Section 5

FIG.
3-1
Nomenclature
a
A
AB
A'
=
=
=
=
sonic velocity, ft/sec

required discharge area of the valve, sq in. Use valve with the next larger standard orifice size/area
bellows area, sq in.
discharge area of the valve, sq in., for valve with next standard size larger than required discharge area
AD
AN
AP
AW
A3
B
C
Cp
Cv
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
disk area, sq in.

nozzle seat area, sq in.
piston area, sq in.
total wetted surface area of vessel, sq ft
vessel area exposed to fire, sq ft
liquid expansion coefficient, 1/oF, at relieving temperature [or (Vol/Vol)/oF]
drag coefficient
specific heat at constant pressure, BTU/(lboF)
specific heat at constant volume, BTU/(lboF)
C1
d
D
f
F
F'
F*
F2
FS
gpm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
coefficient determined by the ratio of specific heats of the gas or vapor at standard conditions
flare tip diameter, inches
particle diameter, ft
correction factor based on the ratio of specific heats
factor due to insulation (see Fig. 5-17)
relief valve factor, dimensionless
Fraction of heat radiated
coefficient for subcritical flow (Fig. 5-12)
spring force, pounds
flow rate, gallons per minute at flowing temperature and pressure
= acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2
gc
= gravitational constant, 32.2 (ftlbm)/(lbfsec2)
= specific gravity of gas referred to air = 1.00 at 60 oF and 14.696 psia; or, if liquid, the specific gravity of
liquid at flowing temperature referred to water = 1.00 at 60 oF
hL1
hL2
hG2
r
R
Re
Ro
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
enthalpy of saturated liquid at upstream pressure, Btu/lb

enthalpy of saturated liquid at downstream pressure, Btu/lb
enthalpy of vapor at downstream pressure, Btu/lb
ratio of downstream pressure to upstream pressure, P2/P1
distance from flame center to point X, ft
Reynolds number (dimensionless)
universal gas constant (10.73) (psiaft3)/(lbmoloR)
= specific heat, Btu/(lb oF)
= temperature, oF
= absolute temperature of the inlet vapor, oR
Tn
= normal operating gas temperature, oR
T1
= gas temperature, oR, at the upstream pressure
Tw = vessel wall temperature, oR

Ud = maximum allowable vapor velocity for vertical vessel, ft/sec
V = gas velocity, ft/sec
Vex = exit velocity, ft/sec

Vw = wind velocity, ft/sec (= 1.47 V'w)
V'w = wind velocity, mph
W = flow, lb/hr
Whc = hydrocarbon flow, lb/hr
FIG. 3-1
Nomenclature
H
=
Hl
=
HS
=
I
=
k
Kb
Kc
Kd
Kn
Ksh
Kv
Kw
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
L/D
Lf
M
MW
MABP
NHV
P
PCF
Pn
P1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
P1g
P2
Pb
P
Pw
Q
Qr
Qv
Wstm
Wf
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Wr
xi
Xc
Yc
GREEK
=
=
=
=
=
=
FIG. 3-1
menclature
height of vapor space of vessel, ft
latent heat of the liquid exposed to fire, Btu/lb
flare stack height, ft
radiation intensity at point X, Btu/(hr ft2)
specific heat ratio, Cp/CV (see Section 13)
capacity correction factor due to back pressure
combination correction for rupture disk = 0.9 = 1.0 no rupture disk installed
coefficient of discharge, obtainable from the valve manufacturer
correction factor for Napier steam equation
correction factor due to the amount of superheat in the stream
capacity correction factor due to viscosity
capacity correction factor due to back pressure (Fig. 5-14)
drum length, ft
length to diameter ratio of pipe
length of flame, ft
Mach number at pipe outlet
molecular weight of gas or vapor
maximum allowable back pressure, psig
net heating value of flare gas, Btu/lb
set pressure, psig
critical-flow pressure, psia
normal operating gas pressure, psia
upstream relieving pressure, psia. This is the set pressure plus the allowable overpressure plus the atmospheric
pressure
upstream relieving pressure, psig. This is the set pressure plus the allowable overpressure
downstream pressure at the valve outlet, psia
back pressure, psig
pressure drop, psi
pressure drop, in. of water
heat input, Btu/hr
heat released, Btu/hr
flow through valve, scfm
steal flow, lb/hr
flare gas flow rate, lb/hr
vapor rate to be relieved by the relief valve, lb/hr
weight fraction of component i in total stream
distance from the base of the stack to another point at the same elevation, ft
see Fig. 5-21
see Fig. 5-21
compressibility factor at flowing conditions
prefix, indicates finite increment
fraction of heat radiated

density of liquid, lb/cu ft
density of vapor, lb/cu ft
angle of flare flame from vertical, degrees
viscosity at flowing temperature, centipoise
viscosity at flowing temperature, Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU)
Equation 5-1&3 -- Size the safety valves in gas or vapor service

