M53 Lec3.1 MVT and Relative Extrema

The Mean Value Theorem and Relative Extrema
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
MVT and Relative Extrema
Mathematics 53
1 / 42
For today
The Mean Value Theorem
Critical Numbers
Increasing/Decreasing Functions
The First Derivative Test For Relative Extrema
Mathematics 53
2 / 42
For today
Critical Numbers
Mathematics 53
3 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Michel Rolle (1652-1719)
Mathematics 53
4 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Theorem
Let a, b
R such that a < b.
Mathematics 53
5 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Theorem
Let a, b
1
R such that a < b. If a function f
is
continuous on [a, b]
Mathematics 53
5 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Theorem
Let a, b
differentiable on (a, b) and
is
Mathematics 53
5 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Theorem
Let a, b
f (a) = f (b) = 0,
is
Mathematics 53
5 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Theorem
Let a, b
f (a) = f (b) = 0,
is
Mathematics 53
5 / 42
Rolles Theorem
Theorem
Let a, b
f (a) = f (b) = 0,
is
then there exists c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

c
Mathematics 53
5 / 42
Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions
Continuity on [a, b]
a
b
satisfies conditions (2) and (3) but not (1)
Mathematics 53
6 / 42
Continuity on [a, b]
Mathematics 53
6 / 42
Differentiability on (a, b)
Mathematics 53
7 / 42
Differentiability on (a, b)
satisfies conditions (1),(2) and (3), not differentiable at x = a and x = b
Mathematics 53
7 / 42
c may not be unique
Mathematics 53
8 / 42
c may not be unique
Mathematics 53
8 / 42
Rolles Theorem: Applications

Example
Determine if Rolles Theorem is applicable to
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2
continuous on [1, 2]?

differentiable on (1, 2)?
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 is a polynomial
continuous on [1, 2]?

differentiable on (1, 2)?
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:
continuous on [1, 2]? (Yes.)

differentiable on (1, 2)? (Yes.)
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:

f (1) = 0 = f (2)
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:

f (1) = 0 = f (2) (yes!)
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:

f (1) = 0 = f (2) (yes!)
By Rolles Theorem, there is a c (1, 2) such that f 0 (c) = 0.
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:

f (1) = 0 = f (2) (yes!)

f 0 (x) = 3x2 8x + 5 = (3x 5)(x 1)
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
f (x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2 on [1, 2].
Solution:

f (1) = 0 = f (2) (yes!)

f 0 (x) = 3x2 8x + 5 = (3x 5)(x 1)
c=
5
3
Mathematics 53
9 / 42

Example
(
Determine if RT applies to f (x) =
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:
Check continuity of f on [0, 1].
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
lim f (x)
x 12
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
lim f (x) = lim x2
x 12
x 12
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
lim f (x) = lim x2 =
x 12
x 12
1
4
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
x 12
x 12
1
4
lim+ f (x)
x 21
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
x 12
x 12
1
4
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x 1
x 21
x 21
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
x 12
x 12
1
4
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x 1 =
x 21
x 21
1
2
Mathematics 53
10 / 42

Example
(
x2
, x
x1 , x >
1
2
1
2
on [0, 1].
Solution:

1
1
f
=
2
4
x 12
x 12
1
4
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x 1 =
x 21
x 21
1
2
f is discontinuous at x = 12 and RT cannot be applied.

Mathematics 53
10 / 42
Mean Value Theorem

Theorem
Let a, b R such that a < b. If a function f is
Mathematics 53
11 / 42
Mean Value Theorem

Theorem
(i) continuous on [a, b] and;
(ii) differentiable on (a, b),
(b, f (b))
a
(a, f (a))
Mathematics 53
11 / 42
Mean Value Theorem

Theorem
then there exists c (a, b) such that
(b, f (b))
a
(a, f (a))
Mathematics 53
11 / 42
Mean Value Theorem

Theorem
then there exists c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) =
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
(b, f (b))
a
(a, f (a))
Mathematics 53
11 / 42
Mean Value Theorem

Theorem
then there exists c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) =
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
(b, f (b))
a
(a, f (a))
Mathematics 53
11 / 42
Mean Value Theorem: Applications

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
. Show that there is a c (1, 2) such that f 0 (c) = .
x+1
6
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
Is f is continuous on [1, 2]?
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
Is f is continuous on [1, 2]? (Yes.)
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
Is f is differentiable on (1, 2)?
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
Is f is differentiable on (1, 2)? (Yes.)
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
By the Mean Value Theorem, there is a c (1, 2) such that
f 0 (c) =
f (2) f (1)
21
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
f 0 (c) =
f (2) f (1) 4 3
=
21
3 2
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Let f (x) =
x+2
1
x+1
6
Solution:
f 0 (c) =
f (2) f (1) 4 3
1
= =
21
3 2
6
.
Mathematics 53
12 / 42

