Competition Rules: 2008 Edition

Competition Rules
2008 Edition
ITU Competition Rules
These Competition Rules are the master source document, found on ITU’s website at
www.triathlon.org. The web based document acts as the official (authorised) reference
document and is maintained based on authorised amendments in accordance with
recommendations by the ITU Technical Committee, which are accepted by the ITU
Executive Board.
Contact
International Triathlon Union (ITU)
#221-998 Harbourside Drive
North Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada, V7P 3T2
Tel (1 604) 904 9248
Fax (1 604) 904 9249
Email: ituhdq@triathlon.org
For general information about ITU…

Web www.triathlon.org
© 2008, International Triathlon Union (ITU)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
A INTRODUCTION 7
A.1 Purpose 7
A.2 Intention 7
A.3 Modifications 7
A.4 Exceptions 8
A.5 Special Rules 8
A.6 Unauthorized Exceptions or Additions 8
A.7 Rule Updates 8
B CONDUCT OF COMPETITORS 9
B.1 General Conduct 9
B.2 Drug Abuse 9
B.3 Health 9
B.4 Eligibility 9
B.5 Insurance 10
B.6 Registration 10
B.6.1 Entry 10
B.6.2 Language and Communication 10
B.6.3 Pre-Race Briefings 10
B.6.4 Packet Pick-Up 11
B.5.5 Race day registration 11
B.7 Timing and Results 12
C DISCIPLINE OF COMPETITORS 13
C.1 General Rules 13
C.2 Warnings 14
C.3 Disqualification 14
C.4 Suspension 15
C.5 Expulsion 15
C.6 Right of Appeal 16
C.7 Reinstatement 16
D SWIMMING CONDUCT 17
D.1 General Rules 17
D.2 Wetsuit Use 17
D.3 Starting Position Selection (Elite Athletes) 18
D.4 Start Procedures (Elite Athletes) 18
D.5 Equipment 19
D.5.1 Legal Equipment 19
D.5.2 Illegal Equipment 19
E CYCLING CONDUCT 20
E.1 General Rules 20
E.1.1 Dangerous Behavior 20
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E.1.2 Bicycle Check 20

E.2 Drafting 20
E.2.1 General Guidelines 20
E.2.2 Draft-Illegal Races 21
E.2.3 Penalties for Drafting 23
E.3 Equipment 23
E.3.1 Bicycles 23
E.3.2 Wheels 24
E.3.3 Handlebars 24
E.3.4 Helmets 25
E.3.5 Helmets at Race Site 25
E.3.6 Illegal Equipment 25
F RUNNING CONDUCT 26
F.1 General Rules 26
F.2 Finish Definition 26
F.3 Safety Guidelines 26
F.4 Illegal Equipment 26
G TRANSITION AREA CONDUCT 27

G.1 General Rules 27
H COMPETITION CATEGORIES 28
H.1 World Championships 28
H.2 Other events 28
I PRIZES AND AWARDS 29

I.1 General Rules 29
I.1.1 Prize Money 29
I.1.2 Primes 29
I.1.3 Medals 29
I.1.4 Trophies 29
J TECHNICAL OFFICIALS 30
J.1 General 30
J.1.1 ITU Technical Officials 30
J.1.2 World Cup Competition Jury 30
J.1.3 World Championship Competition Jury 30
J.1.4 Duties of the Competition Jury 31
J.1.5 Jury Integrity 31
J.1.6 Videotapes 31
J.2 Volunteer Certification 31
K PROTESTS 32
K.1 General 32
K.2 Protest Jurisdiction 32
K.2.1 Protests Concerning Eligibility 32
K.2.2 Protests Concerning the Course 32
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K.2.3 Protests During The Race 32

K.2.4 Protests Concerning Timing and Results 32
K.2.5 Protests Concerning Equipment 32
K.3 Contents of a Protest 33
K.4 Protest Procedures 33
L APPEALS 35
L.1 Appeal Jurisdiction 35
L.2 Levels of Appeal 35
L.3 Appeal Contents 36
L.4 Appeal Procedures 36
Additional Competition Rules 37
M INDOOR TRIATHLON 38
M.1 Introduction 38
M.1.1 Time Penalties 38
M.1.2 Video Tapes 38
M.1.3 Uniforms 38
M.1.4 Assessing Penalties 38
M.2 Swim Course 38
M.2.1 Start 38
M.2.2 False Start 38
M.2.3 Finish 38
M.3 Transition Area 39
M.3.1 Interference 39
M.3.2 Helmets 39
M.4 Cycle Course 39
M.4.1 Safety 39
M.4.2 Dismount Line 39
M.5 Run Course 39
M.5.1 Shoes 39
M.5.2 Assistance of Curves 39
N LONG DISTANCE 40
N.1 General 40
N.1.1 Outside Assistance 40
N.1.2 Age Category 40
N.1.3 Medical Guidelines 40
N.1.4 Team Competition 40
N.2 Distances 41
N.3 Penalties 41
N.4 Equipment 41
O TEAM CHAMPIONSHIPS 42
O.1 General 42
O.2 Team Make-Up 42
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P ATHLETES WITH A DISABILITY (AWAD) 43

P.1 General 43
P.2 AWAD Competition Categories 43
P.3 AWAD Transition Area Conduct 43
P.4 AWAD Swimming Conduct / Equipment 44
P.5 AWAD Cycling Conduct / Equipment 44
P.6 AWAD Running Conduct / Equipment 44
P.7 AWAD Visual Impairment Category Conduct 45
Q WINTER TRIATHLON 46
Q.1 General 46
Q.2 Registration 46
Q.3 Official Training 46
Q.4 Running Conduct 46
Q.5 Mountain Biking Conduct 46
Q.6 Skiing Conduct 47
Q.7 Transition Area Conduct 47
Q.8 Finish Definition 48
Q.9 Team Relay Competition 48
Q CROSS TRIATHLON AND DUATHLON 49

R.1 General 49
R.2 Distances 49
R.3 Registration 49
R.4 Official Training 49
R.5 Swimming Conduct 49
R.6 Mountain Biking Conduct 49
R.7 Running Conduct 50
R.8 Transition Area Conduct 50
APPENDICIES 51
A Standard Distance Categories 52
B Protest Form: Sample 54
C Sample Appeal Form 56
D Definitions 58
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A INTRODUCTION
A.1 Purpose
a) The International Triathlon Union (ITU) is the sole governing body, responsible
to enact Competition Rules for Triathlon, Duathlon, Winter Triathlon, Aquathlon
and other modern multi sports;
b) The International Triathlon Union Technical Committee (ITU-TC) will ensure
that technical aspects of ITU competitions are of the highest quality;
c) The ITU Competition Rules specify the conduct and behaviour of competitors
during ITU competitions. Where the ITU Competition Rules do not specify, the
rules of FINA, UCI, FIS and IAAF will apply in their specific segment;
d) The ITU Event Organisers Manual sets safety and logistical standards for host
National Federations (NFs) and to the Local Organizing Committee (LOC);
e) The ITU Technical Officials (ITO) Program sets the standards for certifying ITU
Technical Officials;
f) Some rules apply only to the World Championships;
A.2 Intention
The ITU Competition Rules are intended to:
a) Create an atmosphere of sportsmanship, equality, and fair play;

b) Provide safety and protection;
c) Emphasize ingenuity and skill without unduly limiting the competitor's freedom
of action;
d) Penalise competitors who gain an unfair advantage;
e) Endorse the principle that Triathlon and Duathlon are individual sports and
encourage individual performance and initiative.
Definitions of all terms used in these Competition Rules are provided at Appendix D.
Any difficulty in the interpretation or application of these Rules should be referred to the
ITU Technical Committee.
A.3 Modifications
a) These rules will be adapted for other modern multi-sport competitions, which
fall within the jurisdiction of ITU, i.e. Duathlons, Winter Triathlons, Indoor
Triathlons, Aquathlons, Canoe Triathlons, Off-Road Triathlon/Duathlon and
Team Competitions;
b) A competitor must not be permitted an advantage not intended by a rule. To
implement this, many of the rules are in general terms. This eliminates a
multiplicity of rules and provides officials with authority to adapt the rules to fit
conditions. Officials base their judgment on whether an advantage, not
intended by the rules, has been gained;
c) ITU Competition Rules will be applicable to international competitions hosted
by National Federations (NFs) affiliated to ITU.
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A.4 Exceptions
These ITU Competition Rules will be applicable to all events sanctioned by ITU and its
affiliated NFs and are to be implemented by the appointed Technical Delegate as
appropriate. Where the ITU Competition Rules conflict with the laws of the jurisdiction
in which the event is to be held, the ITU Competition Rules will override the laws of the
jurisdiction to the extent of the inconsistency, and competitors must be notified of the
implications of these laws as early as possible and not later than prior to the start of the
event. Exceptions for special circumstances in a particular event may only be gained
from ITU with prior approval. A request for an exception to these Rules must be made
in writing to the ITU Technical Committee (ITU-TC) through the NF to whom the
application has been submitted or is being submitted.
A.5 Special Rules
A race Technical Delegate may approve the addition of special rules for a particular
race, provided that:
a) Each additional special rule does not conflict with another ITU Competition
Rule;
b) Each additional special rule is made available in written form and is announced
to the participants before the event; and
c) Each additional special rule and the reasons for its inclusion are advised to the
ITU-TC before the day on which the event is to be conducted. The ITU-TC
may invalidate the incorporation of an additional special rule only on the
authority of the ITU Executive Board.
A.6 Unauthorized Exceptions or Additions
The unauthorised exception to or addition of a Competition Rule will prevent an event

from being sanctioned and will invalidate a sanction, which has already been granted to
an event. This could result in legal complications, particularly in the case of accidents
during the event and in subsequent requests for approval from NFs and/or municipal
authorities to use roads and waterways. Insurance authorities have also warned that
claims made under such circumstances may be considered invalid.
A.7 Rule Updates
These Competition Rules may be changed from time to time by the ITU-TC in its
absolute discretion, under the direction of the ITU. Any such rule change(s) shall be
advised in writing to the affiliated NFs at least 14 days before it is to take effect.
Updated ITU Competition Rules will be posted on the ITU website (www.triathlon.org).
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B CONDUCT OF COMPETITORS
B.1 General Conduct
Triathlon, Duathlon, Aquathlon, Winter Triathlon and the other related modern multi-
sports involve many competitors. Race tactics are part of the interaction between
competitors. Competitors will:
a) Practice good sportsmanship at all times;

b) Be responsible for their own safety and the safety of others;
c) Know, understand and follow the ITU Competition Rules, available from their
NF and on www.triathlon.org;
d) Obey traffic regulations and instructions from race officials;
e) Treat other competitors, officials, volunteers, and spectators with respect and
courtesy;
f) Avoid the use of abusive language;
g) If they violate the rules knowingly, report the violation to a race official, and if
necessary retire promptly from the competition;
h) Inform race officials after withdrawing from the race.
B.2 Drug Abuse
a) ITU condemns the use of substances, which artificially enhance performance;

b) Competitors will follow the ITU Anti-Doping Rules;
c) All competitors are responsible for familiarizing themselves with the ITU Anti-
Doping Rules including medical control tests, testing obligations and
procedures, penalties and appeal processes, and forbidden substances;
d) ITU has adopted the ITU Anti-Doping Rules and abides by rules set by the
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Code.
B.3 Health
a) Triathlons, Duathlons, Aquathlons, Winter Triathlons and other modern multi-

sport competitions are strenuous. To be able to compete, competitors should
be in excellent physical condition. Their health and welfare is of paramount
importance;
b) Time limits for the swim leg, cycle leg and overall finish time will be established
for each competition by the Technical Delegate. These limits must be
published in the pre-event registration material.
B.4 Eligibility
a) All athletes must be in good standing with their National Federations.

