Originals

Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2002) 713721 Springer-Verlag 2001

DOI 10.1007/s002310100265

Heat transfer in non-Newtonian falling liquid film

on a horizontal circular cylinder
D. Ouldhadda, A. Il Idrissi, M. Asbik

Abstract This study aims to investigate numerically the

laminar ow and heat transfer in a pseudoplastic nonNewtonian falling liquid lm on a horizontal cylinder for
the constant heat ux and isothermal boundary conditions. The inertia terms are taken into account. An implicit
nite difference method is carried out to solve the governing boundary layer equations. The effects of operational parameters on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer
characteristics are examined and discussed in detail. The
results presented show that the local and average Nusselt
numbers varies signicantly as a function of the concentration of aqueous carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solutions and the cylinder diameter. Higher concentration of
aqueous CMC solutions generate larger heat transfer coefcients. Finally, a comparison with the experimental and
numerical results available in the literature for Newtonian
uids shows clearly that the present analysis is reasonably
accurate.

Nu

Nu
ppm
Prm
qw
R
Re
Rem
T
Ts
T0
Tw
u
ur
v
U

 c =k
average Nusselt number, hL
corrected average Nusselt number, hw Lc =k
parts per million (by weight)
2=n1
modied Prandtl number, Rur =aRem
heat ux, W m 2
radius of the cylinder, m
Newtonian Reynolds number, 4C=l
modied Reynolds number for non-Newtonian
uids, C=qqR2n 1 =K1=2 n
temperature,  C
saturation temperature,  C
inlet temperature,  C
wall temperature,  C
velocity component in x-direction, m s 1
reference velocity, KRem =qRn 1=2 n ; m s 1
velocity component in y-direction, m s 1
dimensionless velocity component in x-direction,
u=ur
dimensionless velocity component in y-direction,
1=n1
vRem
=ur
coordinate along the body surface, m
coordinate normal to the surface, m

V
List of symbols
Arm modied Archimedes number,
x
gR2n=2 n =K=q2=2 n
y
C
concentration of CMC solutions, ppm
Greek symbols
Cp
specic heat, J kg 1 K 1
a
thermal diffusivity, m2 s 1
D
diameter of the circular cylinder, m
2
C
mass ow rate per unit length, kg m 1 s 1
Fr
Froude number, ur =Rg

2
C
dimensionless mass ow rate, C=qur d
g
acceleration of gravity, m s
d
lm thickness, m
h
local heat transfer coefcient, W m 2 K 1
1=n1
dimensionless lm thickness, dRem
=R
hw
corrected local heat transfer coefcient (see Eq. 16), da
1
2
/
polar angle, in degree
Wm K
c_
shear rate, s 1
h
average heat transfer coefcient, W m 2 K 1

g
dimensionless coordinate normal to the surface, y=d
corrected average heat transfer coefcient,
hw
h
dimensionless temperature: T T0 =Tw T0 , for
Wm 2 K 1
1=n1
K
uid consistency index, Pa sn
temperature imposed; T T0 =qw R=kRem
,
2 n=2n
Lc
lm characteristic length, R=Arm
,m
for heat ux imposed
n
ow behavior index
k
thermal conductivity, W m 1 K 1
Nu local Nusselt number, h/Lc =k
l
Newtonian dynamic viscosity, kg m 1 s 1
q
density of uid, kg m 3
s
shear stress, Pa
Received on 29 March 2001 / Published online: 29 November 2001

D. Ouldhadda, A. Il Idrissi
Laboratoire d'Energetique
Faculte des Sciences Ben M'Sik
B.P. 7955 Sidi Othmane
Casablanca, Morocco
M. Asbik
G.M.M.T.N., Faculte des Sciences et Techniques
B.P. 509 Boutalamine
Errachidia, Morocco

Subscripts
s
saturation condition
w
wall condition
0
condition at entrance

1
Introduction
Heat transfer in falling liquid lms on horizontal tubes has
been mainly motivated by its importance in many indus-