Given Data:
Line Size, D
Flow
=
=
4.026
100
in
lb/hr
Gas Temperature
Compressibility Factor
Coefficient of Discharge
Upstream Relieving Pressure
Capacity Correction Factor
Combination Correction
Molecular Weight of Gas or Vapor
Specific Heat Ratio
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
520
1.000
0.975
14.7
1.00
1.00
32.00
1.40
psia
(no rupture disk installed)
g/mole
To determine the approximate the size of the safety valve, the C 1 (coefficient
determined by the ratio of specific eats of the gas), must be determined using Eq.
5-3
k 1
C1
520 k (
2 k 1
)
k 1
W (T1 )( Z )
(C1 )( K d )( P1 )( K b )( K c ) MW
Calculations
C1
520(1.4(2/(1+1.4))(1.4+1)/(1.4-1))1/2
(100(5201)1/2)/(C10.97514.711(32)1/2)
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Enginee
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an Operational level of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
Eq. 5-3
Eq. 5-1
356
0.079
sq in.
mples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing ind
lation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA a
accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or
uding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to o
tion based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions
vice to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Process
on is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference h
ess for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
e, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal th
mperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process condition
cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

uch information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, a
tract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
count actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
e by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favo
dead-band limitations.
ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-2 -- Size the safety valves in gas or vapor service

Given Data:
Line Size, D
Flow Through Valve
=
=
4.026
100
in
scfm
Gas Temperature
Specific Heat Ratio
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
520
1
0.975
14.7
1
1
32
1.4
psia
g/mole
To determine the approximate the size of the safety valve, the C 1 (coefficient
determined by the ratio of specific eats of the gas), must be determined using
Eq. 5-3
k 1
C1
520 k (
2 k 1
)
k 1
W (T1 )( Z )
(6.32)(C1 )( K d )( P1 )( K b )( K c )
Calculations
C1
520(1.4(2/(1+1.4))(1.4+1)/(1.4-1))1/2
(100(520321)1/2)/(C10.97514.7116.32)
Eq. 5-3
Eq. 5-2
356.06036
0.3999577
sq in.
mples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing ind
lation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA a
accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or
uding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to o
ation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site condition
n is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference h
ss for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.

ract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ead-band limitations.
Equation 5-4&5 -- Calculate the relief valve orifice area and the Critical-flow Pressure
Given Data:
Flow
100
Gas Temperature
Downstream Pressure at Outlet
Specific Heat Ratio
=
=
=
520
1
0.975
10.29
14.7
32
1.4
=
=
=
lb/hr
T
Z
Kd
P2
P1
MW
k
psia
psia
g/mole
To determine the relief valve orifice area, F 2 must be determined first using Fig 512. Also, to determine the Critical-flow Pressure, use Eq. 5-5.
r
P2
P1
2
k 1
( ) 1 r k
k
(
)*r k [
]
k 1
1 r
F2
PCF
P1 (
10.29/14.7
F2
((1.4/(1.4-1))r(2/1.4)[(1-r((1.4-1)/1.4))/(1-r)])1/2
(100(T1Z)1/2)/(1.4F2735(3214.7(14.7-10.29))1/2)
PCF
14.7(2/(1.4+1))(1.4/(1.4-1))
W ZT1
(735)( F2 )( K d * K c ) MW ( P1 )( P1 P2 )
k
2 k 1
)
k 1
Calculations
From Fig. 5-12
From Fig. 5-12
Eq 5-4
Eq 5-5
0.7
0.8241
0.0590
sq in.
7.7657
psia
mples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing in
culation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA
f accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose o
luding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to
lation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditio

Equation 5-6&7 -- Estimate the required area for satety-relief valves in steam service
Given Data:
Flow
100
Gas Temperature
Correction Factor (superheat in system)
Correction Factor Napier steam eq.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
520
1.00
0.975
2000
1.00
1.00
32.00
1.00
lb/hr
o
psia
g/mole
To determine the area for safety-relief valves in steam service, K n must be determined by
using Eq. 5-7 (where 1500<P1>= 3200 psia)
A
W
(51.5)( P1 )( K sh )( K d )( K c )( K n )( K b )
Kn
0.1906 P1 1000
0.2292 P1 1061
100/(51.5*2000*1*0.975*1*1*1)
Kn
((0.1906*2000)-1000)/((0.2292*2000)-1061)
Calculations
Eq. 5-6
Eq. 5-7
=
=
0.0009958
sq in.
1.027
amples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing i
of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose
cluding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to
ulation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditio

Equation 5-8 -- Size the conventional and balanced bellows relief valves in liquid service
Given Data:
Specific Gravity
Back Pressure
Heat Input
Capacity Correction Factor (viscosity)
Capacity Correction Factor (back pressure)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
10
1000
0.975
14.7
1
1
1
at 60 oF
psig
btu/hr
Liquid Expansion Coefficient
0.01
1/oF at relieving temperature
Specific Heat
psia

Btu/(lboF)
To size the conventional and balanced bellows relief valves in liquid service, gpm must
be determined using Eq. 5-11, then plugged into the original Eq. 5-8
( gpm) G
gpm
( B )(Q)
500(G )( S )
gpm
(.01*1000)/(500*1*1)
(gpm*11/2)/(38*0.975*1*1*1*(14.7-10)1/2)
(38)( K d )( K c )( K w )( K v ) ( P1 Pb )
Calculations
Eq. 5-8
Eq. 5-11
0.0200
gpm
0.0002
sq in.
examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing
alculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GP
of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpos
including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference
culation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site condi
a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Pro
mation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Referen
fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
he use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other leg
s, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process cond
d in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, tradema
contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
o account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
rvice by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or
int dead-band limitations.
orsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-8 -- Determine the Reynolds number

Given Data:
Specific Gravity
Back Pressure
Heat Input
Discharge area of the valve
=
=
=
=
=
1
10
1797
14.7
17
at 60 oF
psig
btu/hr
psia
sq in
Liquid Expansion Coefficient
0.01
1/oF at relieving temperature
Specific Heat
viscosity at flowing temperature
viscosity (Vs)
=
=
=
1
1
4.53
Btu/(lboF)
centipoise
centipoise
To determine Reynolds number, gpm must be determined using Eq. 5-11, then plugged
into the original Eqs 5-9 or 5-10
( gpm)( 2800)(G )
Re
Re
gpm
( B )(Q)
500(G )( S )
gpm
(.01*1797)/(500*1*1)
Re (5-9)
(gpm*2800*1)/(1*171/2)
Re (5-10)
(12700*gpm)/(4.53*171/2)
s A'
(12700)( gpm)
s A'
Calculations
Eq. 5-9
Eq. 5-10
Eq. 5-11
0.0359
24.4068
24.437633
gpm
examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing
alculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GP
of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpos
including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference
culation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site condi
service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Pro
ation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Referen
itness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
e use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other lega
s, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process condi
d in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademar
contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
o account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
rvice by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or
nt dead-band limitations.
rsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-12 -- API RP 521applies to refineries and process plants. It expresses relief
requirements in terms of heat input from the fire to the vessel where adequate drainage and
fire fighting equipment exists. Determine the Heat Input.
Given Data:
Flow
100
Factor due to insulation

Total wetted surface area of vessel
=
=
=
=
0.025
0.55
14.7
32
lb/hr
sq ft
psia
g/mole
The F factor is determined from Fig. 5-16. Wetted surface is the surface wetted by liquid
when the tank is filled to the maximum operating level.
Q
( 21,000)( F )( Aw ) 0.82
(21,000)*(0.025)*(0.55)0.82
Calculations
Q
Eq 5-12
321.556 Btu/hr
as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas
formation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Ref
ity, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
m the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other
tions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process c
dited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trade
nty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
r service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation
t-point dead-band limitations.
endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-13 -- Determine the required relieving capacity when the latent heat is
determined
Given Data:
Flowing Temperature
Latent Heat of the liquid exposed to fire
Heat Input
=
=
=
=
=
70
17
14.7
32
1420
F
Btu/lb
psia
g/mole
Btu/hr
o
The value W is used to size the relief valve orifice using Eq 5-1 or Eq 5-4.
W
Q
Hl
1420/17
Calculations
W
Eq 5-13
83.529
lb/hr