b) Athletes under suspension are not allowed to compete in any ITU events.
c) The different qualification criterias are published in appendix E.
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d) Specific Olympic qualification criteria is published in appendix F..

e) Athletes are not allowed to compete in more than one of these individal
categories in the same championships: junior, u23, elite.
f) Age limits: athletes must be a minimum age to compete on any ITU Event as
outlined in Appendix A. The age limits to be calculated as 31st of December in
the year of the competition (additional specific age limits may apply by
Continental Confederations for Continental Championships):
B.5 Insurance
a) Each competitor competing in an ITU event must have adequate

insurance coverage, guaranteed by their NF. Host NFs are not
permitted to charge athletes a day of race fee for insurance purposes.
B.6 Registration
B.6.1 Entry
a) Age group athletes will register for the World Championships via the
competitor's NF following their qualification system;
b) Elite, U23 and Junior athletes qualify by following the Eligibility rules
outlined in B.4 of these rules;
c) Prior to competing in ITU Triathlon World Cup or ITU Triathlon World
Championships, Elite competitors will sign the ITU Athletes’ Agreement,
which states that any dispute arising from the rules and regulations of
the International Triathlon Union (ITU), which cannot be settled by its
existing appeal procedure, shall be settled finally by the Court of
Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Lausanne, Switzerland, to the exclusion of
recourse to ordinary courts.
d) NFs are responsible to enter their athletes for all ITU Events with the
ITU online system on www.triathlon.org.
e) All age group, junior and U23 athletes must proivide picture ID at race
registration/packet pick up prior to their competiton
B.6.2 Language and Communication
a) The official language of ITU Events is English;

b) NFs are responsible for translators if required .
B.6.3 Pre-Race Briefings
a) Elite Coaches Meeting: At Triathlon World Championships and Triathlon

World Cups, one hour before the Elite Athletes briefing, an Elite
Coaches meeting will be conducted by the TD. The agenda of this
meeting includes all the technical details of the event and the specific
information for coaches.
b) Age-Group Briefing: At World Championships, an Age-Group Coaches
briefing will be conducted by the TD. Only Age-Group coaches are
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allowed in attendance. The agenda of this briefing includes all the

necessary information of the event. Separate briefings will be conducted
for every distance, as well as for AWAD.
c) Elite Athletes’ Briefing: At all ITU Events, an Elite athletes’ briefing will
be conducted by the TD. Elite athletes must be in attandance. Elite
coaches may also attend the briefing.
(i) Athletes not attending the briefing, but informing the TD about
their absence, will be reallocated on the pre-start linup 10
positions back in relation to their position on the start list.
(ii) Athletes not attending the briefing, without informing the TD about
their absence, may be removed from the start list.
(iii) Athletes entering the briefing room are responsible to notify their
presence to the registration officials.
d) At Triathlon World Championships and Triathlon World Cups, the elite
athlete briefing is held for women and men athletes together. This
briefing will be held at 17h00 local time two days prior to the first elite
competition day.
B.6.4 Packet Pick-Up
a) At ITU World Championships Age Group athletes must pick up their

own race packet at the official race registration area during a designated
time. There will be two (2) days of packet pickup starting from 3 days
prior to their competition. The hours shall be from 09:00 to 19:00. If an
NF is unable to make the designated registration time, they must
request a different time, in writing to ITU. The race packets will contain a
minimum of: Five (5) official race numbers (one (1) for body, one (1) for
bicycle and three (3) for helmet) and four (4) safety pins, numbered
swim cap, timing chip, accreditation pass, athletes guide, ticket for all
the social functions. LOC gifts my be distributed at the same time.
b) At all ITU Events, Elite, Under 23 and Junior athletes at Registration at
the pre-race briefing will pick up their race packet, which includes: 3
pieces of helmet numbers, 1 piece of bike number, body decals for both
arms and both legs, accreditation pass, athletes guide, tickets for all the
social functions. LOC gifts may be distributed at the same time.
B.6.5 Race day registration

a) Technical Officals will conduct the race day registration in the Athletes
Lounge, which includes
(i) Delivery of the swim caps and timing chips.
(ii) Control, by taking photos of the athletes uniform which has to
comply with the ITU Uniform Rules. (appendix G)
(iii) Delivery of all the race packets to the athletes who missed the
briefing.
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B.7 Timing and Results
The official results shall be in accordance with the ORIS standards. Time splits to be
included are:
a) Finish of the swim or first segment;

b) Cycle (to include both swim/cycle and cycle/run transitions);
c) Run time;
d) Overall finish time;
e) Results will include disqualifications (DQF) and reasons;
f) Results will include athletes who do not finish (DNF) and those athletes who
were entered but did not start (DNS).
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C DISCIPLINE OF COMPETITORS
C.1 General Rules
a) Failure to comply with the ITU Competition Rules may result in a competitor
being warned (verbally or with a “stop and go” time penalty), disqualified,
suspended, or expelled;
b) The nature of the rule violation will determine whether an official assesses a
verbal warning, a “stop and go” time penalty or a disqualification.
c) A suspension or an explusion should be very rare but will occur with very serious
violations of either the Competition Rules or the ITU Doping Rules.
d) Reasons for Discipline: A competitor may be issued a warning (verbal or a “stop
and go” time penalty,) or disqualified for, but not limited to the following:
(i) Pre-empting the starter’s signal;
(ii) Failing to follow the prescribed course;

(iii) Using abusive language or behaviour toward any official or
unsportsmanlike behavior (also possible suspension);
(iv) Blocking, charging, obstructing, or interfering with the forward
progress of another competitor;
(v) Unfair contact. The fact that contact occurs between competitors
does not constitute a violation. When several competitors are moving
in a limited area, contact may occur. This incidental contact between
competitors in equally favourable positions, is not a violation;
(vi) Accepting assistance from anyone other than a Technical Official ;
(vii) Refusing to follow the instructions of race officials;
(viii) Departing the course for reasons of safety, but failing to re-enter at
the point of departure;
(ix) Failure to wear the unaltered race number if provided by the Local
Organizing Committee, in the proper way, which is: worn on the front
during the entire run segment;
(x) Leaving equipment or discarding personal articles on the course.
tires, plastic bottles, and other discarded items must be placed safely
off the course;
(xi) Wearing items deemed a hazard to self or others, i.e., a hard cast,
jewelry, headsets, or headphones;
(xii) Using unauthorized equipment to provide an advantage or which will
be dangerous to others;
(xiii) Violating traffic regulations;
(xiv) Contrived or intentional ties by Elite athletes, U23 and Junior athletes
in ITU sanctioned events.
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C.2 Warnings (either verbal or a “stop and go” time penalty)
a) It is not necessary for an official to give a warning prior to issuing a more

serious penalty;
b) The purpose of a warning is to alert a competitor about a possible rule violation
and to promote a "proactive" attitude on the part of officials.
c) Assessment
A warning will be given at the discretion of the official. If time and conditions
permit a Technical Official will assess a warning by:
(i) Sounding a whistle or horn;

(ii) Showing a yellow card;
(iii) Calling (in English) the competitor's number and saying "STOP".
(iv) For safety reasons, an official may have to delay issuing a warning.
d) A warning may be given when:
(i) A competitor violates a rule unintentionally;
(ii) An official believes a violation is about to occur;
(iii) No advantage has been gained.
e) Procedure during warning:
(i) When assessed a yellow card, the competitor will stop in a safe
manner and follow the instructions of the Technical Official;
(ii) If on a bicycle, the competitor will stop in a safe manner, dismount to
the outside from the course with both feet on one side of the bicycle,
and follow the instructions of the Technical Official;
(iii) The Technical Official will then say "GO", at which time the competitor
will continue in a safe manner.
C.3 Disqualification
a) General
(i) A disqualification is a penalty appropriate for a violation.
b) Assessment
Official will assess a disqualification by:
(i) Sounding a whistle or horn;
(ii) Showing a red card or flag;
(iii) Calling (in English) the competitor's number and saying "STOP".
(iv) For safety reasons, an official may have to delay issuing a
disqualification.
c) Procedure after Disqualification
(i) A competitor may finish the race if an official calls a disqualification. A
disqualified competitor may appeal the decision (except in the case of
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a judgment call) in accordance with the provisions of Appeals of the

Competition Rules;
(ii) In the event of Elite and U23, being lapped on the cycle course,
requires the athlete to exit the Field of Play (FOP) immediately (where
safe).
C.4 Suspension
a) General
(i) Means a competitor will not take part in ITU competitions or
competitions sanctioned by NFs affiliated to ITU during a stated
suspension period.
b) Reasons for Suspension
A competitor will be suspended for, (but not limited to):
(i) Unsportsmanlike conduct;
(ii) Fraud, i.e., entering under an assumed name or age, falsifying an
affidavit, or giving false information;
(iii) Participating when not eligible;
(iv) Repeated violations of ITU Rules;
(v) Drug abuse.
Suspensions will be assessed by the Competition Jury, for lengths from three
(3) months to four (4) years, depending on the violation.
C.5 Expulsion
a) General
(i) For the lifetime of the competitor they will not take part in ITU
competitions or competitions sanctioned by NFs affiliated to ITU.
b) Reasons for Expulsion
A competitor will be expelled for life (but not be limited to):
(i) For a second drug offense as outlined in the ITU Anti-Doping Rules
and the World Anti-Doping Agency rules;
(ii) For an unusual and violent act of unsportsmanlike behaviour.
c) Procedure during Expulsion
(i) A competitor will not be eligible to compete in ITU competitions while
suspended or expelled from ITU.
d) Expulsion due to Drug Abuse
(i) If the suspension or expulsion is for drug abuse, the competitor will not
be able to compete in any other sport whose federation is recognized
by the ITU, IOC or GAISF (General Assembly of International Summer
Federations.
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e) Disciplinary Notice
(i) When a competitor is suspended or expelled, the President of ITU will
notify the concerned NF, in writing, within 30 days;
(ii) All suspensions and expulsions will be announced in the ITU
newsletter and communicated to the IOC and GAISF.
C.6 Right of Appeal
(i) Competitors charged with a violation have the right to appeal, except
in the case of judgment calls by officials.
C.7 Reinstatement
(i) After suspension, a competitor must apply to the President of ITU for
reinstatement.
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D SWIMMING CONDUCT
D.1 General Rules
a) Competitors may use any stroke to propel themselves through the water. They
may also tread water or float;
b) A competitor may stand on the bottom or rest by holding an inanimate object
such as a buoy or stationary boat;
c) In an emergency, a competitor should raise an arm overhead and call for
assistance. Once official assistance is rendered, the competitor must retire
from the competition.
D.2 Wetsuit Use
The use of wetsuits will be determined by the following tables:
a) Elite, U23 and Junior athletes in ITU Events (according to the age limitations):
Forbidden Mandatory Maximum stay in
Swim Length
above below water
300m 20o C 14o C 10 min
750m 20o C 14o C 20 min
1500m 20o C 14o C 30 min
3000m 22o C 16o C 1 h 15 min
4000m 22o C 16o C 1 h 45 min
b) For Age Group competitors:

