Present Participle adalah Verb + ing.

Contohnya: stu.dying, driving, cooking

Penggunaan present participle pada Structure section TOEFL test seringkal

membingungkan karena fungsingya yang bisa sebagai part of a verb Oagran dari kat
kerja) atau adjective (kata sifat).
1. Sebagai

bagian dari kata kerja (Part ofaverb)

Present participle (verb+ing) akan berfrrngsi sebagai part of a verb

irersamaan dertgan.to be (arrr, is, are, rn'as, and were).
Contol;:
The train
arrivingut ttt" station now.
is
The students are talking in the classroom.

jika digunaka

2. Sebagai adjective (Kata Sifat)

Present padiciple (Verb + Ing) berfrrngsi sebagai adjective apabila tidak ditemani oleh
be (am, is, are,. was and were).
Contoh:
The train arriving at trle station now is an hour late.

l}e

students taliring in the class look very happy.

EXERCISE 3:

Look

following sentences and Check if they are correct (C) or inco:nect (I)-

l. The cryine baby

needs to be picked up, (C)

ADJ.
2. The clothes are

ivine the floor should go into the washing machine- (I)

VERB
3. The waitress

brineine the steaming soup to the waitiug diners.

of the strikine workers are walking the picket tine. ( )

5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll. ( )

4. Most

6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.

7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonighr.
8. The

10. The

just ending

few minutes ago.

letters needing irnmediate answers are on the desk.

9. The boring class

fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.

SKILL

4 (PAST

PARTICIPLE)

Pastparticiple adatah Verb III

dad katake{a.
Contoh: spolcen, wrilten, Iefi, cooltzd
Penggunaan Past Participle pada

lffi:t"

dua firngsi, vaiiu

i".t

struch[e Questions seringkali membingungkan

karena

"".t due-iu'lui k;il'"#;Ht:j""tive

"i

(kata

I. Sebagai pcrt of a verb

Past participle akari berfrrngsi
sebagai part of a .rerb
ftagian <iari kata kerja) apabila
ditemani oleh iwe, hgs--bacl atau
be (cng ts, pre, ytas*were). .

contoh:

The

mailm*]r* ,rr, a retter in the ma'box. (Left

is part

of a verb)
The classes were taughr by professor
smrth. Gaught is part of a r-erb)

2. Sebagai adjective

Past Participle berfungsi sebagai

kata sifat (adjective) apabila
tidak ditemani dengan
have, has, had atzu be (am,
is, are, dan -aere)-

contoh:

The letter teft in the mailbox

was for me. (Left is ADJECT.TvE)
bv professor smith were very interesting.
(Taught

ffiffiij;"snr

ExERcrsE 4: Each of the follou'ing

is

sentences contains one or

more past participles.
circle the past participles, and label
them as adjectives or verbs.
Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (t).

l. The food is served in this restaurant

is delicious.
2. The plane landed on the
deserted runway.
)
3. The unexpected guests arrived just
at dinnertime.

4. The courses are listed in the

catalogue are required courses.
5. The teacher found the lost
exam.

6. The small apartrnent very

crowded and disorganized.

7- The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.

8- The locked drawer contained the unworra jewels.

EXERCISE (Skilts 3

9. The tree was blown o'rer in the storm was cut into logs.

10. The studerts registered

in this course are listed on that

sheet

of paper.( )

- 4): Each of the tbllowing sentences contains one or more

participles- Underline the subjects once and ihe verbs twice. Circle the participles, and

label them as adjectives or verbs- Then indicate

if the sentences

are correct (C) or

incorrect ([).

l. Our hosts are serving

drinks on the tiled patio.

2. The tired woman taking a much needed nap.

3. Tlre letters were sent on Monday arrive,l on

Wednesday-

4. The wirurers deserved the big prize.

5.

the plants are growing in the garden

need a lot of water.

6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.

7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
8. The excited children trying to build a srowman in the falling snow.
9. The students are completing the coursewill graduate in June-

l0- The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.

TOEIL EI(ERCISE (Skitls 3 - 4): Choose the letter

of the word or group of word that

best completes the sentence.

1.

The

first
6 =--.

