Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Composite Bridges
to
Ioannis
Eurocodes
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Croup
Boca Raton
CRC Press is
Taylor
&
London
New
imprint of the
Francis Croup, an Informs
A SPON
York
an
PRESS BOOK
business
Contents
Foreword
xvii
xix
Preface
Acknowledgments
xxi
xxiii
Authors
1 Introduction
1.1
General 1
1.2
List
of symbols
13
General 13
2.2
2.3
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
2.3.8
2.3.9
with
Plate-girder bridges
fully precast
Plate-girder bridges with composite slab
deck with profile steel sheeting 23
18
22
26
31
Cable-stayed bridges 43
Suspension bridges 46
Railway bridges 47
2.3.10
2.3.11
2.4
2.4.1
General 47
2.4.2
2.4.3
Half-through bridges 48
Plate-girder bridges 49
2.4.4
Box-girder bridges
2.4.5
Filler-beam
2.4.6
SO
bridges 51
Pipe-girder bridges 51
vii
viii
Contents
2.5
2.4.7
Arch
2.4.8
Lattice girder
bridges
General 52
2.5.2
2.5.3
Continuous
2.5.4
Frame
55
Erection methods 57
2.6.1
General 57
2.6.2
Lifting by
2.6.3
2.6.4
Launching
Shifting 59
2.6.5
Hoisting
2.6.6
Segmental
57
59
construction 59
Concreting sequence 59
Execution 61
2.9
Innovation in
Design
57
cranes
2.8
63
codes
67
Eurocodes 67
General 67
3.1.1
3.2
53
bridges 53
bridges 54
Integral and semi-integral bridges
2.7
3.1
52
forms 52
Construction
References
3
51
2.5.1
2.5.5
2.6
bridges
of structural design
69
3.1.2
EN 1990: Basis
3.1.3
EN 1991: Actions
3.1.4
EN 1998:
3.1.5
EN 1994:
3.1.6
EN 1993:
3.1.7
EN 1992:
on structures
70
structures
70
National annexes 71
References 71
4 Actions
4.1
Classification of actions 73
4.1.1
Permanent actions
4.1.2
Variable actions 73
4.1.3
Accidental actions 73
4.1.4
Seismic actions
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.2
73
Traffic
4.2.1
4.2.2
Actions
loads
on
during
road
73
74
and
effects
in
construction 75
bridges
75
of
composite bridges 74
the
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
lanes 75
Contents
4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4
Load model 4
(LM4) 79
footways and cycle tracks
4.2.3
Vertical loads
4.2.4
Horizontal forces 80
4.2.4.1
on
ix
80
4.2.4.2
4.3
height
bridge
of vehicles on piers 83
from vehicles moving on the bridge
Actions
4.3.2.1
Vehicles
4.5
Actions
4.3.2.2
4.3.2.3
Collision
4.3.2.4
Collision
4.5.2
4.6
on
Traffic
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.7
or
the position
forces
forces
on
safety barriers
for
contact
with earth 88
Horizontal loads 88
loads
on
railway bridges
89
General 89
Vertical loads 89
4.6.2.1
Load model 71 89
4.6.2.2
Load models
4.6.2.3
4.6.2.4
4.6.2.5
4.6.2.6
90
4.6.4.2
Centrifugal forces
Nosing force 99
4.6.4.3
Consideration
of the structural
superstructure
4.6.6
design
4.6.7
Temperature
103
General 103
or
braking 100
interaction
4.7.1
86
structural members 87
Vertical loads 88
4.6.4.1
4.6.5
on
on unprotected
pedestrian parapets and railings 87
Load models
4.5.1
83
tracks up
footways
cycle
of the safety barriers 83
Collision forces on kerbs 85
to
4.4
higher
83
Collision
4.3.1.2
4.3.2
are
of the
100
situations
102
loads
Contents
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.2
4.7.6
4.8
4.9
Wind 108
4.8.1
General 108
4.8.2
Wind
4.8.3
Basic wind
force
in
bridge transverse
4.8.4
velocity 109
Exposure factor 109
4.8.5
Force
4.8.6
coefficient Cfy
Reference area Arcfy
4.8.7
Wind force in
Earthquake
References
5 Basis of
direction y 108
110
110
111
114
119
121
design
5.1
General
5.2
Limit state
5.3
Ultimate limit
121
122
design
5.3.3
(ULS) 123
Design formats 123
Combination of actions 124
Safety factors and combination values 125
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
106
Serviceability
state
limit
5.5
Safety factors of
5.6
Durability
state
(SLS)
140
140
5.6.1
Concrete
5.6.2
References
133
resistances yM 140
cover
143
145
6 Structural materials
6.1
Concrete 145
6.1.1
Strength
6.1.1.1
classes 145
Normal concrete
6.1.1.2
6.1.2
146
Lightweight
Time-dependent deformations due to creep
6.1.2.1
6.1.3
147
General 147
6.1.4
145
concrete
to
shrinkage 159
General 159
Contents
6.1.5
6.1.6
to
hydration of cement
xi
163
Steel
6.2.2
Fracture
grades
6.2.2.1
