John D. Rockefeller, Jr.

2 Business career

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After graduation from Brown, Rockefeller joined his fathers business in October 1897, setting up operations in
the newly formed family oce at 26 Broadway where he
became a director of Standard Oil. He later also became a
director at J. P. Morgan's U.S. Steel company, which had
been formed in 1901. Junior resigned from both companies in 1910 in an attempt to purify his ongoing philanthropy from commercial and nancial interests after
the Hearst media empire unearthed a bribery scandal involving John Dustin Archbold (the successor to Senior
as head of Standard Oil) and two prominent members of
Congress.[2]

John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (January 29, 1874 May

11, 1960) was an American nancer and philanthropist
who was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family.
He was the only son among the ve children of Standard
Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and the father of the
ve famous Rockefeller brothers. In biographies, he is
commonly referred to as Junior to distinguish him from
his father, Senior.

Initially he had intended to go to Yale University but was

encouraged by William Rainey Harper, president of the
University of Chicago, among others, to enter the Baptistoriented Brown University instead. Nicknamed Johnny
Rock by his roommates, he joined both the Glee and
the Mandolin Clubs, taught a Bible class and was elected
junior class president. Scrupulously careful with money,
he stood out as dierent from other rich mens sons.[1]

In April 1914, after a long period of industrial unrest,

the Ludlow Massacre occurred at a coal mine operated
by the Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) company. Junior
owned a controlling interest in the company (40% of its
stock) and sat on the board as an absentee director.[3] At
least 20 men, women, and children died in the incident,
and in January 1915 Junior was called to testify before
the Commission on Industrial Relations. Many critics
blamed Rockefeller for ordering the massacre. Margaret
Sanger wrote an attack piece in her magazine The Woman
Rebel declaring, But remember Ludlow! Remember the
men and women and children who were sacriced in order that John D. Rockefeller Jr., might continue his noble career of charity and philanthropy as a supporter of
the Christian faith. [4][5] He was at the time being advised by William Lyon Mackenzie King and the pioneer
public relations expert, Ivy Lee. Lee warned that the
Rockefellers were losing public support and developed
a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness, go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect the conditions of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and especially to listen closely
to the grievances. This was novel advice, and attracted
widespread media attention, which opened the way to resolve the conict, and present a more humanized versions
of the Rockefellers.[6] Mackenzie King said Rockefellers
testimony was the turning point in Juniors life, restoring
the reputation of the family name; it also heralded a new
era of industrial relations in the country[7]

In 1897 he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts,

after taking nearly a dozen courses in the social sciences,
including a study of Karl Marx's Das Kapital. He joined
the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, and was elected to Phi
Beta Kappa.

During the Great Depression he developed and was the

sole nancier of a vast oce complex in midtown Manhattan, Rockefeller Center, and as a result became one of
the largest real estate holders in New York City. He was
inuential in attracting leading blue-chip corporations as

Early life

Rockefeller was the fth and last child of Standard

Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (1839
1937) and schoolteacher Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman (18391915). His four older sisters were Elizabeth
(Bessie) (18661906), Alice (who died an infant) (1869
1870), Alta (18711962), and Edith (18721932). Living in his fathers mansion at 4 West 54th Street he attended Park Avenue Baptist Church at 64th Street (now
Central Presbyterian Church), and the Browning School,
a tutorial establishment set up for him and other children
of associates of the family; it was located in a brownstone
owned by the Rockefellers, on West 55th Street. His father John Sr. and uncle William Avery Rockefeller, Jr.
(18411922) co-founded Standard Oil together.

PHILANTHROPY AND SOCIAL CAUSES

tenants in the complex, including GE and its then aliates RCA, NBC and RKO, as well as Standard Oil of
New Jersey (now ExxonMobil), Associated Press, Time
Inc (now Time Warner), and branches of Chase National
Bank (now JP Morgan Chase).

committed internationalist, he nancially supported programs of the League of Nations and crucially funded the
formation and ongoing expenses of the Council on Foreign Relations and its initial headquarters building, in
New York in 1921.[17]

The family oce, of which he was in charge, shifted from

26 Broadway to the 56th oor of the landmark 30 Rockefeller Plaza upon its completion in 1933. The oce formally became Rockefeller Family and Associates (and
informally, Room 5600).