Forbidden Mandatory Maximum stay in
Swim Length
above: below: water
750m 22o C 14o C 30 min
1500m 22o C 14o C 1 h 10 min
3000m 23o C 15o C 1 h 40 min
4000m 24o C 16o C 2 h 15 min
c) Modifications: If weather conditions dictate, i.e., ambient air temperature, the

ITU-Medical Committee (ITU-MC) may advise the Technical Delegate to adapt
the limits on wetsuit use. A ruling on wetsuit use will be made one hour before
the start, by the Technical Delegate and will be clearly communicated to the
competitors.
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d) Water Temperature: Water temperature must be taken one (1) hour prior to
the start of the event on race day. It must be taken at three (3) different places
of the course at a depth of 60 cm and the lowest measured temperature will be
considered as the official water temperature.
e) For non-wetsuit swims, competitors must wear their ITU approved uniform on
the outside. On Olympic Distance races or shorter for all categories, if they
wear a second suit, it must be worn underneath the official uniform and cannot
be removed during the whole competition.
D.3 Starting Position Selection: (Elite Athletes)
a) Prior to the start of the competition athletes in the order of their start number
are asked to select their starting position.
b) The athletes upon entering the pontoon go directly to their selected numbered
position and stay in that position until the start. A selected position can not be
changed by any athlete during the Starting Position Selection process.
c) Start-line Technical Officials note each athlete’s race number and selected
starting position.
d) Starting Position Selection ends when every athlete is in a start position.
D.4 Start Procedure: (Elite Athletes)

a) After all athletes are in position (confirmed and noted by the Start-line Technical
Officials) "on your mark" is announced.
b) 3-6 seconds after the start signal is to be given.
c) Three Technical Officials are involved in the start procedure.
• The Start Technical Officials are standing beside each other in the middle of
the start area behind the athletes.
• The False Start Technical Officials stand on both sides of the start area to
have a clear view of the start.
• The False Start Technical Official have an air horn in case it is needed to
give a false start signal (several short horn blasts) and a photo/video camera
in case it is needed to give a time penalty in T1.
• The first Start Technical Official is responsible for announcing "on your
mark".
• The second Start Technical Official is responsible for giving the start signal.
d) Early start: Athletes are not allowed to move forward between “on your mark”
announced and the start horn.
e) Athletes must move forward after the start horn.
f) In case of a false start (several athletes move forward before the start horn) the
athletes have to come back to their previously selected position controlled by the
Start-line Technical Officials and the start procedure has to begin again.
g) Same procedure will apply for any other Multisport Events with adaptations.
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D.5 Equipment
D.5.1 Legal Equipment
a) A competitor must wear the swim cap provided by the LOC at all times
during the swim. In case of wearing additional swim caps, the provided
by the LOC must be the external one.
b) Goggles and nose clips are allowed.
D.5.2 Illegal Equipment
Athletes must not use:
a) Artificial propulsion devices, (i.e. fins, socks, gloves, paddles, or

floatation devices);
b) Wetsuits with thickness exceeding 5mm;
c) Wetsuit bottoms only;
d) Swimsuits made of material not approved by FINA in non-wetsuit
events;
e) Wetsuits that do not comply with the ITU Uniform Rules.
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E CYCLING CONDUCT
E.1 General Rules
A competitor is not permitted to:
a) Block others;
b) Cycle while their bare torso is exposed;
c) Make forward progress without the bicycle;
E.1.1 Dangerous Behavior
a) Competitors must obey traffic laws unless otherwise directed by a Race

Official.
E.1.2 Bicycle Check
a) A bicycle check will take place upon Check-in to the Transition Area
before the competition. Technical Officials will be checking that the
bicycles comply with the rules;
b) Athletes may request approval from the Technical Delegate during the
Athletes’ Briefing to allow time for competitors to make modifications, if
necessary, to comply with the rules.
E.1.3 Overlapping
On the Olympic and standard distance races for Elite, U23 and Junior
categories, athletes who have been overlapped during the bike will be withdrawn from
the race. This provision can be modified by the TD.
E.2 Drafting
E.2.1 General Guidelines

There are two kinds of competitions depending of the allowance of drafting:
a) Draft legal races
b) Draft illegal races.
The races will be draft legal (L) or illegal (I), according to this table:
Age–
Junior U23 Elite Group/
AWAD
TRIATHLON
Team Relay (x3) legal legal legal
Sprint Distance legal illegal
Olympic DIstance legal legal illegal
Long Distance Triathlon (O2, O3) illegal illegal
DUATHLON
Team Relay (x3) legal legal
Sprint Distance legal illegal
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Standard Distance legal legal illegal

Long Distance illegal illegal
AQUATHLON
WINTER TRIATHLON (all distances) legal
CROSS TRIATHLON (all distances) legal
CROSS DUATHLON (all distances) legal
E.2.2 Draft-Illegal Races
a) Drafting off another competitor or motor vehicle is forbidden.

Competitors must reject attempts by others to draft.
b) A competitor is entitled to any position on the course, provided they get
to that position first, and without contacting others. When taking a
position, a competitor must allow reasonable space for others to make
normal movements without making contact. Adequate space must be
available before passing;
c) A competitor, who approaches from any position to take advantage of
the draft, bears responsibility for avoiding the draft.
d) To draft is to enter the bicycle or vehicle drafting zone:
i. Bicycle draft zone: the draft zone will be a rectangle 3 meters wide.
The center of the leading 3-meter edge will be measured from the
leading edge of the front wheel. The long of the rectangle depends on
the races For Elite races 10 meters
ii. For Age Group races 7 meters.
iii. A competitor may enter the draft zone of another competitor, but must
be seen to be progressing through that zone. A maximum of 15
seconds will be allowed to pass through the zone of another
competitor;
iv. Vehicle draft zone will be a rectangle thirty-five (35) meters long by
five (5) meters wide, which surrounds every vehicle on the cycle
segment. The front edge of the vehicle will define the center of the
leading 5 meter edge of the rectangle;
e) Entry into the bicycle drafting zone:

A competitor may enter a bicycle draft zone (subject to the official’s judgment)
in the following circumstances:
i. If the competitor enters the draft zone, and progresses through it

within 15 seconds in the overtaken manoeuvre.
ii. For safety reasons;
iii. 100 meters before and after an aid station;
iv. 50 meters before and after the transition area;
v. At an acute turn;
21
vi. If technical officials exclude a section of the course because of

narrow lanes, construction, detours, or for other safety reasons.
f) Overtaking definition:
i. A competitor is passed when another competitor's front wheel is
ahead of theirs;
ii. Once overtaken, a competitor must move out of the draft zone of the
leading competitor within 5 seconds.
iii. Competitors must keep to the side of the course and not create a
blocking incidence. Blocking is where a competitor(s) behind cannot
pass due to the leading competitor being poorly placed on the course.
See the diagrams below for events where left hand side road rules apply.
22
E.2.3 Penalties for Drafting
c) When assessed a yellow card, the competitor will stop in a safe manner
and follow the instructions of the Technical Official;
d) If on a bicycle, the competitor will stop in a safe manner, dismount to the

outside of the course with both feet on one side of the bicycle, and
follow the instructions of the Technical Official;
e) The Technical Official will then say "GO", at which time the competitor
will continue in a safe manner.
E.3 Equipment
E.3.1 Bicycles
In general, UCI rules will apply:
a) UCI road races rules for draft legal triathlon and duathlon races.
b) UCI team trial rules for draft ilegal triathlon and duathlon races.
c) UCI MTB rules for winter triathlon, cross triathlon and cross duathlon races.
E.3.2 Bicycles must have the following characteristics:
For draft legal races the frame of the bicycle shall be of a traditional pattern,
i.e., built around a main triangle of three straight or tapered tubular elements
which may be round, oval, flattened, teardrop shaped or otherwise in cross-
section;
a) The frame will be no more than two (2) meters long, and fifty (50)
centimeters wide for draft legal competitions. For all other competitions, two
(2) meters long and seventy-five (75) centimeters wide will be permitted;
b) The frame will measure at least 24 centimeters from the ground to the
center of the chain wheel axle;
c) There will be a vertical line touching the front-most point of the saddle which
will be no more than 5 centimeters in front of and no more than 15
centimeters behind a vertical line passing through the center of the chain
wheel axle, and a competitor must not have the capability of adjusting the
saddle beyond these lines during competition;
23
d) There will be no less than 54 centimeters and no more than 65 centimeters

between a vertical line passing through the center of the chain wheel axle
and a vertical line through the center of the front wheel axle. (Exceptions
may be given for the bicycles of very tall or very short competitors. This will
be determined by the Race Referee or ITU Technical Committee
Representative);
e) Fairings which reduce air resistance are prohibited;

f) Non-traditional or unusual bicycles or equipment shall be illegal unless
prior approval has been received from the Technical Delegate or Race
Referee prior to the start of the competition.
g) Bicycles must comply with the ITU Uniform Rules.
E.3.2 Wheels
UCI rules will apply same as indicated above.
For draft legal competitions, wheels must have the following characteristics:
a) A diameter between 70 cm maximum and 55 cm minimum, including the
tire;
b) Both wheels should be either 26” or 28”;
c) Wheels shall have at least 12 spokes;
d) Spokes can be round, flattened or oval, provided their width does not
exceed 10 mm;
e) Only wheel designs approved by UCI may be used;
f) No wheel may contain mechanisms which are capable of accelerating it;
i) Tires must be well glued, headsets tight and wheels true;
j) There must be a brake on each wheel;
For draft illegal competitions, covers are allowed on the rear wheel. However, this
provision may be changed by the Technical Delegate in the interest of safety, i.e. high-
winds;
E.3.3 Handlebars
UCI rules will apply same as indicated above.

