
tank may be overtopped.
Then a supercritical flow can be seen throughout the entire length of the channel.
Let it run for a few more minutes to ensure stability.
Then place a straight edged ruler on the outside walls of the channels to measure
the heights h, h1 and h2 and take the readings of v and v2 from the computers.
Slowly reduce the pump to adjust the level of water to certain levels, which are
marked in the water tank.
By using different water levels by adjusting the pump to adjust the water to a
lower level mark, repeat step 4 to 5 for at least 6 times.
Result and calculation
Please derive theory from 1st principle.
Please calculate and plot relevant graphs to show your results.
Discuss assumptions of the theory and possible experimental errors.
Note:
Flow
rate
v1
h1
v2
h2
Does
hydraulic
jump
occur?
Flow
rate
v1
h1
v2
h2
Does
hydraulic
jump
occur?
Note:
1.
2.
3.