UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
(CHE574)
NAME
STUDENT NO.
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMITTED TO
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference / Appendix
TOTAL MARKS

Remarks:
Checked by :
--------------------------Date :

:MUHAMAD BAIHAKHI BIN SHAMSUDIN

:2014442906
:EH2203A
:SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
:19/10/2015
:3
:EH220
:MADAM NOOR FAZLIANI SHOPARWE
Allocated Marks (%)
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
10
5
10
100

Marks

ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to evaluate and study the overall heat
transfer coefficient, LMTD, heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance and to
evaluate and study the performance of shell and tube heat exchanger at various
operating condition. Heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal
energy between transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a
solid surface and a fluid a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid at
different temperatures and in thermal contact. Heat exchanger comes in many
types and one of it that are mostly use in industry is a shell and tube heat
exchanger. This device operates liquid in counter-current flow where two fluids
flow against each other, maintaining a maximum temperature difference
between the hot and cold streams which allows for maximum heat transfer. By
assuming that internal, potential and kinetic energy was negligible in this
process, so QH equivalent to QC. In experiment 1, FT1 was constant at 10LPM. The
highest efficiency of heat transfer was 87.49% at FT1=10 and FT2=10. It means
that heat transfer occur efficiently at equal volumetric flowrates of hot and cold
water. In experiment 2, FT2 was constant at 10LPM. The highest efficiency of
heat transfer was 2091.10% at FT1=2LPM and FT2=10LPM. For both experiment,
the results was different than the theoretical result where the amount of heat
release by hot water was not equal to the amount of heat absorb by cold water,
QH QC due to some errors and the recommendation and precautions were
made to improve this experiment.

INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is a machine which functions to transfer heat efficiently
from one medium to another medium. The medium can vary in phase, from
solids, liquids and gas. The two mediums are usually separated by a wall which
functions to prevent mixing of the two mediums or direct contact between the
two mediums. Heat exchangers are widely used in the industrial world, as this
device can take full advantage of waste heat generated from process, and use
that heat for heating up of other substances, for instance water. There are many
types of heat exchangers, such as shell and tube heat exchanger, plate and shell
heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger and many more.
One example where heat exchangers are widely used is in a power plant.
They are used in boilers to transfer heat generated from the burning of coal or
fossil fuels to river water flowing inside the boiler, thus producing steam which is
used to move the turbine by conversion to mechanical energy, thus generating
electricity for domestic use.
In power plants as well, heat exchangers are also used to cool down the
exhaust steam from the turbine back into water, to be re-used for the cycle. This
type of heat exchanger is also known as surface condensers, in which a shell and
tube heat exchanger is usually used as surface condensers.

AIMS
a) To evaluate and study the overall heat transfer coefficient, LMTD, heat
transfer and heat loss for energy balance.
b) To evaluate and study the performance of shell and tube heat exchanger
at various operating condition.
c) To study the working principle of counter flow heat exchanger.
d) To study the function and the working of shell and tube heat exchanger
e) To study the effect of fluid flow rated on heat exchanger performance.

THEORY

In most heat exchangers, two fluids are exchanging their heat without
direct physical contact to avoid mixing. This is called indirect heat transfer.
Cooling water temperature in a hot area is normally above 25 degrees
centigrade, and it depends on the atmospheric and climate condition. To reach
the range of 1 to 5 degrees centigrade, we need to use chilled water, which is
already cooled by a refrigerant. For heating purposes, the mechanism is similar
to the cooling. We can use hot intermediate fluid such as hot water or steam and
even other hot process streams.
To proceed on the heat exchanger theory we need to know that the meaning of
the following terminologies:
The overall heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be used to calculate the total heat
transfer through a wall or heat exchanger construction. The overall heat transfer
coefficient depends on the fluids and their properties on both sides of the wall,
and the properties of the wall and the transmission surface.

Q = U A T
U

= Overall heat transfer coefficient

= Area of the tube

= Logarithmic mean temperature difference

Heat load and heat balance

This part of the calculation is to use the data in Table to check the heat

load

and

and to select the set of values where

is closest to

Hot water flow rate (

)
=

Cold water flow rate (

)
=

where:
= Heat load for hot water flow rate
= Heat load for cold water flow rate
Hot water mass flow rate
Cold water mass flow rate
Hot water inlet temperature
Hot water outlet temperature
Cold water inlet temperature
Cold water outlet temperature

LMTD
Calculations of log mean temperature difference (LMTD).