For draft legal races the following rule on handlebars apply
a) Only traditional drop handlebars are permitted. The handlebars must be

plugged;
24
b) Clip-on handlebars will be permitted and they are not longer than the
brake levers' foremost line;
c) Straight forward clip-on handlebars must be bridged with a solid
material, and must not carry forward facing brake levers;
d) No forward facing bar or gear shifters are allowed on the end of the clip-
on handlebars. The only exception will be grip shifter;
e) Elbow pads are permitted.
f) For draft illegal races the clip ons do not extend more than 15 cm
beyond the front wheel axle, and they are not longer than the brake
levers foremost line.
E.3.4 Helmets
a) Helmets must be approved by a national accredited testing authority

recognised by a NF that is an affiliate of the ITU;
b) An alteration to any part of the helmet including the chin strap, or the
omission of any part of the helmet, including an outer cloth cover, is
prohibited;
c) The helmet must be securely fastened at all times when the competitor
is in possession of the bicycle, i.e., from the time they remove their
bicycle from the rack at the start of the cycle leg, until after they have
placed their bicycle on the rack at the finish of the cycle leg;
d) If a competitor moves the bicycle off the course through disorientation,
or for reasons of safety, or the need to carry out mechanical repairs or
conduct personal toilet the competitor may not unfasten or remove the
helmet from the head until after he/she has moved outside the boundary
of the bicycle course route and has dismounted the bicycle; and he/she
must fasten the helmet securely on the head before returning onto the
bicycle course route or before remounting the bicycle.
e) Helmets must comply with the ITU Uniform Rules.
E.3.5 Helmets at Race Site
a) Competitors, who do not wear approved helmets while cycling at the

race site, within 7 days of an ITU event, may be disqualified from
competition or fined.
E.3.6 Illegal Equipment
a) Headphone(s) or headset;
b) Glass containers;
c) Mobile phone.
d) Bike or parts of the bike not complying with these rules.
e) Uniform not complying with the ITU Uniform rules.
25
F RUNNING CONDUCT
F.1 General Rules
The competitor:
a) May run or walk;

b) May not crawl;
c) May not run with a bare torso;
d) May not run without shoes on any part of the course.
F.2 Finish Definition
a) A competitor will be judged as "finished," the moment any part of the torso, not
including the head, neck, shoulders, arms, hips or legs, reaches the
perpendicular line extending from the leading edge of the finish line.
F.3 Safety Guidelines
a) The responsibility of remaining on the course rests with the competitor. Any
competitor who appears to technical officials to present a danger to themselves
or others may be removed from the competition.
F.4 Illegal Equipment
a) Headphone(s) and headsets;

b) Glass containers;
c) Mobile phones.
d) Uniform not complying with the ITU Uniform rules.
G TRANSITION AREA CONDUCT
G.1 General Rules
The following rules apply to all competitors:
a) All competitors must have their helmet securely fastened from the time they
remove their bicycle from the rack at the start of the cycle until after they have
placed their bicycle on the rack at the finish of the cycle;
b) Competitors must use only their designated bicycle rack and must rack their
bicycle;
c) Competitors must ensure all unused personal equipment stays within their
transition area and is not discarded on the field of play or left in the space of
another competitor. If a bin is provided, all unused equipment must be placed
beside the bin, on the ground, but in the athletes individual space. All the
equipment already used should be deposited inside the bin.
26
d) Bike shoes, glasses, helmet, and other bike equipment can be placed on the
bike.
e) Competitors must not impede the progress of other competitors in the Transition
Area;
f) Competitors must not interfere with another competitor's equipment in the
Transition Area;
g) Competitors must mount their bicycles after the mount line and dismount their
bicycles before the dismount line.
h) Cycling is not permitted in the Transition Area;
i) Bicycles must be left at the rack in an upright position. i.e. Not laying to the side
by one handlebar;
j) Nudity or indecent exposure is forbidden;
k) Only items used during the competition can be placed in the Transition Area
during the competition.
l) Athetes can not stop at the flow zones of the Transition Area
H COMPETITION CATEGORIES
H.1 ITU may organize World Championships in the distances and categories shown in
this chart:
Elite U23 Junior Age-Groups
TRIATHLON
Team Relay (x3) yes
Sprint Distance yes yes
Olympic Distance yes yes yes
Long Distance (O2, O3) yes yes
DUATHLON
Team Relay (x3) yes yes
Sprint Distance yes
Standard Distance yes yes yes
Long Distance yes yes
AQUATHLON
Standard Distance yes yes yes yes
Long Distance yes yes
WINTER TRIATHLON
Sprint Distance yes yes
Standard Distance yes yes
CROSS TRIATHLON
Sprint Distance yes
27
CROSS DUATHLON
Sprint Distance yes
H.2 Triathlon World Cup, Continental Championships and National Federation Events,
including National Championships:
a) NFs hosting an ITU World Cup or Continental Championship or National
Federation event are strongly encouraged to include each of these categories;
b) NFs affiliated to ITU are strongly encouraged to include each of these categories
in their national and state/provincial championships.
I PRIZES AND AWARDS
I.1 Prize Money
I.1.1 General Rules

Prize money for the ITU Triathlon World Championships and ITU World Cups
will be deposited in an ITU bank account eight (8) weeks prior to the competition.
It shall be distributed equally between men and women in both amount and
depth according to the ITU Prize Money Percentage Breakdown; should be 90
days for world champiuonships
I.1.2 Primes
Primes will be offered at ITU World Cup events. Primes are payable to the
athletes as follows:
a) Be in first position:
i. After the first lap of the swim: the prime goes to the first athlete
entering the water for the second lap. In cases where athletes do not
exit the water during the swim, the prime will be awarded to the
athlete exiting the water first, after the 1500m swim;
ii. At the end of the second lap of the cycle;
iii. At the end of the second last lap (bell lap) of the cycle;
b) Finish the competition in the first half of the field of the finishers;
c) There is no limit to the number of primes an athlete can win in a race;
d) If the prime is not collected by an athlete due to not finishing in the first
half of the field, the prime goes to a pool of primes that will be paid on the
last World Cup of the year;
e) The amount of the primes will be announced at the pre-race briefing of
each competition and will always be awarded equally in amount to men
and women.
I.1.3 Medals
a) Athletes who place 1st, 2nd or 3rd at a World Cup Triathlon will be awarded
an official ITU World Cup medal (gold, silver, bronze);
28
b) All athletes or teams who place in the top three (3) of their category at
the ITU World Championship will receive official ITU World
Championship medals. The medals will be presented at an awards
ceremony.
I.1.4 Trophies
a) When team competitions are organized in the format of adding the top 3
times of the finishers of every nation, the first three (3) Men and
Women team members will be awarded a team trophy. All six (6)
designated team members will be awarded medals, except in the case
of disqualification.
29
J TECHNICAL OFFICIALS
J.1 General
a) The duties of the Technical Officials are to conduct the Competition in

accordance with the ITU Competition Rules.
J.1.1 ITU Technical Officials
The officials at all ITU races are:
a) The ITU Technical Delegate (TD) ensures that all aspects of the ITU
Competition Rules and Operations Manuals are fulfilled;
b) The Race Referee (RR) directs the certification of race officials and
makes final judgments on rule violations;
c) The Chief Race Official (CRO) assigns and monitors the work of all
Technical Officials;
d) Technical Officials are assigned to Registration, Start, Finish, Transition
Area(s), Swim, Cycle, Run, Wheel Stations, Prime Lines, Aid Stations,
Technology and Vehicle Control. An adequate number of Technical
Officials will be assigned to each area and will be responsible for the
enforcement of ITU Competition Rules within their assigned jurisdiction;
e) The Competition Jury, which is appointed by the Technical Delegate;
f) The ITU Medical Director, appointed by the ITU Medical Committee, is
responsible for all medical and doping issues on behalf of ITU.
J.1.2 World Cup Competition Jury
For Triathlon World Cup events, the Competition Jury consists of three (3)
people, being:
a) A member of the ITU Executive Board or Council member;

b) A representative of the host NF;
c) The Technical Delegate or a person designated by the chair of the ITU
Technical Committee.
J.1.3 World Championship Competition Jury
For Triathlon and Duathlon World Championships, the Competition Jury

consists of five (5) people, being:
a) A member of the ITU Executive Board;

b) The Technical Delegate;
c) A representative from the host NF;
d) A representative from the ITU-TC, (other than the Technical Delegate);
e) A representative from the ITU-Medical Committee (ITU-MC).
30
J.1.4 Duties of the Competition Jury
a) The Competition Jury rules on all appeals (against the decision of the
Referee) and all protests (against the approved Competition results).
J.1.5 Jury Integrity
The Competition Jury observes the following principles:
a) Give equal weight to the evidence and testimony provided by all;

b) Recognize that honest testimony can vary and be in conflict as a result
of personal observation or recollection;
c) Keep an open mind until all evidence has been submitted;
d) Recognize that a competitor is innocent until the alleged violation has
been established to the complete satisfaction of the Jury.
J.1.6 Videotapes
a) ITU officials may use videotapes to acquire data on rule infractions.

This includes but is not limited to: swim start; swim turns, cycle turns,
run turns, finish line.
J.2 Volunteer Certification
a) All volunteers who are assigned to areas of responsibility on the Field of Play
(FOP) must be educated to ITU’s minimum standard. Education kits obtained
from ITU will cover points of interest.
31
K PROTESTS
K.1 General
a) A protest is against the conduct of a competitor, technical official, or the

conditions of the competition. A competitor or an NF designate may file a
protest with the Referee provided that the protest has not been previously
observed by the officials and ruled upon by the Referee.
K.2 Protest Jurisdiction
a) Protests cannot be made on "judgment calls". A "judgment call" shall include,

but not be limited to drafting blocking and unsportsmanlike conduct;
b) Where ITU Competition Rules do not cover the issue, FINA, UCI, FIS and
IAAF Rules will apply;
K.2.1 Protests Concerning Eligibility
a) Protests concerning the eligibility of a competitor shall be made in

writing to the Referee before the start of the competition. The affected
competitor may compete. A decision on the protest will be made prior
to the announcement of results.
K.2.2 Protests Concerning the Course
a) Protests concerning the safety of the course or its variance on

regulation must be made in writing to the Referee twenty-four (24) hours
before the start of the race.
K.2.3 Protests Concerning the Race
a) A competitor who protests against another competitor or official must do

so in writing to the Referee within fifteen (15) minutes of his/her finish
time. However the intention to write a protest has to be announced
within five (5) minutes of his/her finish time. After this deadline only
announced protest will be admitted.
K.2.4 Protests Concerning Timing and Results
a) Protests concerning an error in timing must be delivered within thirty