(A) flowers

appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs' reign.

are

pkints

(C) plants flowers

2-

The earliest medicipes

@) plants have flowers

-'^

(D) flowering plants./

from plants of various sorts.

(A) obtaining

(B) they obtained

(C) wereobtainedv

(D)they were obtained

3. Simple sails werc made from

(A)

canvas

overaframe-

a shetch

@) shetched

(C) was stretched

4-P

(D) it was shetched

{44"o!,

__

(A) moving

\r_

in a slightly elliptical path around the planet.

(B) is moving J

(C) it was moviirg

5.

(D) in its movement

Tehniques of breath control form an essential part

ofany

program to improve

the voice.

(A) it trains

(B) train

(C) trains.
6- Robert E.

Ire

(D)training

the confederate anny to General Grant

in rg65 at the Appomattox

Courtlrouse.

(A) surrendered.t
CB)

(C) sunendering

(D) surender

gland
(A) found below/

7' The pit'itary

the brain, releases hormones to control

other glands-

(B) it is found below

(C) its foundation below8.

At around trvo years of

he surrendered

Gi) finas itself below

age, many children regularly produce

sentences

fourrvords.

(A) are containing

(B) containing

(C) contain9.

tble.e

or

@) contains planet.

Multinational companies
acceptable brand names.

(A) finding

(B) are finding.r

(C) they find

(D) they are finding

l!.. The conrea is tocated uncier the coqiunctiva,

on
(A) thepart is exposed
(C) ttre exposed part

ToErL REvrEw E)GRcrsE (skills

words that best completes the sentence

l.

of the eye.
@) exposed thepart

@) exposes the part

1-

4): choose the letter of the word or group of

first settled the Hawaiian Islands between A.D.

300 and 750.

(A) The Polynesians

(C) Because ofthe polymesians

(B) The Polynesians arrived

(D) It was the Polynesians

2.ln

1066,a bright comet

in the sky ataaeted much attention.

'

(A) was appearing

(B) appears

(C) it appeared

@) appearing

carleras,
(A) the objects vie,w
(c) from the viewof the object

3- In some daguerreot5pe

4' rn the Stone Age, stone tools

(A) polishing

--

through a hole in the back of the box.

(B) the object was viewed/

(D) viewed the object

with other rock materials.

(B) they polished

(C) forpolish

@) were polishedr'

5' The first steamship to cross the

Atlantic_

Savannah"

(A) was ther

in lgr9.

in the Earth

(A) were calle<i

(D) it was called

7' The first plant-like organisms probably

(A) lif

8' in male pattern

(A) heredity

faults.

(B) calls

(C) calted v

bardness,

in the sea, perhaps 3 billion years ago.

(B) living

(D) it was living

shonglyinfluences the degree of hair

(C) inherits
In Watch the Skies, Curtis

flying

'

tD) in it the

6- The Earth's plates meet each other

at sracks

9-

(B) it was the

(C) the

(C) li-ved

Peebles

loss.

68) inherited

@) heredityhas
attempt to explain America,s belief in

saucers.

fascinating'z
@) making a fascinating
(C) fascinationwithrnaking
@) fascinationmade a
l0' The irregular coastline ofa succession of bays and inlets, with the
hook of thr
(A) makes

Cape Cod peqinsula in the southeast.

(A) Massachusetts

(C) Massachusetts it is

@) Massachusetts is
(D) Massachusetts on

sKrLL s (COORDTNATTNG
Banyak kalimat dalam Bahasa

CONJTJNCTTONS)

hgg.,,

yang terdiri dari dua klausa

Klausa adalah

kelompok kata yang paling sedikit terdiri dari satu Subject dan satu Verb (Predikat).

Ketika ada dua kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris, kita harus menggabungkannya dengan
benar- Salah safu cara unfuk menggabungkan dua buah kalusa adalah dengan

."ttggirauk* coordinating conjunction AI.ID, BUT, O&

or SO.

DUA ra,EUsa SETARA DALAM SAT{I KALIMAT MEMERLTTKAN

COORDIhIATING CONJ TJNCTIC'N

for
and

nor
but
or
yet
SO

Contoh:

l.

fhe

sun was sirining, andthe sky was blue.