713

714

trial applications. Prominent among these are the chemical

engineering operations, food and polymer processing industries, cooling systems, distillation, evaporators, ocean
thermal energy conversion systems (OTEC), etc. Such heat
exchangers are characterized by high heat transfer coefcients at low mass ow rates and small temperatures differences.
According to the uid used (Newtonian or non-Newtonian uid), the studies carried out are subdivided in two
categories. Concerning the Newtonian liquids, many investigations as well experimental as theoretical was realized for different ow modes [110], to evaluate the heat
transfer coefcients with or without evaporation at the free
surface of the lm.
There are many earlier works reported in the literature in the case of non-Newtonian liquid lms. In the
main, these studies were concerned essentially plane
geometry's. The hydrodynamics of developing nonNewtonian lms has been extensively treated by a
number of investigators [1116]. Additionally, the heat
transfer from a constant temperature wall or constant
heat ux wall into a hydrodynamically fully developed
non-Newtonian lms was considered by Yih and Lee [17]
and Gorla [18] included the effects of viscous dissipation.
The problem of heat transfer from an isothermal vertical
or inclined plate in accelerating non-Newtonian lms has
been studied by Murthy and Sarma [19], Stucheli and
Widmer [20], and more recently by Shang and Andersson [21]. In a very recent paper, Rao [22] measured
experimentally the heat transfer in a fully developed nonNewtonian uid lms falling down a vertical tube, for the
case of uniform wall heat ux. The power-law uid
studied were aqueous solutions of Carbopol at 250 and
500 ppm (by weight).
On the other hand, the studies devoted to the horizontal
cylindrical congurations are unobtainable, except for the
simplied one undertaken by Sarma and Saibabu [23]. In
this reference, the authors used an approximate integral
method assuming that the velocities and temperatures
proles can be expressed as a power series. The analysis
considers the case of constant ux heating at the inner
periphery of the tube.
The references so far cited, shows that the majority of
studies focused on Newtonian liquid lms of downward
owing on the horizontal tubes. Despite the fact that the
laminar ow and heat transfer in pseudoplastic nonNewtonian falling liquid lm on a horizontal tube is important in engineering applications, it has not received
much attention. The main objective of the present work is
to give a numerical study to examine the heating of
pseudoplastic non-Newtonian falling liquid lm on a
horizontal circular cylinder. The boundary layer equations
of the lm are solved using an implicit nite difference
method. The inertia and convection terms are retained in
this analysis. We consider the two cases where

rate, and the inlet temperature of liquid lm on the uid

ow and heat transfer characteristics.

2
Formulation and analysis
2.1
Physical model
The present analysis considers a heated horizontal circular
cylinder placed in a vertical ow of non-Newtonian liquid
lm impinging without splashing on the upper stagnation
line. The liquid impinging on the tube with a uniform inlet
temperature T0 and an initial mass ow rate of 2C. The
physical model and coordinate system used are shown in
Fig. 1. The coordinate x is measured from the stagnation
point of the tube and the y one is measured normally from
the surface wall to the uid. The components velocity in
the x- and y-direction are respectively u and v. The inertia
and convection terms are retained in this analysis. Two
surface heating conditions will be considered separately in
the analysis: (1) a constant wall heat ux, and (2) a constant wall temperature. In this paper, the ow behavior of
the aqueous CMC solutions was characterized by the
power-law model of Ostwald-de Waele:
s K c_ n

where s is the shear stress, K is the uid consistency index,

c_ is the shear rate and n is the ow behavior index.
n1
n<1
n>1

represents the case of Newtonian uid,

the behavior of the uid is pseudoplastic,
the behavior of the uid is dilatant.

The aqueous CMC solutions exhibit pseudoplastic nonNewtonian behavior.

In the case of the Newtonian uid n 1, the lm
Reynolds number is dened by

Re 4C=l

(1) the wall is heated by a constant heat ux,

(2) the wall is maintained at a constant temperature.
The numerical results presented here, highlight the effects
of the concentration of the aqueous solutions of CMC
(carboxymethylcellulose), diameter of the tube, mass ow Fig. 1. Physical model and coordinate system