He established the Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913,

a major initiative that investigated such social issues as
prostitution and venereal disease, as well as studies in police administration and support for birth control clinics
and research. In 1924, at the instigation of his wife, he
provided crucial funding for Margaret Sanger (who ironically had previously been an opponent of his because of
his mistreatment of workers) in her work on birth control
and involvement in population issues.[18] He donated ve
thousand dollars to her American Birth Control League
in 1924 and a second time in 1925.[19]

In 1921, Junior received about 10% of the shares of the

Equitable Trust Company from his father, making him
the banks largest shareholder. Subsequently, in 1930,
Equitable merged with Chase National Bank, making
Chase the largest bank in the world at the time. Although his stockholding was reduced to about 4% following this merger, he was still the largest shareholder in
what became known as the Rockefeller bank. As late
as the 1960s, the family still retained about 1% of the
banks shares, by which time his son David had become
the banks president.[8]
In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded the Dunbar National Bank in Harlem. The nancial institution was located within the Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at
2824 Eighth Avenue near 150th Street, servicing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among
New York City nancial institutions in that it employed
African Americans as tellers, clerks and bookkeepers as
well as in key management positions. However, the bank
folded after only a few years of operation.[9][10][11]

Philanthropy and social causes

In a celebrated letter to Nicholas Murray Butler in June,

1932, subsequently printed on the front page of The New
York Times, Rockefeller, a lifelong teetotaler, argued
against the continuation of the Eighteenth Amendment
on the principal grounds of an increase in disrespect for
the law. This letter became an important event in pushing
the nation to repeal Prohibition.[12]

John D. Rockefeller, Jr., nancier

In the arts, he gave extensive property he owned on West

Fifty-fourth Street for the site of the Museum of Modern
Art, which had been co-founded by his wife in 1929.

In 1925, he purchased the George Grey Barnard collection of medieval art and cloister fragments for the
Rockefeller was known for his philanthropy, giving over Metropolitan Museum of Art. He also purchased land
$537 million[13] to myriad causes over his lifetime[14] north of the original site, now Fort Tryon Park, for a new
compared to $240 million to his own family.[15] He cre- building, The Cloisters.[20][21]
ated the Sealantic Fund in 1938 to channel gifts to his In November, 1926, Rockefeller came to the College of
favorite causes; previously his main philanthropic orga- William and Mary for the dedication of an auditorium
nization had been the Davison Fund. He had become built in memory of the organizers of Phi Beta Kappa, the
the Rockefeller Foundation's inaugural president in May, honorary scholastic fraternity founded in Williamsburg in
1913 and proceeded to dramatically expand the scope of 1776. Rockefeller was a member of the society and had
this institution, founded by his father. Later he would helped pay for the auditorium. He had visited Williamsbecome involved in other organizations set up by Senior, burg the previous March, when the Reverend Dr. W.A.R.
the Rockefeller University and the International Educa- Goodwin escorted him along with his wife Abby, and
tion Board.
their sons, David, Laurance, and Winthrop on a quick
In the social sciences, he founded the Laura Spelman tour of the city. The upshot of his visit was that he
Rockefeller Memorial in 1918, which was subsequently approved the plans already developed by Goodwin and
folded into the Rockefeller Foundation in 1929.[16] A launched the massive historical restoration of Colonial