(30) minutes after the posting of the unofficial results by the Referee. A
NF may protest the official results 30 days after the competition, in
writing, to the President of the ITU.
K.2.5 Protests Concerning Equipment
a) Protests concerning a competitor's equipment which infringes on the

conditions set out in this manual must be delivered in writing to the
Referee fifteen (15) minutes after his/her finish time. However the
32
intention to write a protest has to be announced within five (5) minutes

of his/her finish time. After this deadline only announced protest will be
admitted.
K.3 Contents of a Protest
a) A deposit of USD 50 must accompany the appropriate protest and will be

refunded if the protest is successful. If the protest is denied, there will be no
refund and the money will be used for ITU Solidarity Projects. Protest forms
may be obtained from the Referee;
b) Information to be included is:
(i) The alleged rule violated;
(ii) The location and approximate time of the alleged violation;
(iii) Persons involved in the alleged violation;
(iv) A statement, including a diagram of the alleged violation, if possible;
(v) The names and signatures of witnesses who observed the alleged
violation.
K.4 Protest Procedures
a) The following is the procedure which will be followed in the event of a protest:
(i) Protests will be filed in writing to the Referee, signed by the protester,
within the time limits specified above;
(ii) Protests will be made available to the competitor(s) and official(s) prior
to the hearing;
(iii) The time and place of the Competition Jury Meeting will be announced
at the pre-race briefing;
(iv) The protester and the accused and/or their national representative must
be present. If the protester does not attend, the protest hearing may be
postponed or cancelled. The Competition Jury will determine if the
absence from the hearing is valid;
(v) Failure of any party to attend the hearing may justify the Competition
Jury making a decision without them;
(vi) A representative for either the protester or the accused may be
designated to appear if approved by the Chairperson of the Competition
Jury;
(vii) The hearing will not be open to the public;
(viii) The Competition Jury Chairperson will read the protest;
(ix) The protester and the accused will be given adequate time to give their
account of the incident;
(x) Witnesses (two each) may speak for three (3) minutes each;
(xi) The Competition Jury will hear the evidence and render a decision, by
simple majority;
33
(xii) The decision will be posted immediately, and delivered in writing to the
parties.
b) Protest Time Limit: The time for an elite competitor, or official team
representative, to file a protest is not later than 15 minutes after finishing and
the time to appeal is no later than 15 minutes after finishing or the posting of
the infraction, whichever is later. However the intention to write a protest has to
be announced within five (5) minutes efter finishing or posting of the infraction.
After this deadline only announced protest will be admitted.
34
L APPEALS
L.1 Appeal Jurisdiction
a) An appeal is a request for a review of a decision made by the Referee. An

appeal cannot be made on "judgment calls". A "judgment call" shall include, but
not be limited to:
(i) Drafting (age group, AWAD);

(ii) Blocking;
(iii) Unsportsmanlike conduct.
b) Where ITU Competition Rules do not cover the issue, FINA, UCI, FIS and IAAF
Rules will apply.
L.2 Levels of Appeal
a) Level 1: Representative of a NF or a competitor may appeal the decision of the

Referee to the Competition Jury. Each appeal will be accompanied by a fee of
USD 50. It will be refunded if the appeal is successful. If the appeal is denied,
there will be no refund and the money will be used for ITU Solidarity Projects.
The time for a competitor or official team representative to file an appeal is no
later than fifteen (15) minutes after his or her finishing time or the posting of the
infraction, whichever is later; However the intention to write an appeal has to be
announced within five (5) minutes of his/her finishing time or posxting of the
infraction. After this deadline only announced protest will be admitted.
b) Level 2: The decision of the Competition Jury may be appealed to the ITU
Executive Board. Such an appeal must be received by the ITU President within
14 days of the decision of the Competition Jury;
c) Level 3: The decision of Executive Board may be appealed, as a final and last
resort, to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Lausanne, Switzerland, to
the exclusion of any recourse to ordinary courts. Any decision taken by the said
court (CAS) shall be without appeal and shall be binding on the parties
concerned.
L.3 Appeal Contents
a) The appropriate appeal form can be obtained from the Referee and must be
submitted with an appeal fee of USD 50. An appeal will contain:
(i) Competition name, location, date;

(ii) Competition Manager, address, phone, fax;
(iii) Appellant’s name, address, phone, fax, email;
(iv) Witness(s): name, address, phone, fax, email;
(v) Alleged rule violation, page, section, number, etc;
(vi) Facts of the violation;
(vii) Rationale/summary of appeal.
35
L.4 Appeal Procedures
a) The following is the procedure which will be followed in the event of an appeal:
(i) Appeals will be filed in writing to the Referee, signed by the appellant,
within the time limits specified above;
(ii) Appeals will be made available to the competitor(s) and official(s) prior
to the hearing;
(iii) The time and place of the Competition Jury Meeting will be announced
at the pre-race meeting;
(iv) The appellant and the accused and/or their national representative must
be present. If the appellant does not attend, the appeals hearing may
be postponed or cancelled. The Competition Jury will determine if the
absence from the hearing is valid;
(v) Failure of any party to attend the hearing may justify the Competition
Jury making a decision without them;
(vi) A representative for either the person appealing or the accused may be
designated to appear if approved by the Chairperson of the Competition
Jury;
(vii) The hearing will not be open to the public;
(viii) The Competition Jury Chairperson will read the appeal;
(ix) The appellant and the accused will be given adequate time to give their
account of the incident;
(x) Witnesses (two each) may speak for three (3) minutes each;
(xi) The Competition Jury will hear the evidence and render a decision, by
simple majority;
(xii) The decision will be posted immediately, and delivered in writing to the
parties.
36
Additional
Competition Rules
37
M INDOOR TRIATHLON
M.1 Introduction
These rules are intended to provide safe and fair competition.
M.1.1 Time Penalties
a) Time penalties are heavy, regarding the overall time of competition (less
than 13 minutes), and are used as a pro-active strong reminder to
compete within the rules.
M.1.2 Videotapes
a) All races will be video taped;

b) Video Tapes will be used to assist officials to make decisions in unclear
cases or when a decision is appealed.
M.1.3 Uniforms
a) Elite competitors must wear their country’s uniform, which must comply
with the ITU Uniform Specifications.
M.1.4 Assessing Penalties
a) The Chief Race Official will use the Public Address system to inform
competitors and spectators about penalties;
b) The Chief Race Official will make the call immediately by announcing
the competitor's number, penalty time and reason and will also use
hand signals when assessing a time penalty or disqualification.
M.2 Swim Course
M.2.1 Start
a) A dive start will be used. The starter’s instructions will be: "Take your
mark"...Horn.
M.2.2 False Start
a) In the case of a false start, a second sounding of the horn will

immediately be fired (within 3 seconds). Any competitor responsible for
two (2) false starts will be disqualified.
M.2.3 Finish
a) There will be a ten (10) second "neutralized" time period that is

compulsory for all competitors. The purpose of this period is to sponge
excess water off competitors. Water on the track makes it very slippery
38
and dangerous for all competitors. Non-compliance with this rule will
result in disqualification.
M.3 Transition Area
M.3.1 Interference
a) Competitors must leave equipment so it does not interfere with other

competitors. A 3 second penalty will apply to any competitor who fails
to comply;
b) Competitors must not interfere with the progress of another competitor
(15 second penalty);
c) Competitors must use only their designated bicycle rack (15 second
penalty).
M.3.2 Helmets
a) All competitors must have their helmets securely fastened from the time
they remove their bicycle from the rack at the start of the cycle, until
after they have placed their bicycle on the rack at the finish of the cycle;
b) Failure to do so will incur a 3 second penalty.
M.4 Cycle Course
M.4.1 Safety
a) Competitors must behave in a safe manner. Dangerous behaviour that

results in the fall of one or more competitors will be penalized by a
disqualification.
M.4.2 Dismount Line
a) Competitors must dismount prior to the dismount line (3 second

penalty). Competitors must not enter the transition area on a bicycle
(15 second penalty).
M.5 Run Course
M.5.1 Shoes
a) Running barefoot will result in a disqualification.
M.5.2 Assistance of Curves
a) Using posts or ornamental trees to assist maneuvering curves is not

allowed (3 second penalty).
39
N LONG DISTANCE
N.1 General
a) ITU Long Distance Triathlon and Duathlon Events are draft illegal competitions
for Elite and Age Group competitors.
N.1.1 Outside Assistance
a) No outside assistance of any kind will be permitted. This does not

include medical assistance and normal food and liquid items provided
by the LOC at aid stations or at coaches’ stations.
N.1.2 Age Group Categories
The competition categories are:
a) Elite Male and Elite Female;

b) Age Group Male and Age Group Female (5 year categories);
c) There are no Junior or U23 categories in any ITU Long Distance
competitons.
N.1.3 Medical Guidelines
a) Specific Medical Guidelines, including "hot weather" guidelines and

medical evacuation plans will be developed by the Race Medical
Director in conjunction with the ITU Medical Committee.
N.1.4 Team Competition
a) A team competition for the Elite category may be organized at both the
Triathlon and Duathlon Long Distance World Championships. The
following applies:
(i) National teams will be permitted a maximum of six (6) male and
six (6) female competitors;
(ii) Team standings will be determined by adding the 3 (three) best
times of the nominated team members;
(iii) In the event of a tie, the placing of the third team member
nearest the overall winner will break the tie;
(iv) The names of the scoring members of the team will be given to
the LOC by the team manager at the pre-race meeting;
(v) Due to the usual early race start, any changes in the composition
of the team must be given to the LOC no later than 12 hours
prior to the scheduled start of the race;
(vi) Awards will be presented to the top three (3) Men's and
Women's teams.
40
N.2 Distances
a) Long Distance Triathlon will be either “double Olympic” or “triple Olympic”

distance as outlined in Appendix A.
b) Demanding and technical courses should always be preferred. A 5% error

margin will be accepted for the cycle and run course provided the margin has
been approved by the Technical Delegate.
N.3 Penalties
a) To compensate for an unfair advantage gained in drafting situations where it is

not safe for an official to intervene (narrow, winding roads, steep descents) and
to comply with the pro-active officiating ITU philosophy, a penalty other than
disqualification is implemented at ITU Long Distance events;
b) It consists of the penalized competitor having to run an additional distance of
300m before or during the running segment, or to remain in a ”penalty box” for
2 minutes;
c) The choice of the penalty is determined by the LOC with the agreement of the
Technical Delegate;
d) Officials assess a Penalty by:
(i) Sounding a horn or a whistle;
(ii) Waving a black card;
(iii) Calling (in English) the competitor’s number.
e) When back at his/her Transition Area place, the competitor will find one/ two
black stickers on his/her starting number, for the number of penalties he/she
has been assessed;
f) In the case a competitor is assessed three Penalties he/she will find a red sticker
indicating a disqualification.
N.4 Equipment
a) Handlebar ends must be plugged;
b) Clip-on handlebars will be permitted.
41
O TEAM CHAMPIONSHIPS
O.1 General
a) The team competition is not an individual competition, but rather developed

from the “Relay” format, used in athletics, swimming, track cycling or cross
country skiing, to rank teams at a specific event;
b) The Team Championship is held as a relay of National, Corporate or other
teams competing all at the same time. The athletes composing the relay, have
to complete individually a Triathlon, Duathlon, Winter Triathlon, Cross Triathlon
or Cross Duathlon; In the World and Continental Champioships a maximum of
two (2) teams per Nation can compete. However only the best team of the
same Nation ranked in the race, will be in the results list.
c) In a relay all athletes must complete his/her own Triathlon, Duathlon or Winter
Triathlon before passing the relay to his/her team mates;
d) Depending on the discipline the starting order of the athletes might be different
(see Winter Triathlon).
e) In the team competition, only a fraction of the overall distance of the course is
completed by each member. The sum of the three should not exceed a Sprint
Distance for the Elite category. The sum of the three should not exceed an
Olympic distance for the Corporate Team World Championships.
O.2 Team Make-up
a) Three athletes make up a team;