Example
Suppose that f (x) is continuous on the interval [6, 15], differentiable on
(6, 15) and f 0 (x) 10 for all x. If f (6) = 2, what is the largest possible
value for f (15)?
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
By MVT, there is a c (6, 15) such that
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
f 0 (c) =
f (15) f (6)
15 6
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
f 0 (c) =
=
f (15) f (6)
15 6
f (15) + 2
9
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
f 0 (c) =
=
f (15) f (6)
15 6
f (15) + 2
9
Then
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
f 0 (c) =
=
Then
f (15) f (6)
15 6
f (15) + 2
9
f (15) = 9 f 0 (c) 2
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
f 0 (c) =
=
Then
f (15) f (6)
15 6
f (15) + 2
9
f (15) = 9 f 0 (c) 2
9(10) 2
Mathematics 53
13 / 42

Example
value for f (15)?
f 0 (c) =
=
Then
f (15) f (6)
15 6
f (15) + 2
9
f (15) = 9 f 0 (c) 2
9(10) 2
f (15) 88.
Mathematics 53
13 / 42
For today
Critical Numbers
Mathematics 53
14 / 42
Relative Extrema
Definition
A function f is said to have a relative maximum at x = c
Mathematics 53
15 / 42
Relative Extrema
Definition
A function f is said to have a relative maximum at x = c if there is an
open interval I , containing c, such that
Mathematics 53
15 / 42
Relative Extrema
Definition
open interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x I and
Mathematics 53
15 / 42
Relative Extrema
Definition
f (x) f (c) for all x I .
Mathematics 53
15 / 42
Relative Extrema
Definition
Definition
A function f is said to have a relative minimum at x = c if there is an
Mathematics 53
15 / 42
Relative Extrema
Definition
Definition
A function f is said to have a relative minimum at x = c if there is an
Definition
We say f has a relative extremum at x = c if f has either a relative
maximum at x = c or a relative minimum at x = c.
Mathematics 53
15 / 42
Relative Extrema
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
Mathematics 53
16 / 42
Relative Extrema
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
relative MAX at x = c3 , x = c5
Mathematics 53
16 / 42
Relative Extrema
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
relative MIN at x = c4
Mathematics 53
16 / 42
Relative Extrema
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
no relative MAX at x = c1 , no relative MIN at x = c6
Mathematics 53
16 / 42
Relative Extrema
c1
c3
c2
c4
c5
c6
no relative MIN at x = c2
Mathematics 53
16 / 42
Relative Extrema
f (c)
(c, f (c)
Terminologies:
1
f has a relative extremum at x = c.
Mathematics 53
17 / 42
Relative Extrema
f (c)
(c, f (c)
Terminologies:
1
(c, f (c)) is a relative extremum point of f .
Mathematics 53
17 / 42
Relative Extrema
f (c)
(c, f (c)
Terminologies:
1
(c, f (c)) is a relative extremum point of f .
f (c) is a relative extremum value of f .
Mathematics 53
17 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
Mathematics 53
18 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
f 0 (x) = 2x
Mathematics 53
18 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
f 0 (x) = 2x
f 0 (0) = 0
Mathematics 53
18 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = |x 3|
y = |x 3|
Mathematics 53
19 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = |x 3|
y = |x 3|
f 0 (x) =
1
, x>3
1 , x < 3
Mathematics 53
19 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = |x 3|
y = |x 3|
f 0 (x) =
1
, x>3
1 , x < 3
f 0 (3) dne
Mathematics 53
19 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
f (x) = |x 3|
y = |x 3|
f 0 (x) =
1
, x>3
1 , x < 3
f 0 (3) dne
Theorem
If a function f has a relative extremum point at x = c, then either f 0 (c) = 0
or f 0 (c) does not exist.
Mathematics 53
19 / 42
Critical Numbers
Definition
A number c dom f is said to be a critical number of f if either f 0 (c) = 0
or f 0 (c) is undefined.
Mathematics 53
20 / 42
Critical Numbers
Definition
Is c a critical
number of f ?
Mathematics 53
20 / 42
Critical Numbers
Definition
Is c a critical
number of f ?
no
Mathematics 53
20 / 42
Critical Numbers
Definition
Is c a critical
number of f ?
no
f has no relative
extremum at x = c.
Mathematics 53
20 / 42
Critical Numbers
Definition
yes
Is c a critical
number of f ?
no
f has no relative
extremum at x = c.
Mathematics 53
20 / 42
Critical Numbers
Definition
yes
Does f have a relative