where C is the mass ow rate per unit length and l is the 2.2
dynamic viscosity.
Governing equations for the liquid film
Concerning the Newtonian liquid, several experimental
observations indicated that
Dimensional equations
Considering the preceding hypothesis, the equations of
 the lm ow is laminar if Re  315 [5, 24, 25],
continuity, momentum and energy, for an incompressible
 the transition from laminar to turbulent ow correnon-Newtonian uid, may be respectively written as
spond to Re 40006000 [3, 26, 27].
Consequently, in the majority of investigations, the ow is
considered laminar when the lm Reynolds number Re is
contained between 400 and 4000. For the water lm at
T0 20  C, the values 400 and 4000 of Reynolds number
correspond to the values 0.1 and 1 kg/m s of the mass ow
rate C.
From the bibliographical data above-mentioned, we
adopt for our present study about the non-Newtonian
liquid that consistencies K are relatively low (see Tables 1
and 2), the laminar model with C is ranging between 0.1
and 1 kg/m s.
In addition to these indications, the following simplifying assumptions are made

ou ov
0
ox oy

" 
#
ou
ou
K o oun 1 ou
u v g sin/
ox
oy
q oy  oy  oy
u

oT
oT
k o2 T
v

ox
oy qCp oy2

Boundary conditions
The equations system (2)(4) are to be solved subject to
the following boundary conditions:

 The problem is 2-D analysis and the ow is steady-state  At the wall (y 0)

and laminar.
uv0
 The liquid lm thickness is considered to be thin
In the case of isothermal wall
compared to the tube radius.
 The lm surface is smooth.
T Tw
 At the stagnation point, the lm temperature is
If the wall is heated by a constant heat ux
constant and assumed to be equal to the inlet
oT
temperature.
qw
k
 The thermophysical properties are constant.
oy
 At the free surface of the lm, the shear stress is neg At the free surface (y d)
ligible.
ou
 The effects of interfacial waves and surface tension at
0
the free surface of the liquid are assumed to be neglioy
gible.
 oT
for heating
 The density of the gas or vapor outside the lm is
oy 0;
negligible.
T Ts ; for evaporation

5a
5b
5c

5d
5e

The conservation of the lm mass ow rate per unit length

is expressed by
Table 1. Viscous properties for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
solutions at T0 = 20 C
T (C)

C (ppm)

K (Pa sn)

20

100
300
500
700
1000

0.0083
0.0235
0.0381
0.0524
0.0736

0.807
0.735
0.704
0.684
0.664

Table 2. Viscous properties for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

solutions at C = 1000 ppm
C (ppm)

T (C)

K (Pa sn)

1000

9.9
15.0
25.0
30.0
36.0

0.1210
0.0942
0.0627
0.0464
0.0361

0.635
0.653
0.680
0.706
0.728

Zd
C

qu dy

5f

During the process of heating without evaporation, the

heat transfer at the free surface of the lm is assumed to be
negligible in the case of small rate of heating at the wall.
During the evaporation, the temperature at the free surface
corresponds to the saturation temperature Ts [17, 18, 28,
30]. In addition, the evaporation case is studied to compare our numerical results with those found in the literature for Newtonian liquid lms.
Transformed equations
The following dimensionless parameters are introduced
1=n1

x
y
yRem
; g

Rda
R
dx

1=n1

; da

dRem
R

6ac

715

1=n1

u
vRem
U ; V
ur
ur

K Rem
; ur
q Rn

1=2

6df
T T0
; for isothermal wall
h
Tw T0
T T0
h qw R ; for a constant wall heat flux

6g
6h

g dda oh V oh
1 o2 h
U

da d/ og da og Prm d2a og2

Rur
Prm
Rem2=n1 ;
a

1=2 n
C qR2n 1
Rem
K
q

UV0

10a

h 1; for isothermal wall

oh
da ; for a constant wall heat flux
og

10b
10c

 At the free surface (g 1)

10d

where

C

10e

Z1
0

C
is the dimensionless mass flow rate:
qur d

is a modified

In the case of the heat ux is imposed at the wall we have

qw
Tw

T0

12a

but if the wall is isotherm


k oh 
d og g0

12b

The average heat transfer coefcient is dened by

Nu

 At the wall (g 0)

U dg

Zp
h/d/

13

and the average Nusselt number is expressed by

Fr, Rem and Prm are respectively the Froude number,

modied lm Reynolds number and the modied Prandtl
number.
The following dimensionless boundary conditions are
imposed

1
1 
C

is a characteristic length:

h/represents the heat transfer coefficient:

1
h
p

u2
Fr r ;
gR

for heating
for evaporation

2 n=2n
Arm
2n=2 n

h/

where

oU
0
og
 oh
og 0;
h 0;

Lc

h/

oh
U
o/

11

Arm gR
=K=q2=2
Archimedes number:

With the help of these variables, the boundary layer

equations are written as follows

oU g dda oU 1 oV
U

0
o/ da d/ og da og
oU g dda oU V oV
U
U

o/ da d/ og da og
" 
#
sin /
1 o oU n 1 oU

n1
Fr
d og  og  og

h/Lc
k

Nu/
where

1=n1
kRem

716

Heat transfer coefcient

The Nusselt number characterizing the heat transfer is
dened by

10f

 c
hL
k

14

3
Numerical resolution
The conservation equations (7)(9) with the appropriate
boundary conditions (10a)(10f) are solved numerically
by using a fully implicit nite difference scheme. The
angular step used for calculations is one degree in the
/ direction and 90 intervals are used in the g direction.
The diffusion and normal convective terms are approximated by central differences and longitudinal convective
terms by upstream differences. The resulting system of
algebraic equations, for U and h, is then written in a tridiagonal matrix form that can be solved efciently by de
Thomas algorithm [29]. It is necessary that the diagonal of
matrix is dominant [29] in order that the used scheme is
stable. At each / angular position, the V normal velocity is
directly calculated from the continuity equation (Eq. 7).
The integral representation of the overall mass conservation (Eq. 10f ) is evaluated by the Simpson numerical
method. Convergence of the solution for each / location is
considered achieved when the relative errors in the lm
thickness and the longitudinal velocity between two
successive iterations are less than 10 4 . The maximum
relative error is adopted for the longitudinal velocity.
The selected implicit scheme requires the complete
knowledge of all the parameters necessary to the starting
of calculations at the stagnation point (x 0). This
singular point is treated according to the reference [3, 7].

The velocity is obtained by rewriting the momentum

equation, neglecting the inertia terms and the temperature
is taken equal to T0 . This processes was used by other
authors [2, 30, 31] in the case of the Newtonian liquid
lms. Finally, the dimensionless lm thickness is calculated using the conservation of the mass ow (Eq. 10f ).

4
Results and discussion
4.1
Physical properties of studied fluids
Several aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose
(CMC) are studied here. These non-Newtonian uids have
a pseudoplastic behavior (n < 1). For these uids, the
thermophysical properties, Cp , q and k, are supposed to be
constant and equal to those of water. According to Brewster and Irvine [32] their evaluation at the temperature
T0 20  C is

717

Cp 4185 J=kg K
q 998:2 kg=m3

Fig. 2. Variations of lm thickness along the tube periphery for

different values of mass ow rate C

k 0:598 W=m K
The viscous properties for water from reference [32] at
T0 20  C are

plained by the dominance of the inertial forces in the

conservation of momentum equation. Finally, Fig. 2 also
compares the numerical solution with the analytical son 1:0
lution, which ignores the effects of inertia terms (see
Also from reference [32], the viscous properties for CMC Eq. 15).
3n=2n1
2
solutions in water at T0 20  C are

K 1:071  10

Pa s

K 1:045  10 4 C0:9492
n 1:193C

0:08482

6 2n 1C 7
d4 
1=n 5
/
nq qg sin
K

15

We note that C is the concentration of CMC expressed in As expected, the predictions of lm thickness by the nuparts per million by weight (ppm).
merical and analytical methods had negligible differences
at small ow rates, while at increasing mass ow rates the
50  Cppm  1000 :
numerical solution gradually departs from the analytical
The results are listed in Table 1.
solution. This indicates that inertia effects are important
Additionally, the viscous properties for CMC solutions and cannot be ignored at higher values of the mass ow
of 1000 ppm at various temperatures, used by Olivier and rate.
Shoji [33] in their experimental study, are given in Table 2.
Finally, the other conditions of calculations are

0:1  C kg=m s  0:6,

0:06  D m  0:12,
100  C ppm  1000 and
9:9  T0  C  36.