(i) Distances for relay competitions are as outlined in Appendix A.
b) Team Uniforms: All Elite team members will wear their country’s uniform, which
must comply with the ITU Uniform guidelines, including their three letter country
code or country name. Each competitor must also:
(i) Wear an unaltered competition number as determined by the LOC;
(ii) “Wear” the body marking as determined by the LOC..
c) Team Captain: Each team must name a team captain, who will be responsible
for team tactics. No team managers will be allowed on the courses, except in
designated coaching areas.
42
P ATHLETES WITH A DISABILITY (AWAD)

P.1 General
a) Athletes with Disabilities, as defined under ITU rule P.2 will be governed by all
International Triathlon Union (ITU) competition rules with the following specific
modifications.
b) Prior to attending the ITU World Championships all Athletes with a Disability
are required to provide a doctor’s letter to their National Federation, outlining
their degree of disability.
c) Athletes are required to be classified by an ITU desiganated classification
officer to ensure athletes are assigned to the proper category.
d) For an athlete to be eligible for categories TRI1, TRI2, TRI3, TRI4 and TRI5,
the athlete must have a minimum disability of 15% impairment of a limb.
P.2 AWAD Competition Categories
Physically Challenged Competition Categories shall be established based on physical

disabilities. Medical evidence shall be required as to disability and classification. The six
categories, as of 2007, are as follows:
a) TRI 1 - Handcycle: Paraplegic, Quadriplegic, Polio, Double Leg Amputee. Must

use hand cycle on bike course and racing wheel chair on run.
b) TRI 2 - Severe leg impairment including above knee amputees. Athlete must
ride bicycle and run with above knee prosthesis (or similar prosthesis) or run
using crutches.
c) TRI 3 - Les Autre: This category includes athletes with Multiple Sclerosis,
Muscular Dystrophy, Cerebral Palsy, double leg amputee runners or paralysis in
multiple limbs. These athletes will ride a bicycle and run. They may use braces
or prosthesis if required.
d) TRI 4 - Arm impairment including paralysis, above elbow amputees and below
elbow amputees, or impairment in both upper limbs. Athletes may use
prosthesis, brace or sling on the bike and/or run.
e) TRI 5 - Slight leg impairment including below knee amputees. Athlete rides
bicycle and runs with prosthesis.
f) TRI 6 - Visual Impairment, legally Blind (20/200 vision with best corrective
vision). A handler of the same sex is mandatory throughout the race. Athlete is
tethered during the swim. Athlete uses a tandem bicycle and may be tethered
during the run.
P.3 AWAD Transition Area Conduct
Athletes with a Disability shall be permitted the following in regard to outside assistance:
a) No assist dogs will be allowed at any time.
43
b) “Handlers” are specifically allowed to assist AWAD competitors by

• Assisting/carrying athletes from the water to transition area.
• Helping with prosthetic devices or other assistive devices.
• Lifting participants in and out of handcycles and wheelchairs.
• Removing wetsuits or clothing.
• Repairing flats and other equipment.
c) Securing qualified aides (“Handlers”) shall be the responsibility of the athlete and
all such handlers shall be identified to and receive credentials from the Race
Referee at least one (1) day prior to the competition.
d) It is intended that each athlete have adequate assistance. Therefore handlers
are to be allotted as follows:
(i) One (1) handler for upper extremity amputees.
(ii) Two (2) handlers for lower extremity amputees.
(iii) Two to three (2-3) for non-ambulatory competitors (i.e., paraplegics,
quadriplegics, polio sufferers)
d) All handlers shall be subject to all ITU rules of competition as well as further
instructions deemed appropriate by the Race Referee.
e) Any action taken by a handler which propels the competitor forward may, at the
discretion of the Race Referee, be grounds for a time penalty or disqualification
(DQ).
P.4 AWAD Swimming Conduct / Equipment
a) Artificial propulsive devices including (but not limited to) fins, paddles, or
floating devices of any kind are not allowed. Use of such devices will result in
disqualification.
b) Wetsuits are allowed at all temperatures.
P.5 AWAD Cycling Conduct / Equipment
a) For Athletes with a Disability, the term “bicycle” used herein shall include
bicycles, tricycles or handcycles.
b) All bicycles, tricycles, handcycles shall be propelled by human force. Arms or
legs can be used to propel the cycle but not both. Any violation shall result in
disqualification.
c) Bicycle specifications for AWAD competitors are outlined in ITU rules section
E.3. Specifications with respect to handcycles and tricycles are outlined in the
International Paralympic Committee’s Cycling Rule Book.
d) Protective shields, faring or other device which has the effect of reducing
resistance are prohibited.
e) There must be at least one working brake (generally on the drive wheel)
capable of safely stopping the vehicle.
P.6 AWAD Running Conduct / Equipment
44
a) Athletes with a Disability may use prosthetics, canes or crutches to ambulate

the course. The only acceptable footwear on the run course (aside from
prosthetics) is running shoes.
b) AWAD competitors who perform the run portion this leg in a wheelchair shall be
governed by all ITU rules with regards to safety.
c) Specifications with respect to racing wheelchairs are outlined in the
International Paralympic Committee’s Combined Athletics Rule Book.
P.7 AWAD Visual Impairment Category Conduct

The following additional rules apply to blind athletes and their guides:
a) Blind athletes must use a guide of the same gender in competition and (with few
exceptions) must furnish their own guide.
b) The blind athlete is to be tethered during the swim.
c) The blind athlete and guide shall use a tandem bicycle.
d) The blind athlete may choose to use an elbow lead, tether lead or to run free. The
runner may receive verbal instruction only from his/her guide.
e) No triathlete registered as an elite nor cyclist registered with a UCI trade team may
participate as a guide.
f) Paddle boards, kayaks, bicycles, motor bicycles or any other mechanical means of
transport may not be used by guides on the swim or run.
g) At no time may the guide "lead" or "pace" the athlete nor propel the athlete forward
by pulling or pushing.
h) Whether or not a tether is being used, the athlete and guide shall not be more than
0.5 meters apart at all times.
i) As the blind athlete crosses the finish line, the guide must be beside or behind the
athlete but not further than the required 0.5 meter maximum separation distance.
j) Infringement of any these rules may, at the discretion of the Head Referee, be
grounds for a time penalty or disqualification (DQ).
45
Q WINTER TRIATHLON
Q.1 General
a) ITU Winter Triathlon competitions constitute a new concept of Triathlon

consisting of running, mountain biking (MTB) and cross country skiing. The
rules outlined in this document are mandatory and strict.
Q.2 Registration
a) A compulsory meeting of elite competitors will be held before all ITU

competitions and will be conducted by the Technical Delegate and the
Competition Manager. For any World Championships, each NF must have a
team captain and/or coach and/or team manager and/or competitors in
attendance.
Q.3 Official Training
a) Official training session: The intent of these sessions is to bring the safety level
to the highest. Official training session will be conducted by the Technical
Delegate and the Competition Manager. Athletes, team captains and coaches
will attend this official training session;
b) Conduct on race days: It is not accepted that any competitor warm up or do

reconnaissance of the course while a race is going on.
Q.4 Running Conduct
a) Running shoes are mandatory on the running segment. This rule is not
applicable for age groupers;
b) Running shoes with spikes are allowed;
c) Wearing a helmet during the running segment is not accepted.
Q.5 Mountain Biking Conduct
Only mountain bikes (MTB) can be used in ITU Winter Triathlon Events.
a) The minimal tire dimension for the MTB should not be less than 26x1.5 inches,
(599-40) which means that the largest part of the tires should not be less than
40mm;
b) Cleated and/or slick tires are allowed depending on ground surface;
c) The cycling segment of the Winter Triathlon Competitions is laid out as a cross-
country course over snow and may follow in its part normal roads or paths;
d) Competitors are allowed to push or carry the bicycle over the course;
e) Drafting is allowed; it may be forbidden to pass other competitors before
entering the Transition Area;
f) Competitors are personally responsible for ensuring that their bicycles are in
legally satisfactory condition at the start of the competition;
46
g) Competitors must bring their own necessary tools and parts and must carry out
repairs;
h) Competitors are not allowed to receive help from others, by their fellow
competitors or outside helpers;
i) All bicycle parts can be changed during the course of competition except the
frame itself;
j) Bicycle shoes are mandatory in the MTB segment. This rule is not applicable
for age group athletes.
Q.6 Skiing Conduct
a) Testing of equipment (skis) is allowed prior to the race on specially marked

tracks, or on the race-course if announced by the Technical Officials;
b) The beginning of the third (last) segment is clearly marked;
c) During the race, competitors cannot be accompanied by team members, team
managers or other pacemakers on the course;
d) Competitors are allowed to change one ski and poles during the competition;
e) Competitors may ski freestyle. This includes all known techniques;
f) Certain zones may have restrictions to classical style or double poling;
g) Wearing the bicycle helmet during the ski segment is not allowed. Due to the
effect of cold temperatures on mobility, wearing a helmet could be authorized
by the TD.
h) Once a request to pass is made by a competitor, the competitor being passed
must move to the side as soon as possible;
i) In the finish chute (30-50m), skiing freestyle may be forbidden. Double poling
may be required. Prepared tracks must then be used;
j) Competitor can remove their skis 10m behind the finish line where the last ski
check will take place (numbers according to the competitor’s number);
k) Ski shoes are mandatory in the cross country ski segment. This rule is not
applicable for age group athletes.
Q.7 Transition Area Conduct
a) Competitors must use only their designated area;

b) They must not impede the progress of other competitors in the Transition Area;
c) Competitors must not interfere with another competitor’s equipment;
d) Competitors must mount and dismount their mountain bicycle at the designated
area or line;
e) In the Transition Area, Technical Officials may assist competitors by receiving
and placing their bicycles and handing out their equipment. This service must
be the same for all competitors;
f) Skiing inside the transition area is forbidden.
47
Q.8 Finish Definition
a) A competitor will be judged as "finished," the moment the tip of the ski boot
crosses the finish line.
Q.9 TEAM RELAY COMPETITION
a) Purpose: The intention of the Team Relay Competition is to rank countries in a

specific world-class competition.
b) Teams: The Team consists of three athletes of the same nationality and
gender, without consideration for age category.
c) Start: All athletes beginning the relay are lined up on the starting line. Two lines
or more may be used according to the number of teams at the start.
d) Relay Hand Off: The relay hand off takes place in the relay area, when the
cross-country skier finishing, touches any part of the body of the runner starting
the next stretch of the race. Only classic style skiing might be permitted in this
area.
e) Finish: A team is declared finished when the third athlete crosses the finish
line. Classic style only might be allowed in the finish chute.
f) DNFs: In the event of one athlete not finishing, the team will be placed after the
last complete team, taking the time of the finishing athletes into consideration.
48
R CROSS TRIATHLON AND DUATHLON