2. The sky was blue, butitwas very cold3. It may rain tonigbi, or it may. be clear.
4. It was raining outside, so I tcok my umbrella.
Keempat lslimat diatas terdiri dari dua klausa dan semuanya di hubungkan dengan
sebuah Coordinating Conjuciion dan sebuah CommaContoh berikut ini akan menuqiukan bagaimana Coordinate Connector datam Structure
Questions pada TOEFL Test.

I forgot my coat,' _

I got very cold.

(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result

Kalimat diatas memiliki dua buah klausa: I forgot my coat dan 1 got very cold.I.i;id
menghubturgkannya, kita harus menggunakan sebuah Coonector. Kata Then (A), late
(C), dan as a result (D) bukanlah Connector- Jadi jawaban terbaik adalah @/ karena s
bisa menghubungkan kedua klausa tersebut dengan benar.

EffiRCISE 5:

ini fokus pada permasalahan Coordinate Connector. Baca

kalimatnya dan tentukan apaleah jawabannya Correct (C) atau Incorrect (C).
1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.
)
Exercise

dibawah

_
'

3- It was raining, so decided not to go camping-

2- The book was not long, it diffrcult to read.

4. The materia! has been cu! and the pieces have been sewn together.(
)

'.

5. Thepatienttookall the medicing he did not feel much better.( )

--

6: The

bilt

or

must be paid immediately,

electricity will be tun'ed off.

the

?- The furnace broke so the house got quite cold.

9- The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept raking them up, but the yard

was stitl covered.

'10.

The mail carier has already d.elivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive

bd.y, itprobably will arrive tomorrow.

SKILL 6 (SUBORDTNATTT{G CONJUCTTONS)

L".\[IS E (-:OI\NE (-:TORiJ
CAUSE
coNDtTior{

AT}VERB
TIME
after
at
befsre

C:

urril

because

rgherr

if

since

tr-hether

CONTR.{ST
althoueh
even though
though

rr.hile

since
S

l.t

ildart

fslt

rvlti.le

aclver

connector

ve

connector
Be.cause

gqod

bccausc

sv
lvJatt

hc

Irassed

SV
parsed

he

felt

gocd.

Perhatikan dua contoh kdlimat di bawah ini:

l.

2.

He is tired
He has beenworking hard

Kedua klausalkalimat diatas tentunya membuhrhkan connector untuk menyambungkan

mereka dan mempunyai arti. Connector yang tepat adalah because. Sehingga kalimatnya

meqiadi

He is tired because he has beenworking so hard.

Because he has beenworking so har4 he is tired

L2

Kalau Connectomya berada di tengah-tengah, maka tidak membutuhkan koma tapi

kalau connectomya ada di awal kalimat, maka di butuhkan koma.
Contoh dibawah ini menunjukan bagaimana Adverb Clause Connector biasa di tes di
Structure Section dari TOEFL test.
Example
___ arrived at the library, he started to work immediately.
(A) The student
(B) V/hen
(C)He
(D) After the student
Dari dua klausa'lcalimat diatas, kalimat pertama " ..... arrive at the library" belum
memiliki Subject tapi sudah memiliki Verb. Sedangkan kalimat kedua sudah memiliki
Subject, he, clan Verb, started. Tidak juga ada juga Coru1ector untuk menghubungkan
kedua kalimat tersebut. Jawaban terbaik adalah (D) karena ada subject, the student,
untuk melengkapi kalimat arrive, daP.. connector, when, untuk menghubungkan kedua
kalimat tersebut.
KALIMAT KOMPLEKS (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE) MEMERLUKAN SUBORDINATING
CON.JUNCTION..

When

While
After
Before
Because
Since
Although
If
Unless
Provided
Until
When
While

13

EXERCISE 6:
Perhatikan soai-soal dibawah ini dan tentukan apakah kalimatn,va bennar (CorrecL) atau
salair (Incorrect)

l. Afterthe plane circled the alrport it landed onthe main runway. ( )

Z.The registration process tbok many hours since tle lines so long- ( )
3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have soqq bad side eifects4. The \vaves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town. ( )
5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not. ( )

EXERCISE (Skitls 5-6): Each ofthe follorving sentences ccntains rnore than one
clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice- Circle the connectors. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorect ([).
1- The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guiltyAfterthe children read some stories before they wentto bed.

