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1 Introduction
In the last decade the EAF (Electric Arc
Furnaces) are very large used to the steel making
industry. But, the electrical installation of the
electric arc furnace is a massive generator of the
reactive power, harmonics currents and unbalanced
currents. These effects are very harmful for the
electric power supplying line and for the others
consumers. Because the inductive load character of
the electric arc furnace, the reactive power
component are significant, following to the
diminution of the active power factor and therefore
to the decreasing of the efficiency of the electric arc
furnace. In scope of improving the efficiency of the
entire installation it is necessary to use a complex
installation for reactive power compensation,
harmonics current filters and load balancing. These
installations must be connected to an automat
system for an efficient realtime control.
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160 MVA
3 x TT
30 KV
3 x TC
ABC
Furnace
transformer
14 steps
ADAPTING BLOCK
(AB)
Contactors Block
Command (CBC)
6 analog
signals
Data acquisition
board
3.1
The EAF functioning simulation on
controlling the electrodes position
The electrical items variation in different
functioning regimes can be done only if we consider
an arc length variation between 0, corresponding to
the short-circuit regime, and a maximum value. The
maximum value is determined in such a way that the
electric arc is burning. For observing the variation
area of the powers on the supplying line the active
power meters and reactive power meters was
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RL
AA
100 [MVA]
Um1
RL
BB
#1
.000001 [ohm]
Im2
.000001 [ohm]
Im3
#2
Um2
RL
CC
110 [kV]
C
30 [kV]
.000001 [ohm]
Im1
A A
B B
#1
#2
30kV
C C
0.565 [kV]
Um3
IA1
73.0 [MVA]
RA1
0.05
0.05
RA2
RA3
P
A
Power
Q
B
RMS
0.05
The three
phase electric
arc model
Measure active
power
RMS
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.001
-0.001
-0.011
A
D
0.0
Arc speed on
phase 1
v1
1
sT
v2
v3
l1
l2
2.0
l3
Uth1
F
A
Arc length on
phase 1
l1
-0.5
Measure
reactive power
B Comparator
l1
F
l0
TIME
v1
Uth1
Uth2
Uth3
Fig. 2. The PSCAD simulation scheme for measure active power and reactive power.
The calculus of the arc length based on the electrodes speed
power, considering the symmetrical short network,
has, according to the circles diagram, the value
ISSN: 1790-0832
(1)
In the electrodes short-circuit regime are obtained
maximum values of the currents on the three phases,
on the both supply lines and minimum values of the
voltages, fact due to the high loading of the 3-phase
transformers. The rms values of the currents and
voltages, fig. 3, are different between the phases
because the different values of the load impedance
and because of the different values of the arc lengths
on each phase. The different values of the load
impedances are obtained from the values of the
resistances and inductivities from relation (2) and
(3). These are the real values from the electrical
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Lr1 = Lr 3 = 9,5422 H ,
Rr 2 = 0,3640 m,
(3)
Lr 2 = 8,9416 H .
(2)
Rr 3 = 0,0372 m,
180
IA1
IA2
IA3
Uj1
Uj2
Uj3
Im1
Im2
Im3
Um1
Um2
Um3
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
Fig. 3 The rms values for currents and voltages in the secondary in primary voltage transformer
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50
25
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.400
Ust1
Ust2
Ust3
l1
l2
l3
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.300
0.250
0.200
Maximum arc
length
0.150
Shortcircuit
regime
0.100
0.050
Electrodes speed
0.000
0.0350
0.0300
0.0250
0.0200
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
-0.0050
-0.0100
0.0
v1
v2
2.5
5.0
7.5
v3
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
Fig. 4. The variation of active and reactive power, drop voltage, arc length and electrodes speed
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23.04 [uF]
23.04 [uF]
23.04 [uF]
8.64 [uF]
8.64[uF]
8.64[uF]
5.76 [uF]
5.76uF]
5.76[uF]
5.76uF]
5.76uF]
5.76[uF]
0.01759 [H]
0.01759 [H]
0.01759 [H]
0.02393[H]
0.02393[H]
0.02393 [H]
0.01454[H]
0.01454 [H]
0.01454 [H]
0.01041[H]
0.01041[H]
0.01041H]
Furnace
transformer
Um2
.1 [ohm]
C
CIm3
Um3
#2
30kV
0.6 [kV]
RA1
The three
phase electric
arc model
P
RMS
#1
RA2
Power
Q
B
The three
phase variable
capacities
73.0 [MVA]
RA3
HV-MV
transformer
47.52 [uF]
30 [kV]
47.52 [uF]
110 [kV]
47.52 [uF]
#2
Um1
.1 [ohm]
B
BIm2
CC
#1
.1 [ohm]
RL
BB
Im1
A
100 [MVA]
+C
RL
AA
+C
RL
P P
RMS
A
D
0.0
B Comparator
+
-0.5
2.0
Fig. 5. The PSCAD simulation scheme for EAF with harmonics filters and power compensation installation
The PSCAD simulation scheme for choosing
compensation step is depicted in fig. 6.