Heat loss rate =

QH - QC

Dirt factor, Q =

0.5 (QH + QC )

Overall heat transfer coefficient,

Overall heat transfer coefficient at which equivalent to

can be calculated by

using equation

Where:
Heat rate with respect to the flow rate of water
Theoretically Q above is equal to

or

or

If there any error in temperature collected, it is recommended to calculate

value based on equation of

APPARATUS
Tube and shell heat exchanger

that will give an average value.

PROCEDURES
General Operating Procedures
General Start-up Procedures
1) A quick inspection was performed to make sure that the equipment is
in a proper working condition.
2) The valves were closed except valves V1 and V2.
3) Hot water was filled via a water supply hose connected to valve V27.
The valve was closed once the water was full.
4) The cold-water tank was filled up by opened the valve V28 and the
valve was left opened for continuous water supply.
5) A drain hose was connected to the cold water drain point.
6) The main power was switched on. The heater was also switched on for
the hot water tank and the temperature controller was set to 50 C.
7) The water temperature in the hot water tank was allowed to reached
set point 70C.
8) The equipment was ready to be run.
General Shut-down Procedures
1) The heater was switched off. The hot water was waited until it dropped
below 40C.
2) The pump P1 and P2 were switched off.
3) The main power was switched.
4) The water was drained in the process lines. Water in the hot and cold
water tanks was retained.
5) All the valves were closed.

Counter-Current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

1) The general start-up procedures were performed.
2) The valves to counter-current Shell & Tube

Heat

Exchanger

arrangement were switched

3) Pumps P1 and P2 were switched on.
4) Valves V3 and V14 were opened and adjusted to obtained the desired
flow rates for hot water and cold water streams respectively.
5) The system was allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
6) FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 were recorded.
7) Pressure drop measurements for shell-side and tube-side

were

recorded.
8) Steps 4 to 7 were repeated for different combinations of flow rate FT1
and FT2 as shown in the results sheet.
9) Pumps P1 and P2 were switched off after the completion of experiment.
10) Next experiment was proceed.

RESULT

Counter-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger at constant FT1

FT1

FT2

TT1

TT2

TT3

TT4

DPT1

DPT2

(LPM)

(LPM)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(mmH2O

(mmH2O

48.6
48.8
49.0
48.8
48.7

)
103
102
100
101
104

)
-5
15
50
98
184

10
10
10
10
10

2
4
6
8
10

43.8
39.1
36.5
35.4
34.4

30.6
30.1
29.6
29.5
29.9

49.2
46.4
45.5
45.4
44.8

Table 1

Counter-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger at constant FT2

FT1

FT2

TT1

TT2

TT3

TT4

DPT1

DPT2

(LPM)

(LPM)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(mmH2O

(mmH2O

48.8
48.5
49.0
48.8
49.2

)
5
-1
19
50
98

)
185
183
184
180
182

2
4
6
8
10

10
10
10
10
10

32.0
32.4
33.2
34.0
34.9

29.9
30.0
30.1
30.3
30.2

40.1
42.8
43.8
44.1
45.5

Table 2

CALCULATIONS
Experiment 1 : at constant FT 1
(i)

At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=2 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 10.0

1 m3
1000 L

L
min x

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(43.8 30.6) 0C
= 9076.43 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 2.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

(48.6-47.2) 0C
= 194.36 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 9076.43-194.36 W
= 8882.07 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

47.2 - 30.6)

(48.6- 43.8)

=
ln
(47.2 - 30.6) - (48.6 - 43.8)

= 9.51

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (9076.43 + 194.36 )

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

= 4635.40 W

Q
A LMTD

4635.40
0.0375 9.51

= 129970.97 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (194.36/9076.43) x 100%

= 2.14%

(ii)

At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=4 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 10.0

L
min x

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(39.1 30.1) 0C
= 6188.48 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 4.0

L
min x

(48.8 46.4) 0C
= 666.38 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

1 m3
1000 L

Qc = m C T
c
p

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

QH - QC

= 6188.48 W 666.38 W
= 5522.1 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

=
ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

46.430.1 )

(48.8 - 39.1)

=
ln
(46.4 - 30.1) - (48.8 - 39.1)

= 12.72

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (6188.48 + 666.38 )
= 3427.43 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD
=

3427.43
0.0375 12.72

= 7185.39 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (666.38/6188.48) x 100%

= 10.77%

(iii)

At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=6 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 10.0

L
min x

(36.5 29.6) 0C
= 4744.50 W

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

L
min x

= 6.0

1 m3
1000 L

Qc = m C T
c
p

kg

1 min
60 s

x 995.67 m3

x 4183

(49.0 45.5) 0C
= 1457.71 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 4744.50 W 1457.71 W
= 3286.79 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

45.5 - 29.6)