2.

3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every nigbt

4. If you do not tum on the lights, you

for a week-

will tip in the dark.

5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes.unable to land.

6.
7

All of the

shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.

-The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.

8. The

outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must

approve it.
9. Because the food was cold when

it was served the diners

10. You should slow down wtrile you are

sent

it backto the kitchen.

driving, or the police will pull your car over.

LA

ToEFL ElGRcrsE (skills

L{):

choose the letter of the word

or group of words that

best completes the sgntence.

l. A spacecraft is freed from frictio,

(A)

it

(C) after

2-

-?-

(Dj after it is v

their surroundings, or thel hide in crevices

for protection(B) Lobsters
i
6o) no"*" l"br"*

(A) Lobsters
-with
(C) Iobsters blending.z
a batl-and-qocket

join!

blend
blend

the elbow is a simple hinge joint.

(B) v/hile the shourdlr is .
(O1fn" shoutdei

the.shourder'
(C)
The
shoulder
is
A

car has several sections

with moving

lubrication
(c,) and good rubrication.
(A) good

-i. Bears carulot see well

(A) bears have
(C) because they have v

ill

+ tand
l*1.U.i+e existec
(c) A
_::__

parts,

ofthose parts is essential.

Cei;"uiirbrt""r"d
1n1*a rvelr lubricated

snall

eyes.

(B) because having

(D) because of bears

of panama, so animars were abre to

migrate between Norrh and

,l*:j:y"s

South America-

7.

launched
into Jispace.
'-"vg u*v

cgx,l,

is

(A) While

4-

_-=

bridge

@) when a tand bridge existed

(o) wifi,

"H; #;T.

ruvDtrJ ruitge oI grarute, rt

it aiso contains some hrunan_made
materials.

Empire state sriilaing

I1] ]}" T:Y,:"T*..^.j_q111r1r1

(B) The Empire State Buildin;is

Q) aruroush the Pmpire statJnuitaing is n
@) Atthough the Empire State ilid;d i, Uuilt

vibrate the ear.

*.*r*
iOl * sound waves enter J

8. Pressure differences make

the eardrum

(A) enters the sound

.(C) sound wavqs

waves

enter

" tHlflrffirr"",ffifies
(A) magmfying
(C) can magni$ v

1n; *,"r.,ra

as much as 2,000 times, but

an erecfron microscope

(B) itmagnifies
(D) magniS it

l0- If scjenti-fic estimat:s are accurate,

with the Earth about 20,000 years
ago.
(A) the Canon Diablo meteorite _
l
(B) the collision of the Canon Oiabto
"onru"a
meteorite
(C) the Canon Diablo meteorite
"offiaiog
@) colliding the Canon Diablo *"t*rit"

15

TOEFL REVTEW EXERCISE (Skitls

words that best completes the sentencel-

(A)

(c)
-

l-6):

Choose the letterofthe word or group

of

of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive agriculture.

(B) Becausethe economic activity
(D) when the economic activity

acdvity
active

The economic
The economy was

with

2. In popularterminology, ffiy long snowstorm

is called abli;rza.d.(A) the emount of wind is
(B) a rarge amount of wind
(C) it is very
(D) very windy

windy

large

by fusion" produced by fissionbe

(B) it can also
(C) and it can also be
(D) and it can also
4.
. igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses(41rn" temperattue is high
(B) Ifthe tenrperature is high
(C) High temperahres
e) If high tempenature
3- Nuclear po'nrer can be produced

(A) it can also

5.

In l905,IIenry Flagleg
across the sea to Key V/est.
(A) it was announced
(C) the announcement of

6. The sound

his plans to extend his Florida Ea-st Coast R.ailway out

(B) arurouncement
(D) announced

from a vibrating object wili be high or low depencling on ttre nurnber

of vibrations.
(A) Comes

(B) it is coming
@) coming

(C) is coming

7- During the late 1880s, urban streetcars were

(A) they used

(C) the use

8.

of

electrifiedthrough

large motors.