Equation 5-14 -- Determine the required relief area base on fire 2 for vessels containing
only vapor.
Given Data:
Flow
100
lb/hr
Relief Valve Factor

=
=
0.025
14.7
psia
Temperature at Pressure 1
Vessel Area Exposed to Fire
=
=
300
0.75
F
sq ft
o
The F' factor is determined from Fig. 5-17. When a vessel is subjected to fire temperatures,
the resulting metal temperature may greatly reduce the pressure tating of the vessel.
A
( F ' )( A3 )
P1
Calculations
A
(0.025*0.75)/14.71/2
Eq 5-14
0.0049
sq in.

Equation 5-15 -- F'

Given Data:
Coefficient determined by the ratio of
specific eats of the gas
Vessel wall temperature
=
=
=
Gas temperature, R, at the upstream

pressure
See Eq 5-3 356.06

0.975
579.67
C1
Kd
Tw
559.67
T1
The F' factor is determined from Fig. 5-17. When a vessel is subjected to fire temperatures,
the resulting metal temperature may greatly reduce the pressure rating of the vessel.
F'
0.1406
(C1 )( K d )
(Tw T1 )1.25
T1
0.6506
Calculations
F'
(0.1406/356.06*0.975)*((20^1.25)/(559.67^0.6506)
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on t
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an Operational level of accuracy calculation based on rather broad ass
Eq 5-15
0.0003
sq in.
mples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing in
f accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose o
luding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to
lation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditio
ormation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Refe
ty, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process co

ess of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, tradem
ty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation
-point dead-band limitations.
ndorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-(16-18) -- Estimate properties of gases in the headers from the following mixture
relationships(i indicates the ith component).
Given Data:
Flow
Flow at i
=
=
475
350
lb/hr
lb/hr
Gas Temperature at i
Weight Fraction of Component i in Total Stream
Viscosity at Flowing Temperature at i
Molecular Weight of gas or vapor
=
=
=
=
530
0.65
2
32
centipoise
g/mole
MW
MW
W T
W
i
x ( MW )
x ( MW )
i
0.5
i
0.5
Calculations
MW
350/ (475/32)
(350*530)/ 350
(0.65*2*320.5)/ 0.65*(320.5)
Eq. 5-16
Eq. 5-17
Eq. 5-18
23.57895
530
g/mole
o
centipoise
les published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indu
tion spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and
curacy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or n
ing without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or
on based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions e
to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors A
voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herei
or a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory
ial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fl
peration with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and s
, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
t actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring
band limitations.
, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-19 -- Spherical Radiation Intensity Formula.

Given Data:
Flare Gas Flow Rate
212
Acceleration Due to Gravity

Net Heating Value of Flare Gas
Fraction of Heat Radiated
Distance from Flame Center to point X
=
=
=
=
32.2
1450
0.075
0.44
lb/hr
ft/sec2
Btu/lb
ft
This equation has been found to be accurate for distances as close to the flame as one
flame length. Eq. 5-21 is valid so long as the proper value of fraction of head radiated,, is
inserted.The maximum value of for any gas is 0.13.
I
(W f )( NHV )( )
4 ( R 2 )
Calculations
I
(212*1450*0.075)/(4**0.442)
Eq. 5-19
9476.5424 Btu/(hrft2)
xamples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing
lculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA
ncluding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference t
ulation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditi

uch information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, an
ount actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
Equation 5-20 -- Based on information from equipment suppliers, calculate an expression

to estimate the length of flame.
Given Data:
Flare Tip Diameter
0.09
inches

Pressure Drop
Heat Released
=
=
=
32.2
12
4500
ft/sec2
in. of H2O
Btu/hr
To calculate the intensity of radiation at different locations, it is necessary to determine the

length of theflame and its angle in relation to the stack (see Fig. 5-21).
Lf
Pw
55
(10)( d )
Lf
10*0.09*(12/55)1/2
Lf
3.94*[(4500)(10-6)]0.474
Calculations
Eq. 5-20
0.4203894
ft
0.3041718
ft
xamples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing
lculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA
ncluding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference t
ulation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditi

