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2. Write the quantifiers of the following statements, where predicate symbols denotes,
F(x): x is fruit, V(x): x is vegetable and S(x, y): x is sweeter than y.
3. (a) What is a Poset? Draw the Hasse diagrams of all the lattices with 5 elements.
(b) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c} and C = {x, y, z}. The relation R from A to
B is {(1, b), (2, a), (2, c)} and the relation S from B to C is {(a, y), (b, x),
(c, y), (c, z)}. Find the composition relation, R?S. [8+8]
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4. (a) Explain, in detail, the algebraic systems: Endomorphism and Automorphism
with suitable examples.
(b) Prove that the set Z of all integers with the binary operation a * b = a + b
+ 1, ∀ ∈ Z is an abelian group. [8+8]
6. (a) Define recurrence relation? show that the sequence {an } is a solution of re-
currence relation an = -3 an−1 + 4 an−2 if an = 1.
(b) What is solution of the recurrence relation an = an−1 + 2 an−2 with a0 = 2
and a1 =7? [8+8]
www.andhracolleges.com Figure 7b
8. (a) Suppose that we know the degrees of the vertices of a non directed graph G.
Is it possible to determine the order and size of G? Explain.
(b) Suppose that we know the order and size of a non directed graph G. Is it
possible to determine the degrees of the vertices of G? Explain. [8+8]
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1. (a) Show that the principal disjunctive normal form of the formula:
P ∨ ( ∼ P → (Q ∨ ( ∼ Q → R))) is: Σ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
(b) Show that the principal conjunctive normal form of the formula:
(P → (Q ∧ R)) ∧ ( ∼ P → ( ∼ Q ∧ ∼ R)) is Π ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). [8+8]
2. Shows that the following set of premises are inconsistent using indirect method of
proof:
P → Q, Q → R, ∼ (P ∧ R), P ∨ R ⇒ R. [16]
3. (a) Draw the Hasse diagram of: ( P(S), ≤ ), where P(S) is power set of the set S
= {a, b, c}.
(b) How many relations are there on a set with ‘n’ elements? If a set A has ‘m’
elements and a set B has ‘n’ elements, how many relations are there from A
to B? If a set A = {1, 2}, determine all relations from A to A. [6+10]
4. (a) Prove that the intersection of two submonoids of a monoid is a monoid.
(b) Show that the function f from (N, +) to (N, *), where N is the set of all natural
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numbers, defined by f(x) = 2x ∀x ∈ N . [8+8]
5. (a) In how many different orders can 3 men and 3 women be seated in a row of 6
seats if:
i. anyone may sit in any of the seats
ii. the first and last seats must be filled by men
iii. men and women are seated alternatively
iv. all members of the same sex seated in adjacent seats.
(b) How many 6 digit numbers are there with exactly one 5? [8+8]
6. Find a general expression for a solution to the recurrence relation
an - 5 an−1 + 6 an−2 = n(n-1) for n>=2. [16]
7. (a) If G is a non directed graph with 12 edges. Suppose that G has 6 vertices of
degree 3 and the rest have degree less than 3. Determine the minimum no of
vertices.
(b) If we know the degree of vertices of a non-directed graph G. Is it possible? to
determine the order and size of the G? Explain with example. [8+8]
8. (a) Write the rules for constructing Hamiltonian paths and cycles.
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2. (a) How does an indirect proof technique differ from a direct proof?
(b) Using predicate logic, prove the validity of the following argument:
“Every husband argues with his wif e. ‘X’ is a husband. T heref ore, ‘X’
argues with his wif e”. [6+10]
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0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
4. Consider the group, G = {1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14} under multiplication modulo 15:
5. (a) In how many ways can we draw a heart or spade from ordinary deck of playing
cards? a heart or an ace? an ace or a king? A card numbered 2 through 10?
(b) How many ways are there to roll two distinguishable dice to yield a sum that
is divisible by 3? [8+8]
6. (a) Find a recurrence relation for number of ways to climb n stairs if the person
climbing the stairs can take one,two,or three stairs at a time.
(b) What are the initial conditions? How many ways can this person climb a flight
of eight stairs? [8+8]
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www.andhracolleges.com Figure 7b
8. (a) Let G = (V,E) be an undirected graph, with G1 = (V1,E1) a subgraph of G.
Under what condition(s) is G1 not an induced subgraph of G?
(b) For the graph shown in figure8b, find a subgraph that is not an induced graph.
[8+8]
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Figure 8b
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1. (a) Find the truth table for the propositional formula: (P ↔∼ Q) ↔ (Q → P).
(b) What is the compound statement that is true when exactly two of the three
statements P, Q and R are true?
(c) What is the negation of the statement: “2 is even and -3 is negative?” [6+5+5]
2. (a) Prove or disprove the conclusion given below from the following axioms:
“All men are morta. M ahatma Gandhi is a man. Every mortal lives less
than 100 years. M ahatma Gandhi was born in 1869. N ow, it is 2008.
T heref ore, Is M ahatma Gandhi alive now?”
√
(b) Using proof by contradiction, show that 2 is not a rational number. [8+8]
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4. (a) Let (S1 , *1 ), (S2 , *2 ) and (S3 , *3 ) be semi groups and f: S1 → S2 and g:
S2 → S3 be homomorphisms. Prove that the mapping of g o f: S1 → S3
homomorphism.
(b) Prove that H = {0, 2, 4} forms a subgroup of (Z6 , +). [8+8]
6. (a) In how many ways can Traci select n marbles from a large supply of blue, red
and yellow marbles( all of the same size) if the selection must include an even
number of blue ones.
(b) Determine the sequence generated by f(x) =1/(1-x) + 3x7 -11. [8+8]
7. (a) Prove that a tree with n vertices has exactly n-1 edges.
(b) Show that graph G is a tree iff G is connected and contains no circuits.
8. (a) Give an example of a connected graph G where removing any edge of G results
in a disconnected graph.
(b) Give an example for a bipartite graph with examples.
(c) Discuss graph coloring problem with required examples. [4+6+6]
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