(B) used
(D) when they used

almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.

(A) Although Biscayne National park encompasses

(B)
National park encompasses
-(C) Biscape
Biscayne National park encompassing
@) Biscayne Na*ional piuk

9. Legislation
in 1916 and l9l7 gave the Wilson adminishation authority to
intervene in the national economy if it proved necessary.
(A) it was
(B) was passed

(C)

passed
passed
-

(D)

passes

10- Because a family of birds set up housekeepiog itt Joel Chandler Hanis's mailbox
when the birds were in need of a place to
the wren's Nest.
(A) the horne is
(Blso the home is named

(C) naming the

named
home

stay,

@)

ttre home,s name

16

SKILL 7 (NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR)

Perhatikan contoh-contoh Ci bawah ini1-

I dont knovi

2.

W. here

dc

(kalimatlklausa pertama)

you live? (Kalimat/klausa

kedua)

Kalau kedua kalimat/lklausa diata_s digabung, maka

menjadi
I don't know whereyou live?

l. I am not sure.

f go to Loqdon?
What shoddf doforher?

2. Where can

How long

h.ove

you studied TOEFL?

How much hais she gained her weight?

Who fu s/re?
K;rlau keduanya digabung, menjadi:

.
.
.
.
.

I am not sure where I can go to LondonI am not sure whatls&o niA doforher.
I am not sure how long;,o u hsvestudied TOEFL.
I am not sure how.sfte ftas gained her weight. I am not sure who sre is.

Itulah beberapa cara bagaimana menggabungkan dua

buah kalimavclause jika
clause/kalimat yang

keduaiaaun wh-questions. Hut-na diatas harus bisa

kita lalarkan
karena ini relevan dengan skill 7. A noun clause
adalah clause&alimat yang berfungsi
sebagai Not'rN' Karena Notrn clause.lerfungsi
Noun, maka frrngsinya pada
kalimat bisa sebag!.fiect-of verb (object aia ut"-n"r:ul
".t"gui
danobject of preposition
(Object dari Preposisi/kata depan).

1'7

Berikut ini adalah contoh soal bagaimana noun clause conneclor digunakan:
Example
The citizens worryr obout
(A) what the govenrment
(C) what

is doing.
(B) the government
@) whatthe government

it

sKrLL 8 (NOriN CLAUSE CONhIECTOR/SITBJECT)

Pada

skill

sebelumnya

(Skill

7)

nouri ciause connector (whom, what dan which) hanyr

berfungsi sebagai connector-

Di skill 8 (Noun clause connector/snbject), Noun Clause Connector tidak hanya

berfrrng
sebagai Connector tapi pada saat yang bersamaan juga berfungsi sebagai Subject- perhatika

kalimat di bawah ini:

I
Sieare$inr<ine

about@

f--=t-

Pada kalimat pertanna terdapat dua kalimat/klausa:

know dan what happened yesterday

Kedua kalimat ini di hubungngakn oleh Connector what.

Pada kalimat ke dua (wbat happened yesterday) dari kedua contoh di- atas. What jug
berfungsi sebagai Subject dari kalimat tersebul Sedangkan happened berfirngsi sebagaiverb.

Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.

The company was prepared for

(A)

it

(B) the problem

(C) what

@) when

happened with the economy.

Kalimat diatas memiliki dua buah klausa yaitu "The company

was prepared for,, dan ,,
happened with the emnomy. Klausa ke dua ;-..-.:.........irappened
with the
economy" kurang lengkap karena belum_memitiki subject
sekaligus connector yang
berfrrngsi menghubungkan kedua kalimat- Jawaban yang iepat
adala{whar (cj karena ini
bisa berfungsi sebagai Subject dan connector.
-t8.

EXERCISE 8:

:'

Perbatikan soal-soal dibawah lni dan tenhrkan apakah kalimabrya

benar (Correct) atau
salah (Incorrect).
1. The teacher hear-d

who answered the question

2.I do not understand it went wrong.