uch information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, an
ount actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
Equation 5-21 -- Determine the pressure drop at the tip (in. of water).
Given Data:
Flow
100
lb/hr
32.2
ft/sec2
Density of Gas
Gas Velocity
=
=
36
77
lb/ft3
ft/sec
For conventional (open pipe) flares, an estimate of total flare pressure drop is 1.5
velocity heads based on nominal flare tip diameter. The pressure drop equivalent to
1 velocity head is given by this equation.
Pw
(27.7) V 2
(2 g c )(144)
36*(772)/344.8
Calculations
Pw
V 2
334.8
Eq. 5-21
619.03712 in. of water
g examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas process
d calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the
ies of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purp
r (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referen
calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site con
n as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Ga
nformation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Re
lity, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
om the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any othe
sitions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process
edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

iness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trad
anty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
g into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations
or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendatio
et-point dead-band limitations.
Equation 5-22 -- Determine the flare tip diameter.

Given Data:
Flow
100
lb/hr

Downstream Pressure at the Valve Outlet
Mach Number at Pipe Outlet
Specific Heat Ratio
Compressibility Factor at Flowing Conditions
=
=
=
=
=
32.2
14.7
1
1.4
1
ft/sec2
psia
Absolute Temperature of the Inlet Vapor

Molecular Weight of Gas or Vappr
=
=
520
32
R
g/mole
After finding tip diameter and the maximum required relieving capacity, flame length for
conditions other than mazimum flow can be calculated using Eq. 5-22 and Eq. 5-24. Common
practice is to use tip velocities of up to Mac 0.5 for short term emergency flows and Mach 0.2
for maximum continous flowing.
Calculations
d
1.702 (10 5 )(W ) ZT

*
P2 M
kMW
0.5
* 12
12*(((1.702*10-5*100)/(14.7*1))*(1*520)/(1.4*32)).5)
)
*
ZT
kMW
0.5
* 12
Eq. 5-22
(14.7*1))*(1*520)/(1.4*32)).5)
0.2383327
inches
d using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas p
on and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary an
arranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particula
soever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , r
uracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, s
ion as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with G
h information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information.
ability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any ot
positions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual proces
nd edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

meliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, tr
arranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ing into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitatio
s, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommenda
l set-point dead-band limitations.
ly endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-23 -- Determine the sonic velocity of a gas.

Given Data:
Flow
100
lb/hr
32.2
ft/sec2
Absolute Temperature of the Inlet Vapor

Specific Heat Ratio
=
=
=
520
1.4
32
223 k
g/mole
T
MW
Calculations
a
223*((1.4*520)/32)^.5
Eq. 5-23
1063.6422
ft/sec
examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processin
calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the G
es of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpo
(including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referenc
alculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site cond
tion as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with
tability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
g from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any o
mpositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual proce

meliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name,
warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
king into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitati
ss, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommend
ol set-point dead-band limitations.
ply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Equation 5-24&25 -- Determine the angle of flare flame from vertical and the exit velocity..
Given Data:
Flow
100
lb/hr

Pressure Drop
Wind Velocity
=
=
=
32.2
14.7
7.2
ft/sec2
psi
ft/sec
To find the angle of flare flame, Vex must be found first, then plugged into the angle formula.
The center of the flame is assumed to be located at a distance equal to 1/3 the length of the
flame from the tip. The angle of the flame results from the vectorial addition of the velocity of
the wind and the gas exit velocity.
Vw
Vex
tan 1
Vex
550
tan-1(7.2/Vex)
Vex
550*(14.7/55)1/2
Pw
55
Calculations
Eq. 5-24
Eq. 5-25
1.4505153
degrees
284.34134
ft/sec

Equation 5-(26-28) -- Calculate the coordinates of the flame center with respect to the tip. Also,
find the distance from any point on the ground level to the center of the flame.
Given Data:
Length of Flame
0.7
ft
32.2
ft/sec2
Distance from the Base of the Stack to Anoter

Point at the Same Elevation
Flare Stack Height
Wind Velocity
Assume
=
=
=
=
0.3
0.4
7.2
1.5
ft
ft
ft/sec
degrees
Remember that the angle is given by tan-1(Vw/Vex). The distance from any point on thhe ground
level to the center of the flame is R.Eq. 5-21 and 5-31 allow radiation to be calculated at any
location.
Xc
Yc
Lf
sin
Lf
cos
( X X c ) 2 ( H s Yc ) 2
Calculations
Xc
(0.7/3)sin1.5o
Yc
(0.7/3)cos1.5o
((0.3-Xc)2+(0.4+Yc)2)1/2
Eq. 5-26
Eq. 5-27
Eq. 5-28
0.2327488
ft
0.0165053
ft
0.4218998
ft