(49.0 36.5)

=
ln
(45.5 - 29.6) - (49.0- 36.5)

= 14.13

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (4744.50 + 1457.71 )
= 3101.11 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD
=

3101.11
0.0375 14.13

= 5852.53 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (1457.71/4744.50) x 100%

= 30.72%

J
kg .C

(iv)

At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=8 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 10.0

1 m3
1000 L

L
min x

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(35.4 29.5) 0C
= 4056.89 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 8.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

(48.8 45.4) 0C
= 1888.02 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 4056.89 W 1888.02 W
= 2168.81 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

=
ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

45.4 - 29.5)

(48.8 - 35.4)

=
ln
(45.4 - 29.5) - (48.8 - 35.4)

= 14.61

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (4056.89 + 1888.02)
= 2972.49 W

kg
x 995.67 m3

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD
=

2972.49
0.0375 14.61

= 5425.49 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (1888.02/4056.89) x 100%

= 46.54%

(v)

At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 10.0

L
min x

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(34.4 29.9) 0C
= 3094.24W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 10.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

(48.7 44.8) 0C
= 2707.18 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 3094.24W 2707.18 W
= 387.06 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

44.8 - 29.9)

(48.7 - 34.4)

=
ln
(44.8 - 29.9) - (48.7 - 34.4)

= 14.60

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (3094.24 + 2707.18 )
= 2900.71 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD
=

2900.71
0.0375 14.60

= 5298.10 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (2707.18/3094.24) x 100%

= 87.49%

Experiment 2: at constant FT 2
(i)

At FT1=2 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 2.0

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(32.0 29.9) 0C
= 288.80 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 10.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

(48.8 40.1) 0C
= 6039.09 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 288.80 W 6039.09 W
= -5750.29 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

=
ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

40.1 - 29.9)

(48.8 - 32.0)

=
ln
(40.1 - 29.9) - (48.8 - 32.0)

= 13.23

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (288.80 + 6039.09 )
= 3163.95 W

kg
x 995.67 m3

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD

3163.95
0.0375 13.23

= 6377.32 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (6039.09/288.80) x 100%

= 2091.10%
(ii)

At FT1=4 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 4.0

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(32.4 30.0) 0C
= 660.10 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 10.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

(48.5 42.8) 0C
= 3956.64 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 660.10 W 3956.64 W
= -3296.54 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

=
ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

42.8 - 30.0)

(48.5 - 32.4)

=
ln
(42.8 - 30.0) - (48.5 - 32.4)

= 14.39

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (660.10 + 3956.64 )
= 2308.37 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD

2308.37
0.0375 14.39

= 4277.73 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (3956.64/660.10) x 100%

= 599.40%

(iii)

At FT1=6 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 6.0

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(33.2 30.1) 0C
= 1278.95 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 10.0

L
min x

(49.0 43.8) 0C
= 3609.57 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

QH - QC

= 1278.95 W 3609.57 W
= -2330.62 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

=
ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

43.8-30.1)

(49.0-33.2)

=
ln
(43.8-30.1) - (49.0-33.2)

= 14.73

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (1278.95 + 3609.57 )
= 2444.26 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD
=

2444.26
0.0375 14.73

= 4425.00 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (3609.57/1278.95) x 100%

= 282.23%

(iv)

At FT1=8 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 8.0

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(34.0 30.3) 0C
= 2035.32 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 10.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

(48.8 44.1) 0C
= 3262.50 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 2035.32 W 3262.50 W
= -1227.18W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

44.1-30.3)

(48.8-34.0)

=
ln
(44.1-30.3) - (48.8-34.0)

= 14.30

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 ( 2035.32+ 3262.50 )
= 2648.91 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD

2648.91
0.0375 14.29

= 4939.70 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (3262.50/2035.32) x 100%

= 160.30 %

(v)

At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT
QH

= 10.0

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x 4183

J
kg .C

(35.0 30.3 ) 0C
= 3231.76 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

QC

= 10.0

L
min x

Qc = m C T
c
p

1m
1000 L

1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

(49.5 45.7) 0C
= 2637.76 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 3231.76 W 2637.76 W
= 594 W

T1 - t2)

LMTD, TLM

(T2 - t1)

=
ln
(T1 - t2) - (T2 - t1)

45.7-30.3)

(49.5-35.0)

=
ln
(45.7-30.3) - (49.5-35.0)

= 14.95

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (3231.76 + 2637.76 )
= 2934.76 W