3
Williamsburg on November 22, 1927. Amongst many which was awarded decades later to his son David Rockother buildings restored through his largesse was The Col- efeller.
lege of William & Marys Wren Building.[22]
He also liberally funded the notable early excavations at
In 1940 Rockefeller hosted Bill Wilson, and others, one Luxor in Egypt, and the American School of Classical
of the original founders of Alcoholics Anonymous at a Studies for excavation of the Agora and the reconstrucdinner to tell their stories. News of this got out on the tion of the Stoa of Attalos, both in Athens; the Amerworld wires; inquiries poured in again and many peo- ican Academy in Rome; Lingnan University in China;
ple went to the bookstores to get the book, Alcoholics St. Lukes International Hospital in Tokyo; the library
Anonymous. Rockefeller oered to pay for the publi- of the Imperial University in Tokyo; and the Shakespeare
cation of the book, but in keeping with AA traditions Memorial Endowment at Stratford-on-Avon.
of being self-supporting, AA rejected the money from In addition, he provided the funding for the construcRockefeller.[23]
tion of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East
Through negotiations by his son Nelson, in 1946 he
bought for $8.5 million - from the major New York real
estate developer William Zeckendorf - the land along the
East River in Manhattan which he later donated for the
United Nations headquarters. This was after he had vetoed the family estate at Pocantico as a prospective site
for the headquarters (see Kykuit).[24] Another UN connection was his early nancial support for its predecessor, the League of Nations; this included a gift to endow
a major library for the League in Geneva which today still
remains a resource for the UN.[25]
A conrmed ecumenicist, over the years he gave substantial sums to Protestant and Baptist institutions, ranging from the Interchurch World Movement, the Federal
Council of Churches, the Union Theological Seminary, the
Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New Yorks Riverside
Church and the World Council of Churches. He was also
instrumental in the development of the research that led
to Robert and Helen Lynds famous Middletown studies
work that was conducted in the city of Muncie, Indiana,
that arose out of the nancially supported Institute of Social and Religious Research.
As a follow on to his involvement in the Ludlow Massacre, Rockefeller was a major initiator with his close
friend and advisor William Lyon Mackenzie King in the
nascent industrial relations movement; along with major
chief executives of the time he incorporated Industrial
Relations Counselors (IRC) in 1926, a consulting rm
whose main goal was to establish industrial relations as
a recognized academic discipline at Princeton University and other institutions. It succeeded through the support of prominent corporate chieftains of the time, such
as Owen D. Young and Gerard Swope of General Electric.[26]

Jerusalem - the Rockefeller Museum - which today

houses many antiquities and was the home of many of
the Dead Sea Scrolls until they were moved to the Shrine
of the Book at the Israel Museum.[27]

5 Conservation

Grand Teton Range and Snake River

He had a special interest in conservation, and purchased

and donated land for many American National Parks, including Grand Teton (hiding his involvement and intentions behind the Snake River Land Company), Acadia,
Great Smoky Mountains, Yosemite, and Shenandoah. In
the case of Acadia National Park, he nanced and engineered an extensive Carriage Road network throughout
the park. Both the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial
Parkway that connects Yellowstone National Park to the
Grand Teton National Park and the Rockefeller Memorial in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were
named after him. He was also active in the movement
to save redwood trees, making a signicant contribution
to Save-the-Redwoods League in the 1920s to enable the
4 Overseas philanthropy
purchase of what would become the Rockefeller Forest
In the 1920s he also donated a substantial amount towards in Humboldt Redwoods State Park.
the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in In 1951, he established Sleepy Hollow Restorations, which
France after World War I, such as the Reims Cathedral, brought together under one administrative body the manthe Chteau de Fontainebleau and the Chteau de Ver- agement and operation of two historic sites he had acsailles for which in 1936 he was awarded Frances high- quired: Philipsburg Manor House in North Tarrytown,
est decoration, the Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur, now called Sleepy Hollow, (acquired in 1940 and do-

nated to the Tarrytown Historical Society), and Sunnyside, Washington Irvings home, acquired in 1945. He
bought Van Cortland Manor in Croton-on-Hudson in
1953 and in 1959 donated it to Sleepy Hollow Restorations. In all, he invested more than $12 million in the
acquisition and restoration of the three properties that
were the core of the organizations holdings. In 1986,
Sleepy Hollow Restorations became Historic Hudson Valley, which also operates the current guided tours of the
Rockefeller family estate of Kykuit in Pocantico Hills.