R.1 General
a) ITU Cross Triathlon competitions constitute a new concept of Triathlon

consisting of swimming, mountain biking (MTB) and cross country running. The
rules outlined in this document are mandatory and strict.
b) ITU Cross Duathlon competitions constitute a new concept of Triathlon
consisting of cross country running, mountain biking (MTB) and cross country
running. The rules outlined in this document are mandatory and strict.
R.2 Distances
a) The distance of Cross Triathlon will be as outlined in Appendix A.
b) The distance of Cross Duathlon will be as outlined in Appendix A.
c) Demanding and technical courses should always be preferred. A 5% error

margin will be accepted for the cycle and run course provided the margin has
been approved by the Technical Delegate.
R.3 Registration
a) A compulsory meeting of elite competitors will be held before all ITU

competitions and will be conducted by the Technical Delegate and the
Competition Manager. For any World Championships, each NF must have a
team captain and/or coach and/or team manager and/or competitors in
attendance.
R.4 Official Training
a) Official training session: The intent of these sessions is to bring the safety level
to the highest. Official training session will be conducted by the Technical
Delegate and the Competition Manager. Athletes, team captains and coaches
will attend this official training session;
b) Conduct on race days: It is not accepted that any competitor warm up or do

reconnaissance of the course while a race is going on.
R.5 Swimming Conduct
a) Triathlon rules applicable. No specific rules for Cross Triathlon.
R.6 Mountain Biking Conduct
a) Only mountain bikes can be used in Cross Triathlon and Cross Duathlon.
b) The maximal tires diameter for the MTB is 28 inches. The minimal section is
1,5 inch, (599-40) which means that the largest part of the tires should not be
less than 40mm.
c) Studded and/or slick tires are allowed depending on ground surface;
d) Competitors are allowed to push or carry the bicycle over the course;
49
e) Drafting is allowed for all the categories. Drafting is not allowed between
women and men competitors. Lapped athletes can finish the race.
f) Competitors are personally responsible that their bicycles are in legally
satisfactory condition at the start of the competition. They themselves bring
along the necessary tools and exchange parts and must carry out repairs.
g) It is not allowed to receive help from others, by their fellow competitors or
outside assistants. Feeding zones and technical assistance will not be provided
on the race.
h) All bicycle part can be changed during the course of competition except the
frame itself.
i) Bike numbers must be placed on the bike provided by the LOC.
R.7 Running Conduct
a) Spike shoes are allowed.
b) Body numbers must be worn provided by the LOC.
R.8 Transition Area Conduct
a) Triathlon rules applicable. No specific rules for Cross Triathlon.
50
Appendices
51
Appendix A – Standard Distance Categories
1. Standard Distance Categories – Triathlon
Minimum age
Swim Cycle Run
required
Team Relay (x3) 300 m 8 km 2 km 16
Sprint Distance 750 m 20 km 5 km 16
Olympic Distance 1500 m 40 km 10 km 18
Long Distance
3000 m 80 km 20 km 18
(Double Olympic)
Long Distance
4000 m 120 km 30 km 18
(Triple Olympic)
2. Standard Distance Categories – Duathlon
Run Cycle Run Minimum age

required
Team Relay (x3) 2 km 8 km 1 km 16
Sprint Distance 5 km 20 km 2,5 km 16
Standard Distance 10 km 40 km 5 km 18
Long Distance 20 km 80 km 10 km 18
3. Standard Distance Categories – Aquathlon
Run Swim Run Minimum age

required
Standard Distance 2.5 km 1000 m 2.5 km 16
Long Distance 5 km 2000 m 5 km 18
4. Standard Distance Categories – Winter Triathlon
Cross Country Mountain Cross Country Minimum age

Run Bicycle Ski required
Team Relay (x3) 2 to 3 km 4 to 5 km 3 to 4 km 16
Sprint Distance 3 to 4 km 5 to 6 km 5 to 6 km 16
Standard Distance 7 to 9 km 12 to 14 km 10 to 12 km 18
52
5. Standard Distance Categories – Cross Triathlon
Mountain Cross Country Minimum age

Swim
Bicycle Run required
Team Relay (x3) 200 m 4 to 5 km 1,2 to 1,6 km 16
Sprint Distance 500 m 10 to 12 km 3 to 4 km 16
Standard Distance 1000 m 20 to 25 km 6 to 8 km 18
6. Standard Distance Categories – Cross Duathlon
Cross Country Mountain Cross Country Minimum age

Run Bicycle Run required
Team Relay (x3) 1,2 to 1,6 km 4 to 5 km 0,6 to 0,8 km 16
Sprint Distance 3 to 4 km 10 to 12 km 1,5 to 2 km 16
Standard Distance 6 to 8 km 20 to 25 km 3 to 4 km 18
53
Appendix B – Race Protest Form
Race Protest Form

Part 1 To be completed by Competitor

Protest must be filed and signed by the protester under the conditions outlined in the ITU Competition Rule
Book, and submitted to the Referee. Judgment calls cannot be protested.
Event Name .................................................................................. Event Date .................................................

Event Location ........................................................................................ Time .................................................
Name of Protester ..................................................................... Race Number .................................................
Country of Protester………………………………………………... Email .............................................................
Address of Protester ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Telephone (H) ........................................................................................... (W) .................................................
Name of Protestee .................................................................... Race Number .................................................
Country of Protestee ...........................................................................................................................................
A protest is a formal complaint against the conduct of a fellow competitor or race official, or against
conditions of the Competition. You must have substantial evidence, including witnesses, and you must be
willing to take part in an interview. Any protest must be accompanied with a cheque or cash for USD 50.
What type of Protest is involved? Tick one box only.
Protest Concerning the Course Protest Against Another Competitor or an Official
Protest Concerning Eligibility Protest Concerning Timekeeping
Protest Concerning Equipment

Witness Details (2):
Name of Witness 1 .............................................................................................................................................
Address of Witness 1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Telephone (H) ................................................................ (M) .............................................................................
Fax ............................................................................. Email .............................................................................
Name of Witness 2 .............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Telephone (H) ................................................................ (M) .............................................................................
Fax ............................................................................. Email .............................................................................
54
Rule(s) Violated .................................................................... Time of Incident .................................................

Where did the Violation occur (Define location – draw diagram if required)? ...................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Who was involved in the Violation? ...................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
How did the Violation occur (brief statement explaining alleged violation)? .....................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Signature of Protester ............................................................................ Date ................................................

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Part 2 To be completed by Race Referee

Time received by Race Referee ........................................................ USD 50 attached? Yes No
Protester’s version of the incident ...................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Protestee’s version of the incident ..................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Official’s version of the incident .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Decision of Race Referee
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Race Referee’s Name ...................................................... Signature ...............................................................
55
Appendix C – Race Appeal Form
Race Appeal Form

Part 1 To be completed by Appellant

Appeals must be filed and signed by the appellant under the conditions outlined in the ITU Competition
Rules, and submitted to the Technical Delegate. An appeal is a request for a review of a decision made by
the Referee. This is the first level of appeal and will be heard by the Competition Jury. All appeals must be
accompanied with a cheque or cash for USD 50.
Event Name .................................................................................. Event Date .................................................

Event Location ........................................................... Time Appeal Submitted .................................................
Name of Appellant .................................................................... Race Number .................................................
Country of Appellant………………………………………………...Email...............................................................
Address of Appellant ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Telephone (H) ........................................................................... (F) ...................................................................
Type of Penalty Received .................................................. Degree of Penalty ................... (DQ, Suspension)
Was the Penalty confirmed by the Race Referee? Tick one box only. Yes No
Type of Appeal: Tick one box only.
Appeal against the Referee’s ruling on a Violation Report

Appeal against the Referee’s ruling on a Protest:
Protest Concerning the Course Protest Against Another Competitor or an Official

Protest Concerning Eligibility Protest Concerning Timekeeping
Protest Concerning Equipment
Specific Location on the Course .........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................
Name and Number of Race Official(s) / Competitor(s) / Spectator(s) if Known .................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Description of the Incident (Use additional paper if required) ............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
56
Witness Details (2):

Name of Witness 1 .............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Telephone (H) ................................................................ (M) .............................................................................
Fax ............................................................................. Email .............................................................................
Name of Witness 2 .............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Telephone (H) ................................................................ (M) .............................................................................
Fax ............................................................................. Email .............................................................................
Signature of Appellant ................................................ Date .............................................................................
USD 50 is attached
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Part 2 Official use only

Is this Appeal to reverse a Competition Jury decision? Yes No
If ‘Yes’ attach Competition Jury Decision and action(s) and Referee Decision and
action(s).
Competition Jury Members (Names) – (1) ....................................................................................................

(2) .................................................................................... (3) .............................................................................
(4) .................................................................................... (5) .............................................................................
Competition Jury Action ................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Competition Jury Chair’s Name ................................................ Signature .......................................................

