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TABLE 1
Series
Hmax
Hmin
A
0.04
188
88
0.31
24
11
0.53
14
6.6
0.88
8.5
4
1.45
5.2
2.5
273
1570-145X/03/3705-0273$25.00 2003 Plenum Publishing Corporation
274
Hs = +1 m
Hs = +4 m
Hs = +5 m
H (1.45)
1.0
Cavitation factor
G (0.88)
F (0.53)
E (0.31)
D (0.187)
0.1
C (0.112)
B (0.067)
A (0.04)
10
100
1000
Head, m
Fig. 1. Cavitation factor plotted as a function of the head for different hydro turbine operation regimes (the limit value of is shown in brackets).
Q I
D
K D2 = 1 = max .
Q I min
D1
Table 3 shows that the minimum value of K D2 for ROtype turbines is 1.38, whereas for axial-flow turbines it ex-
275
1.0
0.58
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.458
0.4
0.347
0.3
0.5
0.43
0.545
0.4
0.2
PL 40/800
0.214
0.1
0
0.388
0.31
0.336
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Flow rate parameter B
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
TABLE 2
Rotor type
nIcalc
QIcalc
, %
ns opt
RO 45/820
PLD 90/2556a
PLD 50/4011a
PLD 50/4015
PL 70/3164
PL 70/642
PL 50/1075u
PL 60/642a
PL 50/1075
PL 40/800
PL 40/587a
PL 30/5876
PL 30/800
70
72
94
91
88
90
93
93
93
100
100
705
105
1420
1060
1140
1180
1140
1120
1160
1100
1140
1300
1160
7200
900
84
88
88
87
86
86
87
86
87
87
88
87
88
1
0.91
0.3
0.365
0.438
0.39
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.175
0
0.05
0.08
0
0.58
0.4
0.347
0.458
0.5
0.388
0.545
0.43
0.214
0.3361
0.31
1
1.0
1.08
0.50
0.51
0.63
0.64
0.50
0.63
0.54
0.28
0.34
0.32
1.01
317
270
376
413
382
341
420
391
405
440
454
510
412
TABLE 3
Series
Hmax, m
Hmin, m
Basic model
ns opt
nIopt
QI (95%), liter/sec
QI min , liter/sec
KD2
Competitive model
ns opt
nIopt
QI (95%)(95%), liter/sec
180
90
RO 230/791d
170
66
640
105
55
FG2
207
70
870
65
35
RO 75/841a
294
83
1170
40
20
RO 48/820
320
83
1430
24
12
PL 40/800
440
125
1650
14
7
PL 20/811
550
146
1800
8.5
4
PL GK25/3166
700
156
2600
5
3
PLGK 15/984
720
164
3000
420
560
850
1040
620
660
800
1000
1.52
1.55
1.38
1.38
2.66
2.72
3.25
3.0
PL 30/5876
510
130
1800
PLGK 15/826
660
145
2250
PLGK 25/3166
700
156
2600
QI min , liter/sec
390
390
800
860
700
700
1300
800
KD2
1.75
1.75
1.53
1.36
2.58
2.58
1.73
3.25
276
14 m
8m
28
32
38
45
54
62
72
85
100
118
138
3m
RO 230/791d
10 m
65 m
Head, m
100
FG2
40 m
RO 75/841a
24 m
RO
20
PL
24 m
N = 5 kW
RO 45/820
N = 10 kW
PL 40/800
N = 20 kW
N = 50 kW
PL 20/811
10
D. cm
28
38
54
72
100
138
N = 100 kW
PLGK 25/3166
N = 200 kW
PLGK 15/984
N = 1 MW
N = 500 kW
N = 2 MW
190
N = 5 MW
N = 10 MW
1
0.1
10
100
Fig. 3. Hydro turbine diameters characterized in terms of the head and the flow rate.
Q Icalc
D12
+ 2 log Q;
Q
4
n
2
log
+ log
.
3
n Icalc 3
Q Icalc
The set of diameters that functionally covers the reasonable ranges of power outputs and heads is shown in Fig. 3.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The actual standard range of the flow channels in hydro turbines and the corresponding power output and head
ranges in low-power HPPs can functionally be covered using
eight sets of rotors.
2. The rotor type within each series can be selected on
the condition of minimized parameter M, which is the reciprocal of the power-speed coefficient.
3. Nominal diameters for RO-type hydro turbines can be
established using KD = 1.17, and for PL-type turbines using KD = 1.38.
4. The limiting head value for reaction hydro turbines to
provide a positive suction head is 180 m.
5. The maximum rotor diameter for its single-piece
transportation from the manufacturer should not exceed
190 cm.