extremum at x = c?
Is c a critical
number of f ?
no
f has no relative
extremum at x = c.
Mathematics 53
20 / 42
VENN DIAGRAM
domain of f
critical numbers of f
x-coordinates of
relative extrema of f
Mathematics 53
21 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Find all critical numbers of f (x) =
x3
3x.
9
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
f 0 (x)
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x3
3x.
9
x2
3
3
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x3
3x.
9
x2
1
3 = (x2 9)
3
3
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x3
3x.
9
x2
1
1
3 = (x2 9) = (x 3)(x + 3)
3
3
3
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x3
3x.
9
x2
1
1
3 = (x2 9) = (x 3)(x + 3)
3
3
3
f 0 (x)=0 when x = 3
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x3
3x.
9
x2
1
1
3 = (x2 9) = (x 3)(x + 3)
3
3
3
f 0 (x)=0 when x = 3
f 0 (x) is always defined
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x3
3x.
9
x2
1
1
3 = (x2 9) = (x 3)(x + 3)
3
3
3
f 0 (x)=0 when x = 3
CN : 3
Mathematics 53
22 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Find all critical numbers of f (x) = x4 + 2x3 .
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x2
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 = x2 (4x + 6)
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 = x2 (4x + 6)
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0 or x = 32
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 = x2 (4x + 6)
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0 or x = 32
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 = x2 (4x + 6)
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0 or x = 32
CN : 0, 32
Mathematics 53
23 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0
f 0 (x) is undefined when x = 3
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0
f 0 (x) is undefined when x = 3 but 3 domf !
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0
f 0 (x) is undefined when x = 3 but 3 domf !
Thus, CN : 0
Mathematics 53
24 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Find all critical numbers of f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 .
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
f 0 (x) = x1/3
3
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
4
f 0 (x) = x1/3 + x2/3
3
3
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
4
4(x 1)
f 0 (x) = x1/3 + x2/3 =
3
3
3x2/3
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
4
4(x 1)
f 0 (x) = x1/3 + x2/3 =
3
3
3x2/3
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 1
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
4
4(x 1)
f 0 (x) = x1/3 + x2/3 =
3
3
3x2/3
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 1
f 0 (x) is undefined when x = 0
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
4
4(x 1)
f 0 (x) = x1/3 + x2/3 =
3
3
3x2/3
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 1
f 0 (x) is undefined when x = 0 and 0 domf
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
Critical Numbers
Example
Solution:
4
4
4(x 1)
f 0 (x) = x1/3 + x2/3 =
3
3
3x2/3
f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 1
f 0 (x) is undefined when x = 0 and 0 domf
Thus, CN : 0, 1
Mathematics 53
25 / 42
For today
Critical Numbers
Mathematics 53
26 / 42
Definition
Let f be a function defined on an interval I .
Mathematics 53
27 / 42
Definition
1
f is said to be (strictly) increasing on I if f (a) < f (b) for all a, b I

such that a < b.
Mathematics 53
27 / 42
Definition
1
f is said to be (strictly) increasing on I if f (a) < f (b) for all a, b I

such that a < b.
f is said to be (strictly) decreasing on I if f (a) > f (b) for all a, b I

such that a < b.
Mathematics 53
27 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
f is DECREASING on
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
f is DECREASING on [c1 , c2 )
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
f is DECREASING on [c1 , c2 ), [c3 , c4 ]
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
f is DECREASING on [c1 , c2 ), [c3 , c4 ] and [c5 , c6 ].
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
Incorrect to say f is decreasing on [c1 , c2 ) [c3 , c4 ] [c5 , c6 ]
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
f is increasing on
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c3
c2
c4
c5
c6
f is increasing on (c2 , c3 ]
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
f is increasing on (c2 , c3 ] and [c4 , c5 ].
Mathematics 53
28 / 42
Derivative of Increasing/Decreasing Functions
Theorem
Let f be a function that is continuous on an interval [a, b] and
differentiable on (a, b).
Mathematics 53
29 / 42
Theorem
1
If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
Mathematics 53
29 / 42
Theorem
1
If f 0 (x) < 0 for all x (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
Mathematics 53
29 / 42
Theorem
1
If f 0 (x) < 0 for all x (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
If f 0 (x) = 0 for all x (a, b), then f is constant on [a, b].
Mathematics 53
29 / 42
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
Mathematics 53
30 / 42
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
f 0 (x) = 2x
Mathematics 53
30 / 42
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
f 0 (x) = 2x
x
(, 0) 0 (0, )
0
f (x)
0
+
Mathematics 53
30 / 42
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
f 0 (x) = 2x
x
(, 0) 0 (0, )
0
f (x)
0
+
f is increasing on [0, )
Mathematics 53
30 / 42
Example
f (x) = x2
y = x2
f 0 (x) = 2x
x
(, 0) 0 (0, )
0
f (x)
0
+
f is increasing on [0, )
f is decreasing on (, 0]
Mathematics 53
30 / 42
Example
f (x) = x3
y = x3
Mathematics 53
31 / 42
Example
f (x) = x3
y = x3
f 0 (x) = 3x2
Mathematics 53
31 / 42
Example
f (x) = x3
y = x3
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 0 (x) > 0 whenever x 6= 0.
Mathematics 53
31 / 42
Example
f (x) = x3
y = x3
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 0 (x) > 0 whenever x 6= 0.
The graph of f is increasing on
R!
Mathematics 53
31 / 42
For today
Critical Numbers
Mathematics 53
32 / 42
Theorem (First Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)

