DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CIVL 572 ADVANCED FOUNDATION DESIGN

CASE ANALYSIS ON
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
GROUP ASSIGNMENT PRESENTATION

Instructor:
Prepared by:

Prof. Limin Zhang

Teddy Shiu Kei Chan
Ivy Yee Man Chung
Tak Lai Lam
Sam Ka Hung So

Case Analysis on Deep Foundations

PRESENTATION
OUTLINE

Presentation Outline

Presentation Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Brief Description of the Case History
Geology and Site Investigation
Foundation Design
Construction Method
Quality Assurance
Problems and Recommendations
Option Assessment
Q&A

Case Analysis on Deep Foundations

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Project Objectives
1.

Review a Case History on Deep Foundation Proposed through-train primary and secondary school
development at Site A, Area 65, Tseung Kwan O

2.

Analyze the Foundation Design by considering

Site Conditions
Characteristics of various Foundation Systems
Construction Methods
Quality Assurance

PROBLEMS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

OPTION
ASSESSMENT

Case Analysis on Deep Foundations

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
THE CASE HISTORY

Brief Description of the Case History

SITE LOCATION

400m

14,400m2

Site A, Area 65,

Tseung Kwan O

RECLAIMED
AREA
SITE
LOCATION

Cont Brief Description of the Case History

GENERAL BUILDING PLAN

Block D
Block C

Block B

Block A

Building

Total Load
(kN)

Block A

23,930

Block B

239,330

Block C

266,490

Block D

72,220

HISTORY

Preliminary Stage (Sept, 03 Nov. 03)

1. Ground Investigation
2. Negative Skin Friction Estimation
3. Proposed Piling Systems
- Large Diameter Bored Pile
- Socketed Steel H-Pile (Pre-bored Steel H-Pile)
- Driven Steel H-Pile
Detail Design (Nov, 03 Feb, 04)
1. Final Design Scheme
Driven Steel H-Pile (305 x 305 x 223 kg/m)
2. Settlement Analysis
3. Negative Skin Friction Assessment

Case Analysis on Deep Foundations

GEOLOGY AND
SITE INVESTIGATION

Geology and Site Investigation

GROUND CONDITIONS
15 Boreholes
Existing Ground Level:
+5.4mPD ~ +5.7mPD
CDT overlain by
11m ~ 18m FILL
10m ~ 20m MARINE DEPOSIT
10m ~ 24m ALLUVIUM
Tentative Rock head Level:
-38mPD ~ -64mPD

Reclaimed Area
NSF (8 zones)

Case Analysis on Deep Foundations

FOUNDATION DESIGN

Foundation Design

Three Piling Schemes in Preliminary Stage:

1. Large Diameter Bored Pile (LDBP)
2. Socketed Steel H-Pile
3. Driven Steel H-Pile

Considerations
1. Negative Skin Friction
2. Loading Combination
3. Pile Load Capacity
a. Axial Pile Capacity
b. Lateral Pile Capacity
c. Combined Stress for Axial & Bending

Foundation Design

1) Negative Skin Friction

i. Reduction of Pile Working Load
ii. Neutral Plane = 1.0 x Effective NSF Length
iii. Reduction Factor 0.85 for 5 or Larger Pile Group

Average
NSF

Bored Pile
(1.5m)

Bored Pile Bored Pile

(2.0m)
(2.5m)

5,340 kN

7,370 kN

9,540 kN

Socketed H-Pile
305x305x223kg/m

Driven H-Pile
305x305x223kg/m

2,340 kN

1,870 kN

Foundation Design

2) Load Combination
Maximum Axial
Compression
Maximum Uplift
Force
Factorized in
whereStructural Design
D.L. = Dead Load
L.L. = Live Load
W.L. = Wind Load

1.05 (D.L. + L.L.)

1.05 (D.L. + L.L.) + W.L.
0.9 D.L.
Min. (0.9D.L. + 1.5 W.L.)