3. Of the tiuee rnovies,

I can't

()

decide whiph is the best-

4. She did not rennember who in her class.

5.

()

No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.

()

6. We founci out

wbich was her favorite type of candy. (

)
7.Do you know what caused theplants to die? (
)
8- I arn nct sure which it is the most hportant course
in r.he program9. 'iy'e th,rught about who would be the best vice president.(
)
10, She saw what in the box in the closet. (
)

u(ERCISE (Skitls

7-{):

Each of tlre

()

following sentences contains more than one

clause- Underline the subjects onceand the verbs twice.

Circle the connectors. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect

@.

l. It doubtfirl whether he will

pass ttre test

or not.

2. The groqp discussed who he should receive the prize.

3.It is not certain

4. I

wiil do what

5. We

rlr&y the class was cancelled-

does

it need to be done.

forgot when did the movie start-

I would like to ask ifyou could come over for dinner this weekend.
7. The children knew which the best game to play.
6.

8- The

advisor inform.sd her that needed to add another class.

9. He saw who took the money.

10.

It is unclear how the window

got broken.

19

m@[@*rl# "
-.1
7

TOEFL E)(ERCISE (Skills 7--8): Choose

the Ietter of the word or group

of words that best

completes the sentence.

l. Today,

the true story

of

at

(A) Happened
(C) whathappened
2. For more than a

decade,

Little Bighorn remains

a mystery.
(B) ithappened
(D) what happening

.;

that certain species are becoming scarce.

(B) warn the bird-watchers
(A) the warnings of bird-watchers
(C) birdwatchers have warned,
(D) a u.arning for bird-watchers

,
3. Eariy in the eightet:nth centurj/, Halley accurately predicted when

refuin.
(A) the cornet
(C) the comet was
4.

ofclarity about
convention.
(A) will lcad
(C)'.hey will lead
donot
(A) rvhether

1682 would

(B) was the comet

(D) had the comet

No single factor explains wh),

(A) aging affects
(C) asing has an effect

5. Lack

of

vary so greatly among individuals.

(B) the effects of aging
(D) the aging effect

the party in the coming year

will

be removed at Oie parqT's

(B) lead
(D) who will lead

6. We

(C)

7-

it
knowwhether

(B) know r'.thether

(D) sure vrhether

it

Minute ManNational Historical Park is a monument to where

(A) th" beginning of the Revolutionary War
(B) in the beginning ofthe Revolutionary'War
(C) the Revolutionary War to begin
@) the Revolutionary War began
of cars were bonducted at the Univers:ity of California to detennine
the safesi colors for cars.
(A) which
(B) which were

8. Tests on the colors

(c)

if

(D) how were

estimates influoridated areas have

9. The National Institute of Dental Research

about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.

(A) for school children

(C) that sch.,ui children
10. The process

(B) school children's

(D) that for school children

of photosynthesis explains how

able to use the enerS/ in sunlight

to
manufacnrre foods from the simple chemicals in air and water
(B) green plants are
(A) green plants

2A

(C) planting greens

(D) with green plants are

TOEFL REvIEw E)mRCISE (Skills

wgrds that best completes the sentence.
1' Air near the equator
equator.
(A) to havrc

t - 8): Choose the letter of the word or group of

a faster west-to east

motion than air farther from the

(B) it has
@) having

@,*.

2- About 4000 B.C., humans discovered that

ores.

@metals could be .

(B) the ability of metallic

(D) could merals be

(C) possiblymerallic
3.

bE

t
rv
ESffiJffi':norDNA $]fftrffi1ooil;.."
-q--- (*u,
\ ,ry:--_

quickly after an animal dies.

ic design has conkibuted greatly to reclucing resistance

to
(B) It improves
(C) Irnprovement
improve
COj n

nio6ifil

"y

rffiYff#

$llr:no'is

much warner in the winterthan the northern

(A) flocicing tourisrs

hocks of tourisLs

fQ)
lt

@) touring flocks
tourists flock

Gi)

vloo"" gr.r'ity,$-[*ater on the near side of the Earth toward

tiFJio occur-

J fif1re
(th,ts is what_
(A)the cuurf(c) causing .

p"qEi

the Moon, and

(B) causes

(o) the cause of

7'tr9y pick up fragments of rock which become frozen into the

,:base of the ice.
^ Glaciers
(A)
move
Glaciers moving
e)
(C) They were glaciers,
X.s gta"i".s

8. The tape measure first evolved

(A) tire chains measure
(C) the chains are measuring

sr<n,l

6ey
Y

morne

used by the Egyptians.