HONORS AND LEGACY

Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller (May 1, 1912

February 22, 1973)
David Rockefeller (born June 12, 1915)

Abby died of a heart attack at the family apartment at 740

Park Avenue in April, 1948. Junior remarried in 1951,
to Martha Baird, the widow of his old college classmate,
Arthur Allen. Rockefeller died of pneumonia on May
11, 1960 at the age of 86 in Tucson, Arizona, and was inHe is the author of the noted life principle, among others, terred in the family cemetery in Tarrytown, with 40 faminscribed on a tablet facing his famed Rockefeller Center: ily members present.
I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every
His sons, the ve Rockefeller brothers, established an
opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty.[28]
extensive network of social connections and institutional
In 1935, Rockefeller received The Hundred Year Asso- power over time, based on the foundations that Junior ciation of New York's Gold Medal Award, in recog- and before him Senior - had laid down. David became
nition of outstanding contributions to the City of New a prominent banker, philanthropist and world statesman.
York. He was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from Abby and John III became philanthropists. Laurance bethe National Academy of Sciences in 1943.[29]
came a venture capitalist and conservationist. Nelson
He also helped fund Yellowstone and many other National and Winthrop Rockefeller later became state governors;
Nelson went on to become Vice President of the United
Parks.
States under Gerald Ford.

Family

In August 1900, Rockefeller was invited by the powerful

Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich of Rhode Island to join
a party aboard President William McKinley, Jr.'s yacht,
the USS Dolphin, on a cruise to Cuba. Although the outing was of a political nature, Rockefellers future wife
philanthropist/socialite Abigail Greene Abby Aldrich
was included in the large party; the two had rst met in
the fall of 1894 and had been courting for over four years.

7 Residences
Juniors principal residence in New York was the 9-story
mansion at 10 West Fifty-fourth Street, but he owned a
group of properties in this vicinity, including Nos 4, 12,
14 and 16 (some of these properties had been previously
acquired by his father, John D. Rockefeller). After vacating Number 10 in 1936, these properties were razed and
subsequently all the land was gifted to his wifes Museum
of Modern Art. In that year he moved into a luxurious
40-room triplex apartment at 740 Park Avenue. In 1953,
the real estate developer William Zeckendorf bought the
740 Park Avenue apartment complex and then sold it
to Rockefeller, who quickly turned the building into a
cooperative, selling it on to his rich neighbors in the building.

Junior married Abby on October 9, 1901, in what was

seen at the time as the consummate marriage of capitalism and politics. She was a daughter of Senator Aldrich
and Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman. Moreover, their wedding was the major social event of its time
- one of the most lavish of the Gilded Age. It was held
at the Aldrich Mansion at Warwick Neck, Rhode Island,
and attended by executives of Standard Oil and other Years later, just after his son Nelson become Governor of
New York, Rockefeller helped foil a bid by greenmailer
companies.[30]
Saul Steinberg to take over Chemical Bank. Steinberg
The couple had six children, a daughter and the ve Rockbought Juniors apartment for $225,000, $25,000 less
efeller brothers:
than it had cost new in 1929. It has since been called
the greatest trophy apartment in New York, in the worlds
Abigail Aldrich Abby Rockefeller (November 9, richest apartment building.[31]
1903 May 27, 1976)
John Davison Rockefeller III (March 21, 1906
July 10, 1978)

8 Honors and legacy

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 January In 1929 he was elected an honorary member of the Geor26, 1979)
gia Society of the Cincinnati.
Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (May 26, 1910
July 11, 2004)

The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library at Brown University,

completed in 1964, is named in his honor.

See also
Rockefeller family
John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway
John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library
Rockefeller Foundation
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Rockefeller Center
Kykuit
Chase Manhattan Bank
Colonial Williamsburg

[7] The Ludlow massacre and the turning point in Juniors

life - Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr., London:
Warner Books, 1998. (pp.571-586)
[8] Largest shareholder in Chase Bank - see David Rockefeller, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002.
(pp.124-25)
[9] Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, ed. (September 1930). Along
the color line. Crisis 37 (9): 309.
[10] Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, ed. (August 1933). Along the
color line. Crisis 40 (8): 186.
[11] Harvey, Chester D.; Reed, James, eds. (1939). The
Harlems. New York City Guide. New York, New York:
Random House. p. 265.

Museum of Modern Art

[12] Letter on Prohibition - see Daniel Okrent, Great Fortune:

The Epic of Rockefeller Center, New York: Viking Press,
2003. (pp.246/7).