Foundation Design

3a) Pile Load Capacity Axial Case

Large Diameter Bored Pile

Founded on rock
PNAP141: presumed bearing capacity: 5 MPa

Grade III rock or better

Total core recovery > 85%
Min. uniaxial compressive strength of rock material 25 MPa

Neglect side-resistance of rock socket

NSF

Large Diameter Bored Pile: Design

Axial capacity
Borehole diameter: 2.5m
Min. liner diameter: 2.25m
Area x Allowable stress = 19880 kN
NSF = 9540 kN
Actual capacity = 10340 kN
Wind loading: extra 25%

Bored Pile Design

Settlement
Founded on rock
PNAP141: presumed bearing capacity
Settlement: elastic shortening only
PL
Elastic shortening =

EA

Bored Pile: Design

Reinforcement
Considered as: a column, underground
Lateral load

point-load induced moment at top

Design using M-N envelop

Cont Foundation Design

SOCKETTED STEEL H-PILES

What is Socketted Steel H-piles?
According to PNAP 66,
Formed by inserting
steel H-piles in prebored holes sunk into
Grade III or better
rock
Subsequently, filling
the holes with cement
grout

What is the capacity of the steel H-piles?

Depend on:
What section of H-piles?
UC 305305223
(A= 285 cm2)
What grade of steel ?
Grade 55C and thickness >25 mm

(py=415 MPa)

Maximum axial capacity of the steel H-piles:

=0.45 cross-sectional area yield stress
=0.45 (285 cm2) (415 MPa)
=5320 kN

How is the load transfer from the steel H-piles

to the bed rock?
The load path is

steel H-piles cement grout rock socket

Therefore, the piles capacity is control by
z

Bonding capacity between the steel pile and the cement grout

Bonding capacity between the cement grout and rock socket

The bonding capacity between the steel pile and the cement grout
= 0.8 bond strength () cross-sectional perimeter of
H-piles (P) socket length (L)
= Maximum axial capacity of the steel H-piles (F)
So, required socket length = F / (0.8 P)
where = 0.6 MPa
P = 1917 mm
required socket length = 5.8 m

Similarly,
The bonding capacity between cement grout and rock socket
= 0.8 bond strength () perimeter of
pre-bored holes ( D ) socket length (L)
Again, = Maximum axial capacity of the steel H-piles (F)
And again, required socket length
= F / (0.8 D)
where = 0.7 MPa
D = 550 mm
required socket length = 5.5 m
Comparing two bonding capacity,
required rocket length = 5.8 m

How to determine the socket diameter?

Min cove to steel H-piles = 40 mm
=> socket diameter = diagonal of H-piles + 80mm
Proof drilling holes

Steel H-piles

Diagonal = 470 mm

socket diameter = 550 mm

Cement grout

Driven Steel H-pile

Resistance contributed by
Pile Shaft Friction
End Bearing

Tentative Pile Length (N>200)

Termination Criteria: Hileys Formula

S=

ef E
R

W + e2 W p
W +Wp

C = Cc + C p + C q

Assume:
e = 0.65 (Verified in Lab. Test or by PDA)
Cc = 6mm (Verified on Site)
Final Set on Soil: 25mm < S < 50mm
Hard Driving: 10mm / 10Blows

Final Set Table For 18 tonnes Hydraulic Hammer

SET PER 10 BLOWS
PILE LENGTH (m)

(kN)

Cp+Cq (mm)
22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

31

100.22

0.791

--

--

--

--

--

48

43

38

33

28

--

--

32

102.40

0.788

--

--

--

--

--

47

42

37

32

27

--

--

33

104.59

0.785

--

--

--

--

--

46

41

36

31

26

--

--

34

106.78

0.782

--

--

--

--

--

45

40

35

30

25

--

--

35

108.97

0.780

--

--

--

--

50

45

40

35

30

--

--

--

36

111.15

0.777

--

--

--

--

49

44

39

34

29

--

--

--

37

113.34

0.774

--

--

--

--

48

43

38

33

28

--

--

--

38

115.53

0.772

--

--

--

--

48

43

38

33

28

--

--

--

39

117.72

0.769

--

--

--

--

47

42

37

32

27

--

--

--

40

119.91

0.766

--

--

--

--

46

41

36

31

26

--

--

--

41

122.09

0.764

--

--

--

--

45

40

35

30

25

--

--

--

42

124.28

0.761

--

--

--

50

45

40

35

30

--

--

--

--

43

126.47

0.759

--

--

--

49

44

39

34

29

--

--

--

--

44

128.66

0.757

--

--

--

49

44

39

34

29

--

--

--

--

45

130.84

0.754

--

--

--

48

43

38

33

28

--

--

--

--

46

133.03

0.752

--

--

--

47

42

37

32

27

--

--

--

--

47

135.22

0.750

--

--

--

47

42

37

32

27

--

--

--

--

48

137.41

0.747

--

--

--

46

41

36

31

26

--

--

--

--

49

139.59

0.745

--

--

--

45

40

35

30

25

--

--

--

--

50

141.78

0.743

--

--

50

45

40

35

30

--

--

--

--

--

Foundation Design

3a) Pile Load Capacity Lateral Case

Interaction of Pile & Soil (Horizontal

Subgrade Reaction Equation)
Maximum Lateral Deflection, h = 20mm
HT 3
h = F
EpI p

