Annode Oxidation REDuction CAThode Voltaic Cells (Galvanic) BATTERY Electrolytic Cells

Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen

(spontaneous) (non spontaneous resctions)
Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen
Loss of 𝒆 Gain of 𝒆
Reaction can only occur if there is an oxidant The half equation with the highest
+𝑒 in products +𝑒 in reactants
Oxidation Reduction
and a reductant on the reactant side negative E0 value remains the same and
Strongest Reductant Strongest Oxident is reduced(reduction). The highest
Anode Cathode Annode Oxidation REDuction CAThode
Loss of 𝑒 Gain of 𝑒 positive E0 value is flipped and is
Corrodes Faster
+𝑒 in products +𝑒 in reactants oxidised(oxidation).
𝒆 →→ Oxidation Redcution
Voltaic Cell Spontaneous Reductant Oxident Annode Oxidation REDuction CAThode
Negative Electrode Positive Electrode Loss of 𝑒 Gain of 𝑒 Loss of 𝑒 Gain of 𝑒
HASLower E0 HASHigest E0 Anode Cathode +𝑒 in products +𝑒 in reactants
E0 x-1 Negative Electrode Positive Electrode Oxidation Redcution
Solid forms (plating) Lower E0 Higest E0 Reductant Oxident
0
←← 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝐴+ E x-1 Loss of 𝑒 Gain of 𝑒
𝑒 →→ Anode Cathode
𝐴− 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐴𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) →→
Positive Electrode Negative Electrode
Zn s |Zn(NO3 )2 aq ||Cu(NO3 )2 aq |Cu(s) 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝐴+ →→ Highest E0 Lowest E0
Electrolytic Cells Non Spontaneous E0 x-1 E0 x-1
Positive Electrode Negative Electrode ←← 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐴𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝐴− Becomes acidic
Solid forms on electrode
Highest E0 Lowest E0
E0 x-1 GOES AS PREDICTED Zn s |Zn(NO3 )2 aq ||Cu(NO3 )2 aq |Cu(s) 𝑒 →→
Becomes basic 𝑝𝐻 ↑ Becomes acidic 𝑝𝐻 ↓
Solid forms on electrode || = Salt bridge-KNO3 ←← 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝐴+
𝐴+ 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) →→ (use nitrate because soluble in most)
If not solid metal or gas then use Pt as electrode 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐴𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝐴− →→
←← 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝐴𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝐴− 𝐻2 𝑜2 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂72− 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 𝐻2
Cl=-1 Br=-1 H=+1 O=-2 Ag=+1
H2 O2 ∶ O = −1 CuH2 : H = −1
K Na Li Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H 2 Cu Ag Hg
←strongest REDUCTANT weakest→
𝑤𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ← 𝐻2 → will react

Cl= -1 Br= -1 H= +1 O= -2 Ag= +1

H2O2 then O= -1 CuH2

CuH2 them H= -1

Partial Transfer of electrons

When reactions involve covalent compounds

complete transfer of 𝑒 does not necessarily occur
The molecule with the greater EN pulls on
electrons & ∴ has a partial gain of 𝒆 & ∴ is
reduced and acts as the oxident
The other molecule with lower EN has partial loss
of 𝑒 & ∴ is oxidized and acts as the reductant
Activity series
K Na Li Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Ag Hg
If one side becomes acidic or more acidic
then it has undergone oxidation because
it has lost an electron.
Bubbling(gas released) indicates that a
gas is a product on that side eg Cl2 H2 O2

EG 2𝐻2 𝑔 + 𝑂2 𝑔 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 ← Strongest REDUCING AGENT Weakest → If a solid forms on an electrode- than
ions have becomes solids and gained
← Easily OXIDISED Hard→
1. Consider Bonding within the molecule electrons oxidation
K Na Li Ba are able to reduce H2O to H2
𝑯 − 𝑯 𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝐴𝑔+𝑒 → 𝐴𝑔 + 0.80
H2 seperates the metals that will react with acid
𝑶 = 𝑶 𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
If silver(Ag) is formed on an electrode
wont react ← H2 → will react
EN of oxygen is greater than than it must be a product and the half
hydrogen O>H Metal + Acid → Salt + H2 equation remains unchanged and is
𝒆 shifted away from H
reduced(Reduction)
Metals-Down the group is more reactive
Non Metals-More reactive up the group
∴ 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒅 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆)
More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal
∴ 𝑶𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆)
REDOX ReductionOxidation Votaic or Galvanic Cell BATTERY
Oxidation- The reductant (Reducing agent) Redox reaction split into half cells. One is
The gain of oxygen reduction and other is oxidation.

The loss of hydrogen

The loss of an electron SALT BRIDGE

Reduction- The oxidant (Oxidising agent) Electrolyte or something soaked in an
The loss of oxygen ionis solution that provides a source of
ions to complete the electrical circuit.
The gain of hydrogen (eg potassium nitrate)
The gain of an electron

(or partial gain)

ELECTRODES Source in both half cell

EG 2𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑢 → 𝐶𝑢𝑁𝑂3 + 2𝐴𝑔

𝒆 ELECTRONS FLOW TOWARD POSITIVE
1. Overall ionic equation WHICH INDICATES THE STRONGER
2𝐴𝑔+ + 𝟐𝑵𝑶− −
𝟑 + 𝐶𝑢 → 𝟐𝑵𝑶𝟑 + 𝐶𝑢
2+
+ 2𝐴𝑔 OXIDANT (ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑬𝑶 )

2. Remove Spectator Ions

2𝐴𝑔+ + 𝐶𝑢 → +𝐶𝑢 2+ + 2𝐴𝑔 Electrochemical series

3. Write half equations representing
Table of reduction potentials
oxidation & reduction.
TOP LEFT-strongest Oxidents
𝑪𝒖 → 𝑪𝒖𝟐+ + 𝟐𝒆
BOTTOM RIGHT-strongest reductants
𝟐𝑨𝒈+ → 𝟐𝑨𝒈 (𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆)
𝑬𝑶 𝑽 = 𝑂𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

∆𝑬𝟎 𝑶 (𝑽) = 𝐸𝑀𝐹 Electro Motive Force(V)

Voltaic Cell (Galvanic) BATTERY

Zn s |Zn(NO3 )2 aq ||Cu(NO3 )2 aq |Cu(s)

Single vertical lines=Boundaries of the

phases

Double vertical line=Salt bridge

Starts with the anode (oxidation)

Spontaneous reaction
Not much energy needed

A metal will only lose electrons