In [10] was presented the powers dependency by the
drop voltage. Thus, in [10] was show that active
power reaches up to a maximum value for a certain
value of the drop voltage. Therefore, the active
power dependency by the drop voltage is a
monotone increasing function for drop voltage
values between 0 and a value corresponding to
maximum active power. For these values the
dependency of active power/drop voltage is a
bijective function. Because the drop voltage
depends linearly by the electric arcs length, it
results that also the active power depends on the
electric arcs length. Based on these remarks, the
active powers iterative adjustment algorithm
proposed by the de authors is based on the
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D
Q
1
sT
B Comparator
4.17
Clear
-4.17
Monostable
B Comparator
-1.0
14.4
Cstep
N
C
D + +
F
C
N/D
D
Cech
3.0
Fig. 6. The PSCAD simulation scheme for choosing compensation step. The calculus for equivalent capacity
4 Conclusion
obtained around the desired value is higher, the
algorithm being possible to lose the convergence.
Smaller values of the adapting factor allow the
obtaining of a smaller dispersion of the system
outputs values but the convergence speed is
smaller.
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50
P0
40
30
20
10
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0.200
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
l1
l2
l3
Ust1
Ust2
Ust3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Fig. 7 Variation of active power (impose and simulated), reactive power, equivalent capacity, arc lengths and
drop voltages for =0.000001
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50
P0
40
30
20
10
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.225
0.200
0.175
0.150
0.125
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
0.000
0.250
0.225
0.200
0.175
0.150
0.125
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.025
l1
l2
l3
Ust1
Ust2
Ust3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Fig. 7 Variation of active power (impose and simulated), reactive power, equivalent capacity, arc lengths and
drop voltages for =0.000005
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References:
[1] IEEE recommended practice for monitoring
electric power quality. Standard IEEE std.
1159-1995
[2] Montanari, G.C., Loggini, M., Cavallini, A.,
Pitti, L., Zaminelli, D. (1994), Arc-Furnace
model for the Study of Flicker Compensation
in Electrical Networks, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, vol. 9, No. 4, pg. 2026-2036.
[3] Tang, L., Kolluri, S., Mark, F. Mc-Granaghan,
Voltage
Flicker
Prediction
for
two
simultaneously operated Arc Furnaces, IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 12, No. 2, 1997.
[4] Panoiu M, Panoiu C, Modeling and simulating
the AC electric arc using PSCAD EMTDC,
Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS Int. Conf. on
System Science and Simulation in Engineering,
Tenerife, Spain, Dec. 16-18, 2006
[5] Panoiu M., Panoiu C., Osaci M, Muscalagiu I.,
Simulation Result about harmonics filtering for
Improving the Functioning Regime of the UHP
EAF, Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS Int. Conf. on
Signal Processing, Computational Geometry and
Artificial Vision ,Vouliagmeni Beach, Athens,
Greece, Aug. 24-26, 2007, pg. 71-76
[6] Panoiu M., Panoiu C., Osaci M, Muscalagiu I.,
Simulation Results for Modeling the AC Electric
Arc as Nonlinear Element using PSCAD
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[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
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