Free head = 2.3

Fixed Headed = 0.92

EpIp = Bending Stiffness of Pile

T = Stiffness Factor

Foundation Design

Average Pile Length ~ 50m

=> L/T > 10

Influence Zone Within 10m below Ground

level
=> Fill materials with nh = 4.4MN/m3

Foundation Design
Lateral Capacity of Driven Steel H-Pile (305 x 305 223kg/m)
with Various Spacing

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Large Diameter Bored Pile

Assessment of founding level

i.e. pile toe level

Pre-drilling
SPT N values
Trial pile

Ground support

Depends on soil conditions

Ground Water Condition
Loose material
Marine deposit

Permanent casing
Corrugated pipe
Casing
Bitumen coating

Oscillator

Casing

Excavation

Drilling fluid

Grab & chisel

Reverse-circulation drilling
Under-reamed head: bell out
Bentonite slurry
Polymer
Water

Concreting

Tremie pipe:1 to 2 m below top of concrete

Free, continuous flow of concrete
One operation

Excavation equipment
Chisel

Grabbing

RCD

Bell out

Top hinged

Cone shape

Reinforcement

Cont Construction Method

Socketted steel H-piles

Drilling Mechine:
Rotary Percussive Equipment

Casing:
inner diameter = 550mm
thickness = 5mm

Casing
Drilling head

Cont Construction Method

Socketted steel H-piles

Cement grout:
Minimum

characteristic strength
of 30 MPa at 28 days

Non-shrink

Grouting:
Place

cement grout by TREMIC

method up to at least 300mm
above bottom level of cap

Extract

casing while grouting

Grouting tube

H-piles

Proof drilling hole

Cont Construction Method

Socketted steel H-piles

Extracting casing

After grouting:
Casing removed
No grouting tube

Construction Method Driven Steel H-Pile

Driven Steel H-Pile

1. Measure the Pile
Length of H-Pile

2. Installed on the
Hydraulic Hammer &
moved to the tentative
driving position
Check alignment

Construction Method Driven Steel H-Pile

Butt Weld

Fillet Weld

4. Final Set Record

5. Static Load Test

Quality assurance

Supervision in site

PNAP242

Integrity assessment

RSE full time on site

1 week after concreting

Sonic logging, drilling (core, interface)

Bentonite

Density, pH value, Sand content, Viscosity, Fluid loss, Mud cake

thickness

Prevention Rather Than Cure

PROBLEMS
&
RECOMMENDATIONS

Problems & Recommendation

Design Challenges
1. Lateral Shear
Lateral shear concentrated on walls
2. Combined Stress
Allowable yield strength for Axial Load
=
Allowable yield strength for Combined Stress
3. Negative Skin Friction
Very large total NSF ~ Total Load for Four Blocks

Problems & Recommendation

Recommendation
1. Maximize Pile Spacing => Increase the Reduction Factor for
horizontal Subgrade Reaction Constant, nh
2. Pile Layout Center close to the Shear Center
=> Reduce Torsional Shear => Smaller Bending
3a. Bitumen Coating to reduce Fictional Force
=> 86% Reduction of NSF (P. Lumb, P. K.K. Lee)
=> 60% Reduction of NSF (P. Phamvan et. Al)
b. Delay Construction commencement date until settlement is
small enough to neglect NSF.

Option Assessment

Option Assessment

Preliminary Stage

MACHINE

COST

TIME

FINAL DESIGN

MATERIAL

Option Assessment

Preliminary Results
Socketed
Driven Steel
Steel H-Pile H-Pile

Large Diameter
Bored Pile

Total
Number

385

630

Average
Depth

52m

46.8m

5 @ 1.5m dia.
8 @ 2.0m dia.
69 @ 2.5m dia.
50m

$ 66M

$ 53M

$ 56M

Cost

Cont Foundation Design

Comparison of LDBP & Driven H

Time
Machine
Availability
Working
Period

LDBP
1 Week Each /
Machine

Driven H
1 Day Each /
Machine

Limited in HK
Especially 2.5m
No Restriction
FINAL
DESIGN

Sufficient
No Restriction

Case Analysis on Deep Foundations

Q&A