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ON GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
BY
A. E I N S T E I N
and N. R O S E N .
ABSTRACT.
T h e rigorous solution for cylindrical gravitational waves is given. For the
convenience of the reader t h e theory of gravitational waves and their production,
already known in principle, is given in the first part of this paper. After encountering relationships which cast d o u b t on t h e existence of rigorous solutions for
undulatory gravitational fields, we investigate rigorously t h e case of cylindrical
gravitational waves. It turns out t h a t rigorous solutions exist and t h a t the
problem reduces to t h e usual cylindrical waves in euclidean space.
I. APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF PLANE WAVES
AND THE PRODUCTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
It is well known t h a t the approximate m e t h o d of integration of the gravitational equations of the general relativity
theory leads to the existence of gravitational waves. The
m e t h o d used is as follows: We start with the equations
-/~. v - - ~1 g , . J ~ =
-- T,..
(I)
(2)
where
~,v =
=o
if
if
/~ = v.
~v,
43
44
A.
EINSTEIN
AND N .
ROSEN.
[J. F. I.
G ....
~ ....
~ +
v.o, ~ =
2T.,.
(3)
x~ + ~,
(4)
o =
o.
(5)
+ ~'~ - } a . ( ~ . o + ;~ o)],~ = o,
or
e,~
o.
(7)
i}
One obtains plane gravitational waves which move in the
Jan., I93~f"
ON
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
45
%1 + i%4 = o.
(9)
"}/14 = i(~,
"Y44 =
-- (~.
~4 = i x ( x l + i:~4),
46
A.
EINSTEIN
AND
N.
ROSEN.
[J. F. I.
(Cl)
7 3.
(c2)
or
- -
X2,
~'1 ! ~
~'1,
A~3/
: -
X3,
X4 ! ~
X4,
X3 f
: -
- -
~3,
Xl ! =
W1,
~3~2f
~2~
K4 !
0C4,
OF
=
(m)
Jan., I937.]
ON GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
47
- =__'
~'"P
271-J
(Ii)
t" ~T""-](t-")dv'
Or
271"10
I-fT,,dye(t-r).
(I2)
fr ,&
l O ' f x2~T44dv"
20x42
(13a)
48
[J. F. I.
f T33d.-I a2f
20x4 2
I
x32T44dv'
02
f T2 d -2o f xmT4d..
One sees from this t h a t the time-derivatives of the moments
of inertia determine the emission of the gravitational waves,
provided the whole method of application of the approximation-equations is really justified. In particular one also
sees that the case of waves symmetrical with respect to the
x l - x 2 and x1-x~ planes could be realized by means of elastic
oscillations of a material system which has the same symm e t r y properties. For example, one might have two equal
masses which are joined by an elastic spring and oscillate
toward each other in a direction parallel to the x3-axis.
From consideration of energy relationship it has been
concluded t h a t such a system, in sending out gravitational
waves, must send out energy which reacts by damping the
motion. Nevertheless, one can think of the case of vibration
free from damping if one imagines that, besides t h e waves
emitted by the system, there is present a second Concentric
wave-field which is propagated inward and brings to the
system as much energy as the outgoing waves remove. This
leads to an undamped mechanical process which is imbedded
in a system of standing waves.
Mathematically this is connected with the following
considerations, clearly pointed out in past years by Ritz and
Tetrode. The integration of the wave-equation
[B~ = - 4~rp
by the retarded potential
q~ =
Jan., 1937.]
ON
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
49
g 2 2 , g33, g44,
g14
(I4)
g:,~ =
C,
5o
where A, B, C > o.
lates t h a t
(
2 .Rll
I
)
B44 C44
2 gl,R = ~- -[- ~
I[B42
C42
2 ~ -[-
-- B--~+ A k B
B1C1
+NK
2A(R22
[J. F. I.
AI(B,
clh]
+ A ,B +-~]J'
C44
.A 11
Cll
A
C
i [ C12 C42
A44
2 g22R = - -t- C
- -
__
+ ~ [ -~
c - c-;
2A19" , 2A4 2]
+
2A(
-C-
Raa - 2 gaaR
-A44
-+
A
A2
B44
~ ; ]'
An
Bn
B
A
i [ 2A12
+ 2 [ A2
B
2A4 2
A2
BI 2
+ Bz
"~ Bn
Cn
2 (.R44 -- - e . R } = ~ +
I
B42 ]
B2 '
I [ B12
(I6)
C12
2[-~-+ ~
AI( I
B1C~
- - -BC
+
A ,B +-d]
<]!
B4G
+ N K + A k B + C].]
B,4
G4
I[ BIB,
2R,4 = B - + C - -
CiC4
- - ~ + c--~
A4(B1
AI(B4 c & l
+ A ,B +-g]]'
where subscripts in the r i g h t - h a n d m e m b e r s denote (lifter-
Jan., 1937.]
ON
GRAVITATIONAL
51
WAVES.
eutiation.
If we t a k e as field equations these expressions set
equal to zero, replace the second and third b y their s u m and
difference, and introduce as new variables
a = log A,
log (B/C),p
1og(BC),J
3"
(15a)
we get
23"44 AI- ~1 [ ~ 4
3"12 - - 20L13"1
2o
3" -1
o,
(17)
2(O~11 - - O!44) -IT. 23"11 - - 23"44 -[- [~12 -~- 3"12 - - ~42 - - 3"42] = O, ( 1 8 )
~11 - - ~44 -t- [~13"1 - - ~4'~4-] = O, ( I 9 )
23"ll -[- 1[~12 -t- 33"12 -t- ~42 - - 3"42 - - 2G~l'Y1 - - 20/43"4] = O, ( 2 0 )
23"14 -t- [ ~ i ~ 4 -t- 3"13"4 - - 2o~13"4 - - 20~43"1] = O. ( 2 1 )
(22)
(BC)~,
(23)
The substitution
3" = log 0",
0" =
(24)
(25)
(I8a)
52
[J. F. I.
09;1
02,
OX4 '
_
Ox4
T h u s we m a y arbitrarily
equation
024 ]
(26)
024
Oxl '
0221
0221
Oxl 2
Ox4~-
-- o
(26a)
or
(27)
Xl-
~44 + i
Xl
1 = o,
(2s)
I
and
-3
al = x1(tl2 + /342) B -2xl
(29)
~4 = x1~1~4.
(30)
Jan., I937.1
O N GRAVITATIONAL WAVES.
53
E q u a t i o n (28) is the equation for cylindrical w a v e s in a threedimensional space, if xl denotes the distance from the axis
of rotation. T h e equations (29) and (3o) determine, for
given/3, the function a up to an (arbitrary) additive constant,
while, b y (27), "r is already determined.
In order t h a t the w a v e s m a y be regarded as w a v e s in a
euclidean space these e q u a t i o n s m u s t be satisfied b y the
euclidean space when the field is i n d e p e n d e n t of x4. This
field is represented b y
A = I;
B =
I;
C = xl 2,
3 = -- logxl,
These
~, = log xl,
= f(Xo
t Av X I '
On the other hand, in the general case, which includes the case
of progressive waves, we obtain for this integral the value
3l r\ X - ~1-~-2p - - X 2 X I ' ) o ~ T ,
54
A.
EINSTEIN
AND N .
ROSEN.
[J. F. I.
Xl),