Q. th" chains are rneasured

Lp,.V. @) th" measuring

chains

9 (ADJECTTVE CLAUSE)

An adjective clause describes a noun- Because the clause is

an adjecti
directly after the noun that it describes.
z---\

\rD) W^'

21

This is the hoirselthat I rva:rt to bur'l

The

'

t=-

o[s e

ADJESrII.ECL{LTE

tr-",T:qa!rro-]b-t
r
z-

s quit e eirB en sive.

AD'ECIIIE, C+AL:SE

.i'
The following ex^ample:shows how these sentence patterns could be tested.in'the Structu"e
section of the TOEFL test.

Exnmple

Thejob

started yesterday was rather difticult.

(A) when
(B) was
(C) after
(D) that he

In this exainple, you should notice quickly that there are trvo clauses: jgb is the subject

the verb was, and the verb started

nee<is

of

a subject. Because there are two clauses, a

connector is also rreeded- Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no
subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes started into a passive

verb; in tbis case the seirtence would halr one suliect and two vetbs, so answer (B) is
not correcl The best answer to this question is answer (D)- The conect sentence should
say: The job that he started yesterday was ratlrer

difficull In this

sentence

job is the

subject of the verb was, he is the subject of the verb starte{ and the connector that joins
these two clauses.

The following chart lists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence pat tems used witl
them.

2:

SV
I

adjccrivc c-toG

lilse rbe &ess

Sy

connec

You

thrt

ares:a_ming

vcc
I

)-oq

*e,n'ca5ing it

bq*udful

IY-frTE: The rdjectit-e c-oolero",

crn be ouitte{- This omissior is r-e1.
EngrisL

T"ffi1.:-luea

h it

;";; ;ril*

r" i"*rrr Erst#

ffi
"iL ,". strucrure sectiou or the

D(ERCISE 9: Each of the fouowing sentences

contains more than one crause.
underline
the subjects once and the verbs twicecircle the connectors. Then indicate if
the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
e)-

l. I did not believe the story that he told

me. ( )

2' Ms- Brown' vrhom did you recommend

for the job, will start work tomcrrow.(
)
3' The lech'e notes which rent me
were not crearly written.(
)
a' Saliy has an appointnent with
the hairdresser u'hom you recornrnended.
()
5- The phone number that you gave
me.

6' She is able to soive all the prob.rems

which d'd she cause.(
)
7' The day that she spent on the
beach reft her sunburned. (
)
8' Next week I am going to visit
my cousins, whom have not seen in
several years.( )
9. Did you forget the promise
whorn you made? (
)
l0' The teacher whom the students like the
most is their history teacher. (
)

SIilLL

10 (AOJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR)

In skill 9 we saw that adjective clause

connectors can be used to introduce
clauses that describe
no'ns' In skill l0 we will see that in some
cases an adjective crause connector
is not just a
connectoq an adjective clduse connector
can also be the subject of the clause
at the same time.

23

]-e gg

to

oking,

", "

OoOr.

FO",@
ADJECTT! CLALSE

f:_

Thehorise@seems
l-

ADJECTI\E

'
t.

The

lilee a great house.

CI}LEE

follcwing exarnple shows how these

sentence pattems could be tested in the

Structure section of the TOEFL test-

F-xample

' justdroppedoffapackagefoiyouismysister-

(A) The woman

(B) Thewomanwho
(C) Because the woman

(D) With thewoman

in this example, you should notice inunediatcly that tlre sentence has two verbs, droppe
and is, and each of them needs a subject.

the only answer that

(B), so answer (B) is tbe correct answer. The correct

has two subjects is answr

sente,lrce

should say: The wom

who just dropped

off a package for you is my sister. In this sentence woman is tl

subject of the verb is, and who is the zubject of the verb dropped. Who is also tl
connector thatjoins the two clauses?