Equation 5-(29-32) -- Determine the stack height results from considering the worst position
vertically below the center of the flame for a given condition of gas flow and wind velocities.
(see Fig. 5-21)
Given Data:
Length of Flame
0.7
ft
32.2
ft/sec2
Distance from the Base of the Stack to Anoter

Point at the Same Elevation
Flare Stack Height
Assume Yc
=
=
=
0.3
0.4
0.2
ft
ft
ft
Remember that the angle is given by tan-1(Vw/Vex), and Yc comes from Eq. 5-30. This method
assumes that for different wind velocities the length of the flame remains constant. In reality this
is NOT true.
R2
H s Yc 2
Hs
Hs
R Yc
Hs
Yc
Lf
cos
R
3
Calculations (Notice that Eq 5-32 and 5-33 are the same, and 5-35 is just another
form of 5-34). Also notice all 4 equations go hand in hand, so one of Hs or R must
be known when solving for the other variable.
R (assume Hs =0.4)
(Hs + Yc)
Hs (assume R =0.6)
(R-Yc)
Eq. 5-29
Eq. 5-30
Eq. 5-31
Eq. 5-32
0.6
ft
0.4
ft

Equation 5-33&34 -- Calculate the steam flow for a smokeless flare.

Given Data:
Hydrocarbon Flow
Specific Heat Ratio
=
=
=
=
32.2
450
1.4
32
ft/sec2
lb/hr
Wstm
Wstm (Mixture of olefins)
10.8
Whc 0.79

MW
450[0.49-(10.8/32)]
g/mole
10 .8
Whc 0.49

MW
Calculations
Wstm
Eq. 5-33
Eq. 5-34
154.125
lb/hr
examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processin
calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the G
es of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpo
(including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referenc
alculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site cond
tion as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with
tability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
g from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any o
mpositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual proce

meliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name,
warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
king into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitati
ss, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommend
ol set-point dead-band limitations.
ply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
LIMITS
The rate of flow through a relief valve nozzle is dependent on P 1 and is independent of P2 as long as P2 < PCF
Real gas specific heat ratios should not be used for the ideal gas specific heat ratio, k, which is independent of pressure.
Ideal gas specific heat ratio should only be used for real gases where 0.8 > z < 1.1
Kn = 1.0 if P1 < 1500 psia. For 1500 psia > P1 < 3200 psia, use Eq 5-7.
Eq 5-8 valid for Turbulent Flow. If Re < 4000, see discussion on page 5-12 regarding Laminar Flow.
Eq 5-11 assumes no vapor is generated and liquid is non-compressible.
as P2 < PCF
dependent of pressure.

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FIG.

sonic velocity, ft/sec

disk area, sq in.

= acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2

= gravitational constant, 32.2 (ftlbm)/(lbfsec2)

enthalpy of saturated liquid at upstream pressure, Btu/lb

= specific heat, Btu/(lb oF)

= absolute temperature of the inlet vapor, oR

= normal operating gas temperature, oR

= gas temperature, oR, at the upstream pressure

Tw = vessel wall temperature, oR

Vex = exit velocity, ft/sec

fraction of heat radiated

Equation 5-1&3 -- Size the safety valves in gas or vapor service

cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Equation 5-2 -- Size the safety valves in gas or vapor service

cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

From Fig. 5-12

From Fig. 5-12

cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Liquid Expansion Coefficient

1/oF at relieving temperature

(no rupture disk installed)

d in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

int dead-band limitations.

orsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Equation 5-8 -- Determine the Reynolds number

Liquid Expansion Coefficient

1/oF at relieving temperature

d in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

rsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Factor due to insulation

dited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

t-point dead-band limitations.

endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

dited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

t-point dead-band limitations.

endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Relief Valve Factor

dited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

t-point dead-band limitations.

endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Equation 5-15 -- F'

Gas temperature, R, at the upstream

See Eq 5-3 356.06

dited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

-point dead-band limitations.

ndorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

peration with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Equation 5-19 -- Spherical Radiation Intensity Formula.

Acceleration Due to Gravity

cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.

Equation 5-20 -- Based on information from equipment suppliers, calculate an expression

Acceleration Due to Gravity

To calculate the intensity of radiation at different locations, it is necessary to determine the

cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.