Time, Date Appeal Received ..............................................................................................................................
Time, Date Appeal processed ............................................................................................................................
Amount (Withheld/Refunded) ..............................................
57
Appendix D – Definitions
Aid/Nutrition
Any food, drink, equipment or relief allowed by the Competition Rules.
Appeal
A request to the Competition Jury of an event or the Executive Board for a review of the
decision of the Race Referee/Competition Jury. (Note: This cannot include an appeal against
the finding of a doping violation or against the penalty imposed for the finding of a doping
violation. These appeals must be directed to the ITU Executive Board independently.)
Appellant
A competitor submitting an appeal.
Aquathlon
The term recognised by the ITU for a sport of individual character and motivation this combines
swimming and running skills in continuum.
Assistance
Any attempt by an unauthorised or unofficial source to help or to stabilise a competitor.
Assistant Chief Technical Official

Responsible to the Chief Technical Official for coordinating the employment of the officials
assigned to his/her race course segment or area.
Bicycle Course
That part of the race route over which it has been defined in the race brief that the bicycle is to
be ridden, walked or carried within distinctive lane boundaries. The bicycle course commences
from the Bicycle Mount Line and concludes at the Bicycle Dismount Line.
Bicycle Dismount Line

A designated line at the entrance to the Transition Area from the bicycle course within or before
which competitors are to fully dismount their bicycles and proceed to the bicycle racks. The
Dismount Line will normally extend for the width of the entrance and be identified by
flags/line/Technical Official or combinations of.
Bicycle Mounting Line

A designated line at the exit from the Transition Area onto the bicycle course within or after
which competitors are to mount their bicycles and proceed. The Mount Line will normally
extend for the width of the exit and be identified by flags/line/Technical Official or combinations
of.
Blocking
The deliberate impeding or obstructing of progress of one competitor by another. A competitor
on the cycle course who is not keeping to the appropriate side of the road.
Charge
The contacting of one competitor by another from the front, rear or side, and hindering that
competitor's progress.
58
Chief Technical Official

Appointed by the Race Referee and is responsible for the control and co-ordination of the
employment of Technical Officials.
Competition Jury
The Jury appointed by the Race Sanctioning Authority and convened and chaired by one of its
members. It is responsible to the Race Sanctioning Authority to determine, hear and rule on all
appeals against decisions handed down through the Race Referee, including decisions on
protests.
Competition Rules
The official ITU Rules which govern all triathlon, duathlon, aquathlon and other multi-endurance
sports events.
Course
A forward line of progress from start to finish which must be clearly marked and measured to
prescribed specifications.
Crawl
The action by a competitor of bringing three or more limbs in contact with the ground, either
together or in any sequence, to enable forward propulsion.
Disqualification
A penalty assigned as appropriate for the rule violation which has been reported or for which a
protest has been upheld. As a result of this penalty the competitor will not be given finish or
split times for the event, no account will be taken of the competitor when placings are assessed
for any category or for the race as a whole, and the competitor's details will not be included in
the published race results.
Draft Zone Bicycle

The draft zone for all competitors is a rectangle 7 metres long and 3 metres wide which
surrounds every bicycle on the bicycle course. The front edge of the front wheel defines the
centre of the leading 3 metre edge of the rectangle.
Draft Zone Vehicle

The draft zone for a motor vehicle is a rectangle 35 metres long and 5 metres wide which
surround every vehicle on the bicycle course. The centre front of the vehicle defines the centre
of the leading 5 metre edge of the rectangle.
Drafting
Any time the draft zone of a competitor overlaps the draft zone of another competitor, vehicle or
motorcycle on the bicycle course of an event.
Duathlon
The term recognised by the ITU for a sport of individual character and motivation which
combines cycling and running skills in continuum.
Elite
Elite competitors are those who hold a professional membership or an elite card and are
recognised by the ITU.
59
Expulsion
A competitor penalised by expulsion will not be permitted, during his or her lifetime, to take part
in any ITU sanctioned event, or any event sanctioned by one of its member associations
(National Federation) affiliated with the ITU.
Finisher
A competitor who completes the entire race course within the rules and crosses the finish line,
or a vertical extension of the forward edge of the finish line, with any part of the torso (i.e. as
distinct from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet).
Incapable Competitor
A competitor deemed by race medical staff as not being able to continue the event without the
likelihood of causing injury to him/herself or another competitor.
Indecent Exposure
The wilful complete uncovering of either or both buttocks, or of the pubic area or of the genital
area. In addition, in the case of a female competitor, the wilful complete uncovering of either or
both nipples.
Interference
A deliberate block, charge or abrupt motion which impedes another competitor.
Judgement Call
Any assessment of events, circumstances or the race environment by a technical official or
other official resulting in either:
(i) A determination by that official that a competitor is guilty of a breach of the rules or has
gained an unfair advantage contrary to the rules; or
(ii) Any other determination by a technical official or other official that follows from an
assessment of the course, the race conditions or the conduct of the race.
For the avoidance of any doubt a judgement call includes, but is not limited to, a determination
that a competitor is guilty of drafting, blocking or gaining an unfair advantage.
Marshall
A person who is responsible for maintaining the flow of the event, keeping control of spectators
and traffic, or maintaining security.
Overtake
On the bicycle course, when the leading edge of the front wheel of the overtaking bicycle
moves in front of the leading edge of the front wheel of the bicycle being overtaken. A
competitor cannot pass another competitor on the appropriate side.
Pack
Two or more competitors with overlapping draft zones.
Pass
When one competitor's bicycle draft zone overlaps another competitor's bicycle draft zone,
makes continual forward progress through that zone and overtakes within a maximum period of
15 seconds. A competitor cannot pass another competitor on the appropriate side.
Protest
A formal complaint against the conduct of another competitor or a race official, or against the
conditions of the competition.
60
Race Referee
A Technical Official who is responsible to the Technical Delegate to hear and make final
decisions on all rules violations reported by Technical Officials.
Results
The timed finish positions of all competitors after violation reports have been ruled on, protests
and appeals have been heard, and penalties have been awarded.
Right of Way
When a competitor has established a lead position and pursues a desired course within the
limits of these Race Competition Rules.
Run Course
That part of the race route over which it has been defined in the race briefing that the
competitor is to run or walk within distinctive lane boundaries. In triathlons and aquathlons, the
run course commences at the exit from the Transition Area and concludes at the Finish Line. In
Duathlons, the first Run Course commences at the start line and finishes at the entry to the
Transition Area; the second Run Course commences at the exit from the Transition Area and
concludes at the Finish Line.
Sanction
A permit issued by the National Federation for the conduct of an event. The issue of such a
permit is a declaration by the sanctioning authority that plans for the event have been
thoroughly inspected and have been found to comply fully with the requirements of National
Federation Operating requirements to provide the greatest potential for the conduct of a safe
and fair event.
Sports Conduct
The behaviour of an athlete during competition. Previously referred to as 'sportsmanship', good
sports conduct is interpreted as fair, rational and courteous behaviour, while bad sports conduct
is any behaviour on the part of a competitor which is judged to be unfair, unethical or dishonest,
a violent act, intentional misconduct, abusive language, intimidating behaviour, or persistent
infringement of the rules.
Stop-Start Penalty
A method of imposing a brief delay on a competitor who is assessed by a race official to have
unintentionally infringed the rules, for example, drafting on the bicycle course. The aim of the
Stop-Start Penalty is to break up two or more competitors who are moving together in a drafting
situation.
Suspension
A competitor awarded this penalty will not be permitted during the stated suspension period, to
take part in any events sanctioned by ITU or its member associations (where determined)
affiliated with the ITU.
For any suspension because of a doping violation, the competitor will not be able to compete in
any IOC affiliated sport at any local, regional, state, national or international level. The
suspension period may vary in length, depending on the severity of the violation. In the case of
a suspension imposed by the ITU, the length of the suspension will be determined by the ITU
Executive Board.
Swim Course
That part of the race route over which it has been defined in the race brief that the competitor is
to swim within distinctive lane boundaries. In triathlons and aquathlons, the swim course
61
commences at the start line and concludes at the water’s edge/exit prior to entry to the
Transition Area.
Technical Delegate
A Technical Official who is qualified by ITU, who is responsible for ensuring that all aspects of
the ITU Competition Rules and Event Manual are fulfilled in preparation for, during, and after
the event. Where appeals are lodged, the Technical Delegate is generally a member of the
Competition Jury. The Technical Delegate will normally be responsible for conducting or
overseeing the conduct of event sanctioning.
Technical Official
Technical officials accredited by ITU and the host NF responsible for observing, assessing and
reporting on the performance of competitors in a sanctioned event in relation to ITU
Competition Rules, and those who consider and rule on violation reports and protests (Race
Referee) and appeals (Competition Jury).
Torso
That section of the body extending from the base of the neck to the base of the sternum.
Transition Area
A location within a defined boundary which is not a part of the swim course, the bicycle course
or the run course and within which each competitor is allocated an area for the storage of
individual items of clothing and equipment.
Triathlon
A sport of individual character and motivation which combines swimming, cycling and running
skills in continuum.
Violation
A rule infringement which results in the awarding of a penalty.
Warning
A verbal caution issued by a technical official to a competitor during the course of a race. The
purpose of a warning is to alert the competitor to the potential for a rule violation to occur and to
promote a pro-active attitude.
62

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Competition Rules

For general information about ITU…

© 2008, International Triathlon Union (ITU)

E.1.2 Bicycle Check 20

G TRANSITION AREA CONDUCT 27

I PRIZES AND AWARDS 29

K.2.3 Protests During The Race 32

Additional Competition Rules 37

P ATHLETES WITH A DISABILITY (AWAD) 43

Q CROSS TRIATHLON AND DUATHLON 49

The ITU Competition Rules are intended to:

a) Create an atmosphere of sportsmanship, equality, and fair play;

A.5 Special Rules

A.6 Unauthorized Exceptions or Additions

The unauthorised exception to or addition of a Competition Rule will prevent an event

A.7 Rule Updates

a) Practice good sportsmanship at all times;

B.2 Drug Abuse

a) ITU condemns the use of substances, which artificially enhance performance;

a) Triathlons, Duathlons, Aquathlons, Winter Triathlons and other modern multi-

a) All athletes must be in good standing with their National Federations.

d) Specific Olympic qualification criteria is published in appendix F..

a) Each competitor competing in an ITU event must have adequate

B.6.2 Language and Communication

a) The official language of ITU Events is English;

B.6.3 Pre-Race Briefings

a) Elite Coaches Meeting: At Triathlon World Championships and Triathlon

allowed in attendance. The agenda of this briefing includes all the

B.6.4 Packet Pick-Up

a) At ITU World Championships Age Group athletes must pick up their

B.6.5 Race day registration

B.7 Timing and Results

a) Finish of the swim or first segment;

(ii) Failing to follow the prescribed course;

C.2 Warnings (either verbal or a “stop and go” time penalty)

a) It is not necessary for an official to give a warning prior to issuing a more

(i) Sounding a whistle or horn;

a judgment call) in accordance with the provisions of Appeals of the

D.2 Wetsuit Use

The use of wetsuits will be determined by the following tables:

750m 20o C 14o C 20 min

1500m 20o C 14o C 30 min

3000m 22o C 16o C 1 h 15 min

4000m 22o C 16o C 1 h 45 min

b) For Age Group competitors:

1500m 22o C 14o C 1 h 10 min

3000m 23o C 15o C 1 h 40 min

4000m 24o C 16o C 2 h 15 min

c) Modifications: If weather conditions dictate, i.e., ambient air temperature, the

D.3 Starting Position Selection: (Elite Athletes)

D.4 Start Procedure: (Elite Athletes)

D.5.1 Legal Equipment

D.5.2 Illegal Equipment

Athletes must not use:

a) Artificial propulsion devices, (i.e. fins, socks, gloves, paddles, or

A competitor is not permitted to:

E.1.1 Dangerous Behavior

a) Competitors must obey traffic laws unless otherwise directed by a Race

E.2.1 General Guidelines

Standard Distance legal legal illegal

E.2.2 Draft-Illegal Races

a) Drafting off another competitor or motor vehicle is forbidden.