Outsider Art

[13] The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, John Rockefeller, Jr.

Riverside Church

[14] Rockefeller Archive Center

International House of New York

[15] Agenda for Reform

League of Nations

[16] Laura Spelman Memorial - see Chernow, op.cit. (p.596)

William Lyon Mackenzie King

Ivy Lee
Frederick Law Olmsted
Council on Foreign Relations
Institute for Pacic Relations
Planned Parenthood
Forest Hill, Ohio

10

Notes

[1] Details of Brown University days - see Bernice Kert, Abby

Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New
York: Random House, 1993. (pp.62-3)
[2] Resignation from Standard Oil and U.S. Steel boards - see
Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr.,
London: Warner Books, 1998. (pp.548-551)
[3] Zinn, Howard (1990). The Politics of History (2nd edition.
ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 81. ISBN
978-0-252-06122-6.
[4] The Public Papers of Margaret Sanger: Web Edition.
Nyu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
[5] Baker, Jean H. Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion Hill
and Wange New York 2011 page 79
[6] Robert L. Heath, ed.. Encyclopedia of public relations
(2005) 1:485

[17] Funding of the CFR and other international institutions

- Ibid., (p.638); John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson,
The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of Americas Greatest Family, New York: Charles Scribners Sons,
1988. (p.156)
[18] The Bureau of Social Hygiene and social issues; funding for Margaret Sanger - see Harr & Johnson, op.cit.
(pp.113-15, 191, 461-2)
[19] Katz, Esther Sanger, Margaret The Selected Papers of
Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel University
of Illinois Press 2003 page 430
[20] Barnet, Peter; Wu, Nancy (2005). The Cloisters: Medieval
Art and Architecture. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 1113. ISBN 1-58839-176-0.
[21] The Cloisters Museum and Gardens. The Metropolitan
Museum of Art.
[22] Colonial Williamsburg Journal, 2004
[23] Forward to the 2nd Edition of Alcoholics Anonymous, p.
xviii
[24] Family estate vetoed as site for the UN headquarters Ibid., (pp.432-3)
[25] Endowment of UN library - Ibid., (p.173)
[26] Key involvement in the Industrial Relations movement Ibid., (pp.183-4)
[27] Restorations and constructions in France, Egypt, Greece
and Jerusalem - see David Rockefeller, Memoirs, op.cit.
(pp.44-8).

12

[28] Life principle - see John Donald Wilson, The Chase: The
Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945-1985, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986. (p.328)
[29] Public Welfare Award. National Academy of Sciences.
Retrieved 14 February 2011.
[30] Details of the 1901 wedding - Harr & Johnson, op.cit.,
(pp.81-5)
[31] Michael Gross: 740 Park Avenue

11

Further reading

Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. New York: Warner Books, 1998., Detailed biography of his father
Hallahan, Kirk. Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers
response to the 1913-1914 Colorado coal strike.
Journal of Public Relations Research 14#4 (2002):
265-315.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century (1988)
Harvey, Charles E. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and
the Interchurch World Movement of 19191920:
A Dierent Angle on the Ecumenical Movement.
Church History 51#2 (1982): 198-209.
Harvey, Charles E. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and
the social sciences: An introduction. Journal of the
History of Sociology 4#2 (1982): 1-31.
Manchester, William. A Rockefeller Family Portrait:
From John D. to Nelson (1959)
Rees, Jonathan H. Representation and Rebellion:
The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron
Company, 19141942 (2011)
Schenkel, Albert F. The rich man and the kingdom:
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the Protestant establishment (Augsburg Fortress Pub, 1995)

11.1

Primary sources

Ernst, Joseph W., and John Davison Rockefeller.

Dear Father/dear Son: Correspondence of John D.
Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (Fordham
Univ Press, 1994)

12

External links

http://www.nndb.com/people/059/000052900/
Rockefeller Archive Center: Extended Biography

EXTERNAL LINKS

The Architect of Colonial Williamsburg: William

Graves Perry, by Will Molineux An article from
the Colonial Williamsburg Journal, 2004, outlining
Rockefellers involvement

13
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