174
6.2.2.2
6.2.3
172
Other material
6.3
Reinforcing steel
6.4
6.5
Bolts
6.6
180
180
181
References 182
7
183
Global
7.1.1
Introduction 183
7.1.2
Bridges with
girders 183
Bridges with multiple main girders
7.1.2.1
7.1.2.2
and
7.1.2.3
two main
Box-girder bridges
Bridges with two main girders and horizontal
7.1.2.4
Grillage
7.1.5
7.3
flanges
196
7.1.3.1
General 199
7.1.3.2
7.1.3.3
7.1.3.4
Skew
7.1.3.5
bridges 205
Box-girder bridges 205
199
bridges 204
Curved
3D models 208
7.1.4.1
General 208
7.1.4.2
7.1.4.3
7.1.4.4
3D
model implementation
concreting stages
Analysis during
7.1.4.6
Analysis at final stage 221
Models for other types of bridges 223
General 223
7.2.2
Effective5
7.2.3
Effective5 width
width
to
shear
of concrete flanges
of steel flanges
226
girders
215
the
7.1.4.5
7.2
lower
models 199
7.1.3.6
7.1.4
184
188
lag
225
223
218
208
xii
Contents
7.4
on
General 233
7.5
7.6
7.5.1
General 242
7.5.2
7.5.3
Wheel loads
7.5.4
References
8
249
251
Buckling of plated
253
elements
8.1
Introduction 253
8.2
Elastic critical
stress
257
8.2.1
Introduction 257
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
Combined
8.3
Strength of plates
273
8.3.1
General 273
8.3.2
8.3.3
Column-like behavior
8.4
8.5
Effective
8.5.1
curves 274
278
General 306
8.5.2
8.6
8.7
8.5.3
8.8
8.9
Interaction 317
8.10
8.11
8.9.1
Interaction
N, M, V 317
8.9.2
Interaction
N,M,FS 318
319
8.11.1
Introduction 319
8.11.2
Intermediate
8.11.3
Shear in
8.11.4
Torsional
8.11.5
Discontinuous
8.11.6
stiffeners
stiffeners 322
transverse
transverse
forces 313
in
Contents
stiffeners
326
stiffeners
flange welds
327
8.11.7
Cutouts in
8.11.8
Transverse
8.11.9
Web
to
xiii
327
References 339
9 Ultimate limit
states
341
9.3
9.4
Resistance
to
9.5
Resistance
to
9.6
Interaction
9.7
Class 1 and 2
9.1
9.2
9.7.1
shear due
to
compression 351
sections 358
General 358
9.7.1.1
9.7.1.2
9.8
to
as
9.9
Class 3
cross
sections 369
9.10
Class 4
cross
sections that
9.11
Class
cross
sections 396
9.12
Class 4
cross
sections
9.13
Lateral torsional
9.14
as
class 3
buckling
cross
sections 375
396
398
Introduction 398
9.13.2
9.13.3
9.13.4
9.13.5
Resistance and
Design of the
concrete
413
416
Serviceability
limit
417
states
10.1
Introduction 417
10.2
Stress
10.2.1
10.2.2
Reinforcement 419
10.2.3
Concrete 420
10.3
treated
9.13.1
References
10
are
Cracking of concrete
10.3.1
General 420
10.3.2
Minimum
417
420
reinforcement
421
xiv
Contents
10.3.3
10.3.4
breathing
10.4
Web
10.5
Deflections 433
10.6
432
10.5.1
General 433
10.5.2
Vibrations 439
References
11
Limitation
440
441
Fatigue
11.1
General 441
11.2
Fatigue resistance
11.3
Fatigue
11.4
Detail
11.5
11.6
to constant
resistance to variable
categories 445
Fatigue load models and simplified fatigue analysis 449
Fatigue verification for structural steel 452
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.6.1.2
Railway bridges
11.6.2.1 Road
fatigue
bridges
452
456
assessment 457
457
11.6.2.2
11.7
General 461
11.8
Fatigue
fatigue
assessment
reinforcing
461
steel 463
assessment 463
11.8.1.1 Road
11.8.1.2
bridges 464
Railway bridges 465
11.9
11.10 Possibilities
11.11
References 485
12 Shear connection
487
12.1
Introduction 487
12.2
Resistance and
detailing of headed
stud shear
12.2.1
General 488
12.2.2
Shear resistance
of vertical studs
12.2.3
Tensile
489
12.2.4
12.2.5
loading
489
connectors
488
Contents
12.3
12.4
12.5
13
shear due
12.6
Longitudinal
Longitudinal shear
12.7
Shear connection
concentrated
forces
507
of composite
closed box
bridges
References
518
Structural
13.1
13.2
xv
516
519
General 519
520
General 520
13.2.1.1 Check
of distortion 522
13.2.1.2 Check of the tension of the steel plates 524
13.2.1.3 Limitation
13.2.1.4
of rotation
524
525
13.3
Stability
Safety against slip 525
13.2.2
Modeling for global analysis: Provision of seismic isolation
Spherical bearings 528
13.4
Pot
13.5
13.2.1.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
525
bearings 528
13.5.1
13.5.2
Lead rubber
530
bearings 531
Anchorage of bearings 533
Calculation of movements and support reactions 534
Bearing schedules, support plans, and installation drawings
536
References
Index
548
551