4.3
Constant heat flux case

Temperature variation across the liquid lm

The variation of dimensionless temperature h/; g=h
/; 0 across the liquid lm as a function of parameters C
4.2
and C are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
Evolution of the film thickness
The results of Fig. 3 indicate that for increasing values
The rst result presented on Fig. 2 shows the evolution of of mass ow rate C and concentration C, the dimensionthe thickness of the pseudoplastic liquid lm d as a
less temperature at / 60 , decreases at any given locafunction of the polar angle /, for different values of the tion on the liquid lm. Consequently, the thermal
mass ow rate per unit length C 0:1; 0:2 and 0.6 kg/m s). boundary layer thickness decreases and the parietal temFor xed values of parameters (C, D and T0 ), we realize perature gradient increases, what involves an increase of
that the lm thickness increases with C. Furthermore, the local heat transfer. As for the Fig. 4, it shows evidently that
variations of the lm thicknesses are more rapid in the
the dimensionless temperature and the thermal boundary
vicinity of the stagnation point. This result can be exlayer thickness increase with the angular position /.

718

Fig. 3. Variations of dimensionless temperature proles at angular position / 60 for different values of mass ow rate C
and concentration C qw const:

Fig. 4. Variations of dimensionless temperature proles at representative angular positions / for two values of concentration
C qw const:

Local dimensionless heat transfer coefcients

The variation of local Nusselt number as a function of the
polar angle /, are presented on Figs. 5 and 6, for different
values of parameters C; C; D and T0 . On these gures, we
observe that the heat transfer coefcient, which is directly
proportional to Nu, is high near the entrance and decreases downstream due to the development of the thermal
boundary layer. Fig. 5 shows that the increase of the
concentration C of CMC solutions is accompanied by a
very signicant increase in the Nusselt number. Indeed,
the increasing of the concentration C causes an increase of
the uid consistency K and that of the heat transfer. An
improvement of the heat transfer when the mass ow rate
increases merit to be noted. This one is due to the effects
of the increase in the shearing creates by the falling lm
[7, 34], which favors the more signicant heat transfers in
liquid lm. On Fig. 6 are represented the variations of
local Nusselt number for different values of tube dia-

Fig. 5. Effects of mass ow rate C and concentration C on the

local Nusselt number (qw const:)

Fig. 6. Effects of cylinder diameter D and inlet temperature T0 on

the local Nusselt number (qw const:)

meter D and the inlet temperature T0 . For a xed value

of a polar angle /, the reduction of Nusselt number is
observed when the tube diameter increases. This result is
foreseeable because as / increases the thermal boundary
layer increases more rapidly on larger diameter tube than
smaller, i.e. x R/, [7, 9]. Therefore, a higher heat
transfer coefcients were obtained for smaller tube than
the larger tube. Moreover, when T0 decreases (the
consistency K increases), a signicant increase in the
heat transfer is highlighted.
Average dimensionless heat transfer coefcients
In Figs. 7 and 8, we show the effects of the mass ow rate
C, the concentration C of CMC solutions and the tube
diameter D. In the one hand, it is noted that the increasing
of C implies the signicant increasing of the average
Nusselt number Nu (see Fig. 7), on the other (Fig. 8), an
improvement of average heat transfer was obtained by
increasing the mass ow rate. In Fig. 7, for C 0:4 kg=m s,
the increase of Nu is approximately 100%, when C passes

719

Fig. 7. Variations of average Nusselt number versus mass ow

rate C for different values of concentration C qw const:

Fig. 9. Variations of dimensionless temperature proles at angular position / 60 for different values of mass ow rate C
and concentration C Tw const:

Fig. 8. Variations of average Nusselt number versus concentration C for different values of mass ow rate C and cylinder
diameter D qw const:
Fig. 10. Variations of dimensionless temperature proles at