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U

Q
A LMTD

2934.76
0.0375 14.95

= 5234.80 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
x 100
QH

= (2637.76/3231.76) x 100%

= 81.62 %

DISCUSSION
This experiment is conducted by using SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training apparatus which
is used as cooling devices. Several purposes of this experiment are to cool the hot streams
until both cold and hot streams have same temperature, to study the working principle of
counter flow heat exchanger and to evaluate and study the overall heat transfer coefficient,
LMTD and heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance. In this shell and heat pump
exchanger, cold water flows through the outer pipe (the shell) while hot water will flows
through the inner pipe (in the tube). Heat will be transfer from high temperature (hot water
stream) to low temperature (cold water stream). This causes hot water to decrease in
temperature while cold water to increase in temperature until both hot and cold water have
same temperature.
In experiment 1, volumetric flowrates of hot water is constant which is 10 LPM
while volumetric flowrates of cold water is change every 10 minutes from 2 LPM to 10 LPM.
Heat transfer of hot water,QH is higher than heat transfer of cold water,QC. However, QH keep
decreasing while QC keep increasing as volumetric flowrate of cold water increases. The
highest efficiency in experiment 1 is 87.49% at FT1=10LPM and FT2=10LPM where its
QH=3094.24 W, QC=2707.18 W, heat loss rate is 387.06 W, LMTD=14.60, dirt
factor,Q=2900.71 W and heat transfer coefficient,U=5298.10 kg/s2. It means that heat
transfer occur efficiently at equal volumetric flowrates of hot and cold water.
In experiment 2, volumetric flowrates of cold water is constant at 10 LPM while
volumetric flowrates of hot water is difference every 10 minutes from 2 LPM to 10 LPM. Heat

transfer of hot water,QH is lower than heat transfer of cold water,QC. However, QH keep
increasing while QC keep decreasing as volumetric flowrates of hot water increases. The
highest efficiency in experiment 2 is 2091.10% at FT1=2LPM and FT2=10LPM where its
QH=288.80 W, QC=6039.09 W, heat loss rate is -5750.29 W, LMTD=13.23, dirt
factor,Q=3163.95 and heat transfer coefficient,U=6377.32 kg/s2.
Theoretically, heat release by hot water must be equal to heat absorb by cold water,
QH=QC as we assume the negligibility of internal,kinetic and potential energy. However, QH
QC in this experiment due to some errors that occur during this experiment was conducted.
For example, suspended matters or dissolves solid that may contain in the fluid streams.
Deposition of the tube surfaces and shell surfaces occurs when such a fluid flows through a
heat exchanger over a long period of time. The surfaces may also be corroded by fluid
slowly and the resulting corrosion products also get deposited on the surfaces. This
formation of the deposit on a heat transfer surface is called fouling and the heat transfer
resistance offered by the deposit is called the fouling factor or dirt. Presence of air bubbles in
the tube also is one of the factor that cause an inaccurate results.
CONCLUSION
The main objectives of this experiment is to evaluate and study the overall heat
transfer coefficient, LMTD, heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance as well as to
evaluate and study the performance of shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating
condition. In this shell and tube heat exchanger, the fluids flow in counter-current flow which
results in faster heat exchange. Basically, theory in this air experiment is Q H=QC, which the
amount of heat absorb by cold water is equal to the amount heat release by hot water.
However, the results is different than the basic theory where the amount of heat release by
hot water is not equal to the amount of heat absorb by cold water, Q H QC. This is due to
some errors during conducting this experiment which are the presence of bubbles in tube
where the hot water flows. The presence of this bubbles can cause corrosion and disturb the
process of heat transfer. Although the results are not follow the basic theory, this experiment
can be said as successful as the objectives of this experiment is already achieve.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1) The water to the tube side should be the first and last flow rate to be
turned on.

2) The steam should be turned on only after the water is flowing through the
tube side and the water should be turned on only after the steam has
been turned on.
3) Fully drain system after each use of water on tube side and steam
condensate on shell side in order to avoid corrosion build-up during downtimes.
4) The eye position should be perpendicular to the meniscus and the scale.
5) Avoid any leakage of the instrument, the instrument should be working
properly
6) Avoid direct contact with water because it is hot

REFFERENCE

i.

http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/process-equipment/heat-exchangertypes

ii.

Kessler, D.P., Greenkorn, R.A. (1999). Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer
Fundamentals, New York : Marcel Dekker Inc., pp (768-828).

iii.

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfercoefficients-d_284.html

iv.

http://www.alfalaval.com/about-us/our-company/key-technologies/heattransfer/shell-and-tube-heat-exchangers/pages/shell-and-tube-heatexchanger.aspx (retrieved on 5/10/2015)

v.

http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/heat-exchangertheory.html#sthash.z1rLpGBV.dpuf