The following chart lists the adjective clause conneetor/subjects and the sentence
patterns used with them.

ADJECTNTE CL{I-SE CO}TfECTOR/SLTBJECTS

avho

rrdich

rhar

fforpeople)

ifor rhingsl

t'for oeoole or rhinos't

ad,iectir.e clouse

cotttlcct{rry'strt:
bought

the drers

on salc.

a{lj(peti\/e cloltse
trcci()rlsubicct

(:()rr

on $le
N:OTE: Althqrgh adicctir.c ctiusc coancsror$ (Skin 9) cau
cleuse cocrfector,subiects {Skill 10) can ne*er b: omi:ted-

bc omitted in informal English. rdfcgivc

DGRCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one

clause.

the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the corurectors. Then indicate
the serrtences are correct (C) or

1- The.

incorrect (I).

children that',vere r-accinated did not get sick.

2. I did not vote for the

politician who he just won rhe election.

3. The dog that barking belongs

to my neighbor.

5. We rented an apaitment from the

()
it began at l l:00.

Any studenl who does not tum in the paper by Friday wittfail the closs.

'8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back-

.l

landlord who does he orvn ttre buildings on Mapie

6. She forgot to attend the meeting which

7-

(i

)
4. I tcok two of the blue pills, wbich lvere very effective.
Steet.

9. The courses that

10.

if

()

()

satis$ the graduation requirements they

are difFrcult.

()

After dinner she went to visit her parents, uiho were living down the street.

( ).

E)(ERCISE (Skills 9-10): Each of the fcllo',ving sentences contains more than one
claqse. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then

indicate
1.

if the sentences

are correct (C) or inconect Q)-

My.sisters preferto eat food that have cooked themselves.

2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.

3. The car which he was
4. The

driving could not possibly be his.

childrenbuilt a house in the tree that in the backyard.

5. The cost of the

tip

which we wanted to take.

25

6' The children are playing with tlrc toys

which theirmothertold them to put away.
7- The guests who were seated around
the dinner table.
8' The students have to read ail the chapters
which are on the test.
9. I really do not like the artists which you
like.

l0' The stone that they were set in the ring

'were quite valuable.

ToEtr'L E)GRcrsE (skilts 9-r0): choose the

letter of

best conrpJetes the sentence.

1.

Modem hrrmans, who first appeared about

600;000 years ago,
_
(A) cailing
*.";l"d '-'

(C) they

@
d)O"v *r"

called

2.The nrst
(A) we

uniting

(cjn*

3.

the word or group of words tha

_--.

evidence

".["d

o!1 on Mesopotamian clay tablets.

ffiIlo.-'"

drought-resistant plants nhich stor.:

water in fleshy tissue.
Lrsrue'

are
succulents

(B) succuients 'ry

(D) succulents which are

ffisucculents

(9

Homo sapiens.

They aie

4' Be4iamin Kabelsky, whorn-- as

Jack Benny, w{rs a farnous comedian
in vaudevillr
and on radio and television.

&lnost.oeoRle's
(C)

knowing most

5'-thathunted
(A)

knowledge

peopts

otheraninals tended-to have very na.,ow, sharp,

c'rved claws.
(B) Dinosa.rs ui"Lo*

Fordinosa'rs

$,Dinosaun
1t
a
: r.'
I

@) most pecple know

Coi tU" ti"r^ir"AgJor*ort peopte

@1

r*" di";;;'

6.-The first eyeglasses had convex renses

fg. rh" aged who
had
(B) they hrd
(C)
Coi it

become
!p becoming

fm
F.
(A) stands""m"ilO
(C) it srands

8'--

b;;;
u.*e

farsighted.

feet above the North Platte River, has eroded

considerabry

that accompany recurring

(B) is standing
which rtuiA"

p)

bo*: of severe

hormgnes p Honno""fdepression reduce bone density.

(c) The hormones change
"i*t,
6l rrr" "h-g;;fr"rmones
is
9' willa cather is an author for her
evocative and memorable vision of frontier
(A) It changes

prairie life.

26