from 100 to 1000 ppm. At low tube diameter, Fig. 8 shows representative angular positions / for two values of concentrathat the average Nusselt number Nu is higher. This num- tion C Tw const:
ber increases by 12% approximately, when the tube diameter D passes from 0.12 to 0.06 m for C 0:5 kg/m s
perature gradient and the decreasing of the thermal
and C 1000 ppm.
boundary layer thickness. In addition, an increase is observed in the dimensionless temperature and the thermal
boundary layer thickness around the periphery (Fig. 10)
4.4
for given values of concentration C.
Isothermal wall case
The results concerning the case where the tube wall is
Dimensionless heat transfer coefcients
maintained at a constant temperature are presented on
Figs. 912. The results of the isothermal wall are compared The inuence of the concentration C and the mass ow
rate C on the local Nusselt number is shown in Fig. 11. In
with ones of a constant heat ux wall. Both evolve in a
all the cases it can be discerned from this gure that the
similar way.
local Nusselt number will have maximum values in the
vicinity of the stagnation point. As expected, the rapid
Dimensionless temperature variation
decrease of Nusselt number near the entrance is again due
across the liquid lm
to the development of the thermal boundary layer. InterIn the Fig. 9, the dimensionless temperature proles h
estingly enough results of Fig. 11 indicate that the distrishow that the increasing of the concentration C or the
bution of Nusselt number is more strongly affected by the
mass ow rate C, leads to increase of the parietal tem-

correlation (Eq. 16) [7, 10] mentioned below. This to take

account of the effects of the interfacial waviness in the
range of Newtonian Reynolds numbers Re studied.

hw / 0:687Re0:11 h/

16

In this gure, the results of present work are compared

with experimental results of Liu [4] and Rogers and Goindi
[8]. The conditions of comparison are given in this gure.
It shows the acceptable agreement of the numerical predictions with the experimental data. In a similar way, we
plotted on Fig. 14, the corrected average Nusselt numbers

Nu , in order to confront them with the numerical, experimental and empirical results, of other authors, available in the literature. Our results were compared with
those of Kocamustafaogullari and Chen [7], those of Liu
[4], those of Chyu and Bergles [6], and those of Lorenz and
Yung [1] (reported in Ref. [7]).

720

Fig. 11. Effects of mass ow rate C and concentration C on the

local Nusselt number (Tw const:)

Fig. 12. Variations of average Nusselt number versus mass ow

rate C for constant wall temperature and constant heat ux

Fig. 13. Variations of corrected local heat transfer coefcient for

water lm evaporation and comparison with experimental data
(qw const:)

concentration C than mass ow rate C. Otherwise, it is

noticed (Fig. 12) that in the heating with constant heat ux
leads to more signicant average Nusselt number than the
heating with constant temperature at the wall. For
C 1000 ppm, the variation is approximately 11%. We
note just as the difference between the average Nusselt
numbers for these two thermal boundary conditions increases with the concentration C.

4.5
Model validation
To validate the present model, we compared our numerical
results with those found in the literature, concerning the
evaporation of water lms (n 1). In this case, the both
inlet temperature and interface liquidgas temperature are
equal to the saturation temperature Ts . At the wall of the
circular cylinder, an uniform heat ux is imposed.
Fig. 14. Effect of Reynolds number Re on corrected average
On the Fig. 13, we presented the evolution of the
Nusselt number for water lm evaporation and comparison with
modied local heat transfer by the Zazuli's empirical
literature results (qw const:)

5
Conclusions
The laminar ow and heat transfer, in pseudoplastic nonNewtonian falling liquid lm on a horizontal circular
cylinder, for the constant heat ux case and isothermal
surface case is studied numerically using an implicit nite
difference method. Of interest are the effects of the concentration of aqueous CMC solutions, cylinder diameter,
mass ow rate, and the inlet temperature on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics. Comparisons
with the experimental and numerical results available in
the literature for Newtonian uids show clearly the validity
of the present analysis.
The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are:
1. The inertia terms cannot be neglected because its contribution, is of the same order of magnitude as those of the
viscous and gravity terms in the momentum equation.
2. The local heat transfer coefcients were found to decrease gradually from a large value near the entrance
due to the development of the thermal boundary layer
starting at the entrance section.
3. The local and average heat transfer coefcients increase
to a signicant degree with the concentration of CMC
solutions and when the tube diameter decreases. However, the effects of mass ow rate on the enhancement of
the heat transfer coefcients was found to be small.
4. The heating is favored by an imposed constant heat ux
at the wall. It was found that the wall heat ux case
generates high heat transfer coefcients than the isothermal wall case. Moreover, the difference between the
average Nusselt numbers relative to two thermal
boundary conditions, increase with the concentration.

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