Let f be a function continuous on the open interval (a, b) which contains
the number c. Suppose that f is also differentiable on the the interval
(a, b), except possibly at c.
NOTE: f (c) has to be defined but not necessarily f 0 (c)
Mathematics 53
33 / 42

1
If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x (a, c) and f 0 (x) < 0 for all x (c, b),
sign of f 0 (x)
Mathematics 53
33 / 42

1
If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x (a, c) and f 0 (x) < 0 for all x (c, b), then f has a
relative maximum at x = c.
sign of f 0 (x)
f has a relative
maximum at x = c
Mathematics 53
33 / 42

1
If f 0 (x) < 0 for all x (a, c) and f 0 (x) > 0 for all x (c, b),
sign of f 0 (x)
Mathematics 53
33 / 42

1
If f 0 (x) < 0 for all x (a, c) and f 0 (x) > 0 for all x (c, b), then f has a
relative minimum at x = c.
sign of f 0 (x)
f has a relative
minimum at x = c
Mathematics 53
33 / 42

1
If f 0 (x) does not change sign from (a, c) to (c, b), then there is no
relative extremum at x = c.
sign of f 0 (x)
f has no relative
extremum at x = c
Mathematics 53
33 / 42

1
If f 0 (x) does not change sign from (a, c) to (c, b), then there is no
relative extremum at x = c.
sign of f 0 (x)
f has no relative
extremum at x = c
Mathematics 53
33 / 42
Finding the Relative Extrema of f
Mathematics 53
34 / 42
Mathematics 53
34 / 42
table of signs for f 0
Mathematics 53
34 / 42
table of signs for f 0
First Derivative Test
Mathematics 53
34 / 42

Example
Find all relative extrema of f (x) =
x3
3x.
9
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x2 9
3
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x2 9
3
CN : 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x2 9
3
CN : 3
3
3
0
f (x)
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x2 9
3
CN : 3
3
3
0
f (x)
CONCLUSIONS
f has a rel. max. at x = 3
OR (3, 6) is a rel. max. pt of f .
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
x3
3x.
9
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
x2 9
3
CN : 3
3
3
0
f (x)
CONCLUSIONS
f has a rel. max. at x = 3
f has a rel. min. at x = 3
OR (3, 6) is a rel. max. pt of f .

OR (3, 6) is a rel. min. pt of f .
Mathematics 53
35 / 42

Example
Find all relative extrema of f (x) = x4 + 2x3 .
Mathematics 53
36 / 42

Example
Solution:
Mathematics 53
36 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x
Mathematics 53
36 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x
CN : 0, 32
Mathematics 53
36 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x
CN : 0, 32
0
f (x)
32
0
+
Mathematics 53
36 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x
CN : 0, 32
0
f (x)
32
0
+
CONCLUSIONS
f has a relative minimum at x = 32 .
f has no relative extremum at x = 0.
Mathematics 53
36 / 42
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Mathematics 53
37 / 42
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
Mathematics 53
37 / 42
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
Mathematics 53
37 / 42
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
18x
(9 x2 )2
CN : 0
Mathematics 53
37 / 42
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
18x
(9 x2 )2
CN : 0
0
f (x)
999
3
0
3
+
999
f 0 (x) =
Mathematics 53
37 / 42
Example
x2
.
9 x2
Solution:
18x
(9 x2 )2
CN : 0
0
f (x)
999
3
0
3
+
999
f 0 (x) =
CONCLUSION
f has a relative minimum at x = 0.
Mathematics 53
37 / 42

Example
Find all relative extrema of f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 .
Mathematics 53
38 / 42

Example
Solution:
Mathematics 53
38 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)
3x2/3
Mathematics 53
38 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)
3x2/3
CN : 0, 1
Mathematics 53
38 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)
3x2/3
CN : 0, 1
0
0
f (x)
1
+
Mathematics 53
38 / 42

Example
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)
3x2/3
CN : 0, 1
0
0
f (x)
1
+
CONCLUSIONS
f has a relative maximum at x = 1.
f has no relative extremum at x = 0.
Mathematics 53
38 / 42
Exercises
Use the Mean Value Theorem to show that

cos b cos a b a
for all a, b R such that a < b.

2
Find the coordinates of the relative extremum point/s of

4
1
f (x) = x 3 6x 3 .
Show using FDT that if a, b, c are constants and a 6= 0, then the graph
of y = ax2 + bx + c has a relative maximum at the vertex when a < 0
and a relative minimum at the vertex when a > 0.
Mathematics 53
39 / 42
Exercises: Solutions
Use MVT to show that if a, b R with a < b, then
cos b cos a b a
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
Let f (x) = cos x,
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
Let f (x) = cos x, w/c is continuous and differentiable on R.
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) for any a, b R with
a < b.
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.
By MVT,
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.
By MVT,there is a c (a, b) such that
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.

cos b cos a
= f 0 (c)
ba
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.

cos b cos a
= f 0 (c) = sin c
ba
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.

cos b cos a
= f 0 (c) = sin c 1
ba
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.

cos b cos a
= f 0 (c) = sin c 1
ba
Thus,
cos b cos a
1
ba
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
cos b cos a b a
Solution:
a < b.

cos b cos a
= f 0 (c) = sin c 1
ba
Thus,
cos b cos a
1
ba
cos b cos a b a
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
Find the coordinates of the relative extremum point/s of f (x) = x 3 6x 3 .
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4x1/3
3
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4x1/3
6
2/3
3
3x
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
0
3
2
f 0 (x)
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
0
f 0 (x)
3
2
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
3
2
0
f 0 (x)
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
3
2
0
f 0 (x)
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
3
2
0
f 0 (x)
CONCLUSIONS:
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
3
2
0
f 0 (x)
CONCLUSIONS:
f has a relative minimum point at
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
3
2
0
f 0 (x)
CONCLUSIONS:
3
,
2
Mathematics 53
41 / 42

Solution:
f 0 (x) =
C.N.:
4x1/3
6
2(2x 3)
2/3 =
3
3x
3x2/3
3
,0
2
3
2
0
f 0 (x)
CONCLUSIONS:
!
p
3
3 9 12
,
.
2
4
Mathematics 53
41 / 42
Show using FDT that if a, b, c are constants and a 6= 0, then the graph of
b
when a < 0 and a
y = ax2 + bx + c has a relative maximum at x = 2a
b
relative minimum at x = 2a when a > 0.
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a 6= 0
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a 6= 0
f 0 (x) = 2ax + b
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a 6= 0
b
f (x) = 2ax + b = 2a x +
2a
0
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a 6= 0
b
f (x) = 2ax + b = 2a x +
2a
0
C.N.:
b
2a
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a 6= 0
b
f (x) = 2ax + b = 2a x +
2a
C.N.:
b
2a
if a > 0
b
2a
f 0 (x)
relative MIN
Mathematics 53
42 / 42
b
when a < 0 and a
b
Solution:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a 6= 0
b
f (x) = 2ax + b = 2a x +
2a
C.N.:
b
2a
if a < 0
b
2a
f 0 (x) +
relative MAX
Mathematics 53
42 / 42

M53 Lec3.1 MVT and Relative Extrema

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

M53 Lec3.1 MVT and Relative Extrema

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

The Mean Value Theorem and Relative Extrema

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

The Mean Value Theorem

The First Derivative Test For Relative Extrema

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

The Mean Value Theorem

The First Derivative Test For Relative Extrema

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Michel Rolle (1652-1719)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

R such that a < b.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

R such that a < b. If a function f

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

R such that a < b. If a function f

differentiable on (a, b) and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

R such that a < b. If a function f

differentiable on (a, b) and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

R such that a < b. If a function f

differentiable on (a, b) and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

R such that a < b. If a function f

differentiable on (a, b) and

then there exists c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions

satisfies conditions (2) and (3) but not (1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions

satisfies conditions (2) and (3) but not (1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions

satisfies conditions (1) and (3) but not (2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions

satisfies conditions (1),(2) and (3), not differentiable at x = a and x = b

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions

c may not be unique

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: The Assumptions

c may not be unique

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema

Rolles Theorem: Applications

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

MVT and Relative Extrema